Notre thèse est une étude sur l’engagement social des poètes égyptiens au tournant des XXème et XXIème siècles dans les œuvres poétiques de Fārūq Ğuwayda, Fārūq Šūša – composant en arabe littéral et Aḥmad Fu’ād Nağm, Ṣalāḥ Ğāhīn – composant en dialecte égyptien. Les analyses sont effectuées sur plusieurs niveaux : historiques, sociales et politiques d’un côté, et littéraires avec une analyse de la langue et de la poétique, de l’autre côté. Ces différents niveaux se croisent et s’accrochent entre eux dans chaque poème : ils en forment son apparence et son contenu unique, ce qui aboutit à la création d’une œuvre engagée sur les questions politiques et sociales. Avec l’aide de la sociocritique et des études poétiques, nous étudions les œuvres choisis des quatre poètes qui constituent le cadre de notre thèse. Chaque trait dans la vie des poètes, leur origine ou leur éducation, apportent une nuance dans l’engagement exprimé dans leurs œuvres poétiques. / My thesis is a study of the social commitment of Egyptian poets in the second half of the 20th century and at the beginning of the 21st century, in the poetic works of Fārūq Ğuwayda, Fārūq Šūša – writing in literary Arabic and Aḥmad Fu’ād Nağm, Ṣalāḥ Ğāhīn – writing in Egyptian dialect. These poetic productions are analysed on several levels: historical, social, political – on the one side – and literal focused on language and poetics – on the other side. These various levels cross and influence one another in every poem, creating its unique form and content in each work involved in social issues. By the means of sociocriticism and poetic studies I have analysed the selected poems of these four poets, which constitute the framework of my thesis. Each poet has different social origins and curriculum vitae, as well as education that bring various tinctures to the commitment in their poetry.

(in English): In this thesis several types of temporal verbal constructions in the Egyptian dialect of Arabic are to be discussed. The main focus was headed on the verbal forms connected with the most occuring auxiliary/temporal verbs kān and ba'a. An inextricable part of the thesis was a detailed insight in the theory of Arabic verbs, both in Modern Standard Arabic and Egyptian Dialect. Our aim was to find out the frequency of these verbal forms, comparing their appearance and their contextual embedding. For the purpose of the analysis an original corpus of texts in Egyptian dialect (more than 700 thousands words) was created. The sources of the corpus came almost exclusively from texts of Egyptian bloggers. Last but not least programm PERL served as the tool for our analysis - statistically and contextually allowing working out of all possible combinations of verbal forms in question.

O presente trabalho propõe uma estratégia de tradução para Táxi baseada principalmente na abordagem cultural da tradução em busca de reproduzir o contraste entre árabe padrão e dialeto presente no original. Táxi, do egípcio Khalid al-Khamissi, traz pequenas histórias (addtas) que retratam conversas do autor/personagem com taxistas das ruas do Cairo, nas quais os mais diversos aspectos socioculturais são abordados. Para tratar desse tópico o autor escolheu um recurso linguístico que ainda gera polêmica na prosa árabe: todos os diálogos, que compõem a maior parte da obra, estão em dialeto árabe enquanto as partes narrativas estão em árabe padrão. Esse contraste, que deriva naturalmente da situação de diglossia presente nas comunidades falantes de árabe, cria um efeito de oralidade, bem como é relevante para a lógica interna da narrativa. Assim, a proposta de tradução apresentada considerou a natureza da composição da obra, o momento histórico e o funcionamento da diglossia no Egito para buscar no português recursos para reproduzir os efeitos relevantes dessa alternância sem comprometer a representação da cultura egípcia. Para estabelecer os possíveis recursos no português foram utilizadas principalmente pesquisas do NURC/SP. / This masters dissertation proposes a strategy to translate the book Taxi to Portuguese based specially on the cultural approach to translation. The strategy aims at the reproduction of the contrast of standard Arabic and Egyptian dialect verified in the original. The book Taxi by the Egyptian author Khalid al-Khamissi, is composed by short stories (addtas) that depict conversations between the author (as a character) and taxi drivers working on the streets of Cairo. Considering that different social and cultural aspects are explored in these dialogues, the author chose a linguistic procedure that is still source of polemic in the Arabic prose studies: all the dialogues, which constitute the most part of the work, were written in Egyptian dialect, while the typical standard Arabic was used for the narrative. This contrast, which is a reflex of the presence of diglossia in the Arabic speaking communities, creates an effect of oral text, as well as is relevant for the internal logic of the narrative. Thus, the translation proposed has considered the nature of the composition, the historical moment and the way diglossia works in Egypt with the aim of reproducing the relevant effects created by the linguistic alternation of the original without compromising the depiction of the Egyptian culture. In order to stablish the possible resources present in the Portuguese language, the linguistic works from NURC/SP (studies on Educated Urban Norm of São Paulo) were specially consulted.

O presente trabalho propõe uma estratégia de tradução para Táxi baseada principalmente na abordagem cultural da tradução em busca de reproduzir o contraste entre árabe padrão e dialeto presente no original. Táxi, do egípcio Khalid al-Khamissi, traz pequenas histórias (addtas) que retratam conversas do autor/personagem com taxistas das ruas do Cairo, nas quais os mais diversos aspectos socioculturais são abordados. Para tratar desse tópico o autor escolheu um recurso linguístico que ainda gera polêmica na prosa árabe: todos os diálogos, que compõem a maior parte da obra, estão em dialeto árabe enquanto as partes narrativas estão em árabe padrão. Esse contraste, que deriva naturalmente da situação de diglossia presente nas comunidades falantes de árabe, cria um efeito de oralidade, bem como é relevante para a lógica interna da narrativa. Assim, a proposta de tradução apresentada considerou a natureza da composição da obra, o momento histórico e o funcionamento da diglossia no Egito para buscar no português recursos para reproduzir os efeitos relevantes dessa alternância sem comprometer a representação da cultura egípcia. Para estabelecer os possíveis recursos no português foram utilizadas principalmente pesquisas do NURC/SP. / This masters dissertation proposes a strategy to translate the book Taxi to Portuguese based specially on the cultural approach to translation. The strategy aims at the reproduction of the contrast of standard Arabic and Egyptian dialect verified in the original. The book Taxi by the Egyptian author Khalid al-Khamissi, is composed by short stories (addtas) that depict conversations between the author (as a character) and taxi drivers working on the streets of Cairo. Considering that different social and cultural aspects are explored in these dialogues, the author chose a linguistic procedure that is still source of polemic in the Arabic prose studies: all the dialogues, which constitute the most part of the work, were written in Egyptian dialect, while the typical standard Arabic was used for the narrative. This contrast, which is a reflex of the presence of diglossia in the Arabic speaking communities, creates an effect of oral text, as well as is relevant for the internal logic of the narrative. Thus, the translation proposed has considered the nature of the composition, the historical moment and the way diglossia works in Egypt with the aim of reproducing the relevant effects created by the linguistic alternation of the original without compromising the depiction of the Egyptian culture. In order to stablish the possible resources present in the Portuguese language, the linguistic works from NURC/SP (studies on Educated Urban Norm of São Paulo) were specially consulted.