No description available.

Durant la phase de construction des puits pétrolier, le ciment est coulé dans l'espace annulaire entre le cuvelage et la roche environnante. La gaine de ciment a pour but de tenir le cuvelage, garantir l'étanchéité des puits pétroliers, ou des réservoirs de stockage de CO2, et de protéger le cuvelage de la corrosion. Au cours de la vie du puits, cette gaine de ciment est soumise tout le long du puits à des sollicitations thermiques et mécaniques qui varient au cours du temps et qui peuvent modifier ses propriétés et altérer son étanchéité. L'objet de cette thèse est d'étudier l'effet de la température et des contraintes sur les propriétés mécaniques de la pâte de ciment en cours de prise et de la pâte de ciment durcie. L'approche est basée sur une étude expérimentale qui combine des essais calorimétriques, des mesures de vitesse des ondes et des essais oedométriques avec le système des cellules STCA (Slurry To Cement Analyzer) sur le ciment en cours de prise ainsi que des essais de compression uniaxiale et triaxiale sur la pâte de ciment durcie. Les résultats expérimentaux ont montré que la température et la pression accélèrent la cinétique d'hydratation et que la température affecte significativement les propriétés élastiques du matériau tandis que la pression ne les influence pas pour une gamme de pression limitée à 20MPa. Une modélisation de la cinétique d'hydratation associée à une technique d'homogénéisation est proposée afin d'interpréter les essais. On a mis aussi en évidence que lorsque la prise se fait sous contraintes mécaniques, des déformations irréversibles peuvent se développer dans la pâte de ciment, ce qui peut conduire à la formation d'un micro-annulaire entre la gaine ciment, le cuvelage et la formation géologique. Le comportement différé de la pâte de ciment durcie a été étudié à partir d'essais de fluage uniaxiaux et d'essais de compression isotrope. Les essais ont mis en évidence que le fluage sous chargement uniaxial est plus important pour un ciment hydraté à une température plus élevée, ce qui est attribué à une microstructure plus hétérogène. Un modèle visco-endommageable permettant de reproduire les phases de fluage primaire et tertiaire a été développé. Les essais de compression isotrope drainés et non-drainé isothermes sous forte contrainte ont montré un comportement différé avec hystérésis lors de cycles décharge-recharge. Ces essais ont été analysés à partir d'un modèle de comportement poro-visco-plastique. Le comportement élastoplastique à court terme a été abordé à l'aide des essais triaxiaux sous chargement déviatorique drainé. Ces essais ont mis en évidence que la température d'essai affecte fortement la surface de charge initiale et les déformations tandis qu'elle ne modifie pas significativement la surface de rupture. Un modèle de plasticité avec une surface de charge fermée et un écrouissage dépendant des déformations plastiques accumulées a été développé pour décrire ces essais. Enfin, une étude préliminaire sur les effets des cycles mécaniques et thermiques a été menée. Des cycles thermiques ne dépassant pas la température d'hydratation ne semblent pas affecter les propriétés mécaniques du matériau. Cependant, une dégradation très rapide avec le nombre de cycles mécaniques a été mise en évidence lorsque la contrainte dépasse 60% de la résistance en compression simple / During the construction phase of oil wells, a cement slurry is pumped into the annular space between the casing and the rock. The cement sheath aims to support the casing, provide zonal isolation in the well and reservoirs of CO2 storage and protect the casing against corrosion. During the life of the well, the cement is submitted to various thermal and mechanical solicitations along the well that can modify its mechanical properties and damage its sealing performance. The aim of this thesis is to study the effect of temperature and stresses on the mechanical properties of cement paste during hydration and in the hardened state. The used approach is based on an experimental study that combine the calorimetric tests, waves velocity measurement and oedometric tests in STCA system (Slurry To Cement Analyzer) on cement paste during hydration as well as the uniaxial and triaxial compression tests on hardened cement paste. The experimental results showed that temperature and pressure accelerate the kinetics of hydration. Temperature affects significantly the elastic properties of the material whereas the pressure does not modify them for a range of pressure limited to 20MPa. A hydration kinetics modelling associated to a homogenization method is used to interpret the tests. It is shown that for hydration under stress, the irreversible strains can evolve in the cement paste and conduct to the formation of a micro-annular between the cement sheath, the casing and geological formation. The time-dependent behaviour of hardened cement paste is studied using creep tests under uniaxial loading and also from the results of isotropic compression tests. The results show that the uniaxial creep is more important for cements hydrated at higher temperatures, which is attributed to a more heterogeneous microstructure. A visco-damaged model allowing to reproduce the primary creep and tertiary creep is developed and calibrated. Isothermal isotropic drained and undrained compression tests show a time-dependent behaviour with hysteresis during unloading-reloading cycles. These tests are analyzed on the basis of a poro-visco-plastic model. The elastoplastic behaviour in short terms is studied from triaxial tests under drained deviatoric loading. These tests bring to light that the test temperature affects highly the initial yield surface and the strains but it does not significantly modify the failure surface. A model of plasticity with a closed yield surface and hardening, depending on the accumulated plastic strains is developed to describe these tests. Finally, a preliminary study on the effect of mechanical and thermal loading cycles is performed. The thermal loading cycles with temperatures lower than the hydration temperature seem to do not affect the mechanical properties of the material. The mechanical loading cycles show a rapid degradation with the number of loading cycles when the axial stress exceeds 60% of the uniaxial strength

Thesis (Ph.D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, 1981. / MICROFICHE COPY AVAILABLE IN ARCHIVES AND ENGINEERING. / Includes bibliographical references. / by Mark D. Snyder. / Ph.D.

Segmented polyurethaneureas (SPUU) are thermoplastic elastomers with excellent elastic properties, high abrasion resistance and tear strength, making them very useful in numerous industrial applications ranging from microelectronics (slurry pad) to biomedical (artificial heart vessels) applications. The elastic and mechanical properties of these materials are strongly influenced by their two phase morphology. The factors that influence phase separation include difference in polarity between the hard and soft phases, composition and temperature. In general good phase separation results in materials with superior mechanical and elastic properties. Due to the immense potential applications of SPUU elastomers, there is a need for materials with higher strength. However, higher strength is not desired at the detriment of elasticity. If fact, stronger materials with enhanced elasticity are desired. In this thesis, high-strength SPUU elastomers were synthesized by incorporating reactive Laponite particles with surface-active free amine. The synthesis of pure SPUU is very complex, and addition of a reactive silicate further increases the complexity. To remedy this challenge, combinatorial methods and high-throughput screening techniques were used to optimize the diamine concentration and cure temperature. It was determined that pure SPUU elastomers prepared at a diamine stoichiometry of 85 100 mole %, and cured at 90 95 oC produced materials with higher strength and elongation at break. SPUU nanocomposites were prepared by maintaining the overall diamine stoichiometry at 95 mole %, and cured at 90 oC. Uniaxial tensile strength was optimized at a particle weight fraction of 1 wt. %, with a nearly 200 % increase in tensile strength and a 40 % increase in elongation at break, compared to pristine SPUU.

No description available.

The analysis of pile behavior is a complex problem due to the diversity of the phenomena governing the soil behavior and particularly that of the neighboring soil. The objective of this work was to develop a valid modeling tool to evaluate piles' behavior under axial loads by developing a pertinent mechanical model supported in a robust finite element program which would successfully reproduce the soil behaviour under extreme monotonic and cyclic shear strain. This is done to allow for the numerical modelling of the installation procedure of pile foundations and continued loading of high amplitude cyclic paths. In order to model the installation phase of a monotonic, jacked or dynamic pile foundation some issues must be addressed. Finite deformations take place whilst the pile is put in place requiring an adjustment in the mechanical formulation of the model at the interface level to take into account that the small deformations (rotations and strain) hypothesis is no longer valid. Moreover, the constitutive model must take into account the physical behaviour of the soil when subjected to high order of magnitude displacements. This includes the phenomenon of grain breakage, also referred to as particle crushing, which greatly influences the volumetric behaviour of soil as thus reflecting of shear stress mobilization. The elastoplastic ECP model has therefore been enhanced by introducing an internal variable taking into account the breakage mechanism. The thermodynamic admissibility criteria are verified for the original and revised constitutive models. Both monotonic and pseudo-dynamic installation procedures were numerically simulated and the results thoroughly analysed. Finally, the cyclic shear resistance degradation at the pile shaft is a commonly occurring phenomenon during continued cyclic loading of pile foundation (friction fatigue). The constitutive modelling of this phenomenon, however, is not a straightforward matter. The stress path followed by the thin layer at the soil-pile interface level is known to be directly related to the volumetric behaviour due to the boundary conditions of the problem. A comprehensive analysis of all the components of the behaviour of soil during this stage was object of study in this work.

Bibliography: leaves 243-256. / xi, 258 leaves : ill. ; 30 cm. / Title page, contents and abstract only. The complete thesis in print form is available from the University Library. / In this thesis, time-independent thermoelastoplastic and time-dependent creep stress and damage analysis of thick-walled cylinders are investigated using incremental theory of plasticity in conjunction with improved material elastoplastic and creep constitutive models. The results are validated experimentally and numerically. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Adelaide, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, 1996

Determinar o comportamento de materiais reforçados a partir do conhecimento das propriedades individuais de seus componentes é assunto de uma quantidade considerável de pesquisas experimentais e teóricas nas últimas décadas. Nesse trabalho, um modelo multifásico para determinação do comportamento macroscópico de estruturas de concreto armado no contexto da elastoplasticidade e considerando a interação entre o concreto e as armaduras é apresentado e incorporado em um código numérico em elementos finitos. Em uma escala macroscópica o meio multifásico é tomado como a superposição geométrica de meios contínuos em interação mútua, chamados de fase matriz e fase reforço. Cada fase possui cinemáticas distintas oferecendo, desta forma, um arcabouço adequado para levar em conta o deslizamento das barras de aço em relação à matriz de concreto. As equações de movimento são desenvolvidas com a aplicação do método dos trabalhos virtuais. A evolução elastoplástica é obtida a partir da avaliação de um critério próprio para cada constituinte e para interação, computando as tensões parciais correspondentes e obtendo um comportamento desacoplado por fase. A resistência do concreto em um estado de tensões multiaxial é estimada a partir do critério de falha de Ottosen e a fissuração do concreto é representada utilizando um modelo de fissuras distribuídas. Utilizando uma implementação tridimensional em elementos finitos, a ferramenta numérica desenvolvida é aplicada para analisar vigas e lajes sob carregamento prescrito e uma boa concordância entre os resultados numéricos e experimentais é obtida. Ao final é apresentado uma análise de ensaio de arrancamento onde o principal objetivo é a investigação dos parâmetros relevantes que controlam a lei de interação entre o concreto e as barras de aço. / Predicting the behavior of reinforced materials from the knowledge of the individual properties of its components has been a subject of several experimental and theoretical works in recent years. In this work, a multiphase model for assessing the macroscopic behavior of reinforced concrete structures in the context of elastoplasticity and accounting for the interaction between the reinforcing bars and the surrounding concrete is presented and implemented in a finite element numerical code. Considering a macroscopic scale, the multiphase model is regarded as superposition of several continua in mutual interaction, namely matrix phase and reinforcement phase. For each phase different kinematics are attributed providing a suitable framework to consider the slippage between the matrix and the reinforcement. The general equations of motion are derived by means of the virtual work method. The elastoplastic evolution is carried out considering each phase and the interaction separately, computing the corresponding partial stresses and projecting onto the yield domain of the multiphase medium. The strength of concrete under multiaxial states of stress is estimated from the so-called Ottosen failure criterion and the concrete cracking issue is accounted with a smeared crack model. Using a three-dimensional finite element implementation, the numerical tool developed is applied to analyze reinforced concrete beams and slabs under prescribed loading and a good agreement between numerical and experimental results is obtained. Finally, the investigation of the main parameters that govern the interaction law of concrete and reinforcing bars has been the central purpose of the pullout tests simulations.

Les méthodes d'homogénéisation numériques permettent de lever les limitations associées aux approches analytiques ou semi-analytiques pour prédire le comportement des matériaux hétérogènes dont les phases sont décrites par un comportement non linéaire, en particulier pour des morphologies de géométries complexes, ou des comportements dépendant de l'histoire, ou en grandes déformations. Dans ce travail, plusieurs contributions aux méthodes d'homogénéisation numériques pour traiter les problèmes non linéaires sont proposées. Dans une première partie, nous introduisons une méthode permettant de réaliser l'homogénéisation des matériaux dont les phases sont élastoplastiques parfaites. La technique est une extension de la méthode Non Uniform Transformation Field Analysis (NTFA) dans laquelle un algorithme de type prédiction-correction est introduit pour actualiser les variables internes. Dans une seconde partie, une méthode pour réaliser l'homogénéisation des composites non linéaires élastiques en petites et grandes déformations est proposée. Celle-ci se base sur la construction de potentiels associés au comportement effectif sous forme d'une base de données composée de valeurs discrètes interpolées à partir de valeurs discrètes obtenus par calculs éléments finis réalisés sur un Volume Élémentaire Représentatif (VER). Un schéma original d'interpolation est introduit, utilisant la notion de réseaux de neurones artificiels pour limiter le nombre de valeurs pré-calculées et choisir les points aléatoirement dans l'espace du chargement et des paramètres. Il est possible d'introduire des paramètres associés à la microstructure dans le comportement tels que la fraction volumique ou des paramètres de comportement des phases, en vue de possible optimisation de la réponse associée des structures non linéaires / Computational homogenization methods allow circumventing issues associated to analytical or semi-analytical approaches, for predicting the effective behavior of heterogeneous materials whose phase are described by a nonlinear behavior, more precisely when microstructures have complex morphologies or a history-depedendent behavior, or when considering finite strains. In this work, several contributions to computational homogenization methods for modeling nonlinear heterogeneous materials are proposed. In a first part, we introduce a method for homogenizing meterials whose phases are perfectly elastoplastic. The technique extends the Non Uniform Transformation Field Analysis (NTFA) method by développing a return-mapping algorithm to update macroscopic internal variables. In a second part, a method is introduced for the homogenization of nonlinear composites whose phases are nonlinearly elastic, at both small and finite strains. The approach is based on the construction of potentials associated to the effective behavior in the form of a database whose discrete values are computed through Finite Element Computations realized on a Representative Volume Element (RVE). An original interpolation scheme is introduced, which is based on artificial Neural Networks to reduce the number of computed values which can be distributed randomly in the parameter space. It is then possible to introduce parameters associated to the microstructure in the constitutive law, such as volume fraction or constitutive parameters of local phases, for optimization of the related non linear structure response

Determinar o comportamento de materiais reforçados a partir do conhecimento das propriedades individuais de seus componentes é assunto de uma quantidade considerável de pesquisas experimentais e teóricas nas últimas décadas. Nesse trabalho, um modelo multifásico para determinação do comportamento macroscópico de estruturas de concreto armado no contexto da elastoplasticidade e considerando a interação entre o concreto e as armaduras é apresentado e incorporado em um código numérico em elementos finitos. Em uma escala macroscópica o meio multifásico é tomado como a superposição geométrica de meios contínuos em interação mútua, chamados de fase matriz e fase reforço. Cada fase possui cinemáticas distintas oferecendo, desta forma, um arcabouço adequado para levar em conta o deslizamento das barras de aço em relação à matriz de concreto. As equações de movimento são desenvolvidas com a aplicação do método dos trabalhos virtuais. A evolução elastoplástica é obtida a partir da avaliação de um critério próprio para cada constituinte e para interação, computando as tensões parciais correspondentes e obtendo um comportamento desacoplado por fase. A resistência do concreto em um estado de tensões multiaxial é estimada a partir do critério de falha de Ottosen e a fissuração do concreto é representada utilizando um modelo de fissuras distribuídas. Utilizando uma implementação tridimensional em elementos finitos, a ferramenta numérica desenvolvida é aplicada para analisar vigas e lajes sob carregamento prescrito e uma boa concordância entre os resultados numéricos e experimentais é obtida. Ao final é apresentado uma análise de ensaio de arrancamento onde o principal objetivo é a investigação dos parâmetros relevantes que controlam a lei de interação entre o concreto e as barras de aço. / Predicting the behavior of reinforced materials from the knowledge of the individual properties of its components has been a subject of several experimental and theoretical works in recent years. In this work, a multiphase model for assessing the macroscopic behavior of reinforced concrete structures in the context of elastoplasticity and accounting for the interaction between the reinforcing bars and the surrounding concrete is presented and implemented in a finite element numerical code. Considering a macroscopic scale, the multiphase model is regarded as superposition of several continua in mutual interaction, namely matrix phase and reinforcement phase. For each phase different kinematics are attributed providing a suitable framework to consider the slippage between the matrix and the reinforcement. The general equations of motion are derived by means of the virtual work method. The elastoplastic evolution is carried out considering each phase and the interaction separately, computing the corresponding partial stresses and projecting onto the yield domain of the multiphase medium. The strength of concrete under multiaxial states of stress is estimated from the so-called Ottosen failure criterion and the concrete cracking issue is accounted with a smeared crack model. Using a three-dimensional finite element implementation, the numerical tool developed is applied to analyze reinforced concrete beams and slabs under prescribed loading and a good agreement between numerical and experimental results is obtained. Finally, the investigation of the main parameters that govern the interaction law of concrete and reinforcing bars has been the central purpose of the pullout tests simulations.