京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(工学) / 甲第19280号 / 工博第4077号 / 新制||工||1629(附属図書館) / 32282 / 京都大学大学院工学研究科社会基盤工学専攻 / (主査)教授 牛島 省, 准教授 米山 望, 准教授 山上 路生 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Philosophy (Engineering) / Kyoto University / DFAM

Une modélisation récente, qualifiée de multiphasique, permettant de décrire le comportement des ouvrages en sols renforcés par inclusions a été développée et intégrée dans un code de calcul par éléments finis. Le champ d'application de cette approche a été étendu pour rendre compte du comportement macroscopique de matériaux à fibres tels que le plâtre, le béton de fibres, les ouvrages en sol renforcés par des fibres et les tissus osseux qui présentent une microstructure constituée d'une matrice et d'une distribution de fibres plus ou moins longues orientées dans toutes les directions de l'espace. Cette approche est d'abord mise en œuvre pour déterminer le comportement élastique du composite à fibre, les résultats obtenus sont comparés à ceux fournis par les schémas d'estimation dilué et de Mori Tanaka, basés sur la solution d'Eshelby, la suite de ce travail est consacrée au développement du modèle dans le cadre d'un comportement anélastique des constituants. Des solutions analytiques ont été développées permettant de retrouver le comportement macroscopique des matériaux à fibres sous certaines sollicitations simples dans le cadre d'un comportement élasto-plastique ou élastique-fragile des différents constituants. Le modèle est par la suite mis en œuvre numériquement dans le cadre de la méthode des éléments finis permettant d'accéder à la réponse de structures en matériaux à fibres / A multiphase model has been recently developed and integrated into a finite element based code for the analysis and design of soil structures reinforced with linear inclusions. This approach is extended to account for the macroscopic behavior of fiber reinforced materials such as plaster, concrete fiber, soil reinforced by short fibers and bone tissues, which are constituted of a matrix and a distribution of continuously oriented fibers. The proposed model is performed to evaluate the elastic macroscopic stiffness of the composite material, the obtained results are compared to those deriving from the dilute and Mori-Tanaka estimations. The model is then extended to take into account a nonelastic behavior of the constituents. Starting from the derivation of some analytical solutions to boundary value problems involving fiber reinforced materials in the context of elasto-plastic and brittle behavior of the matrix and fibers, a f.e.m.-based code is developed and applied to simulating the behavior of some typical structures

Determinar o comportamento de materiais reforçados a partir do conhecimento das propriedades individuais de seus componentes é assunto de uma quantidade considerável de pesquisas experimentais e teóricas nas últimas décadas. Nesse trabalho, um modelo multifásico para determinação do comportamento macroscópico de estruturas de concreto armado no contexto da elastoplasticidade e considerando a interação entre o concreto e as armaduras é apresentado e incorporado em um código numérico em elementos finitos. Em uma escala macroscópica o meio multifásico é tomado como a superposição geométrica de meios contínuos em interação mútua, chamados de fase matriz e fase reforço. Cada fase possui cinemáticas distintas oferecendo, desta forma, um arcabouço adequado para levar em conta o deslizamento das barras de aço em relação à matriz de concreto. As equações de movimento são desenvolvidas com a aplicação do método dos trabalhos virtuais. A evolução elastoplástica é obtida a partir da avaliação de um critério próprio para cada constituinte e para interação, computando as tensões parciais correspondentes e obtendo um comportamento desacoplado por fase. A resistência do concreto em um estado de tensões multiaxial é estimada a partir do critério de falha de Ottosen e a fissuração do concreto é representada utilizando um modelo de fissuras distribuídas. Utilizando uma implementação tridimensional em elementos finitos, a ferramenta numérica desenvolvida é aplicada para analisar vigas e lajes sob carregamento prescrito e uma boa concordância entre os resultados numéricos e experimentais é obtida. Ao final é apresentado uma análise de ensaio de arrancamento onde o principal objetivo é a investigação dos parâmetros relevantes que controlam a lei de interação entre o concreto e as barras de aço. / Predicting the behavior of reinforced materials from the knowledge of the individual properties of its components has been a subject of several experimental and theoretical works in recent years. In this work, a multiphase model for assessing the macroscopic behavior of reinforced concrete structures in the context of elastoplasticity and accounting for the interaction between the reinforcing bars and the surrounding concrete is presented and implemented in a finite element numerical code. Considering a macroscopic scale, the multiphase model is regarded as superposition of several continua in mutual interaction, namely matrix phase and reinforcement phase. For each phase different kinematics are attributed providing a suitable framework to consider the slippage between the matrix and the reinforcement. The general equations of motion are derived by means of the virtual work method. The elastoplastic evolution is carried out considering each phase and the interaction separately, computing the corresponding partial stresses and projecting onto the yield domain of the multiphase medium. The strength of concrete under multiaxial states of stress is estimated from the so-called Ottosen failure criterion and the concrete cracking issue is accounted with a smeared crack model. Using a three-dimensional finite element implementation, the numerical tool developed is applied to analyze reinforced concrete beams and slabs under prescribed loading and a good agreement between numerical and experimental results is obtained. Finally, the investigation of the main parameters that govern the interaction law of concrete and reinforcing bars has been the central purpose of the pullout tests simulations.

Determinar o comportamento de materiais reforçados a partir do conhecimento das propriedades individuais de seus componentes é assunto de uma quantidade considerável de pesquisas experimentais e teóricas nas últimas décadas. Nesse trabalho, um modelo multifásico para determinação do comportamento macroscópico de estruturas de concreto armado no contexto da elastoplasticidade e considerando a interação entre o concreto e as armaduras é apresentado e incorporado em um código numérico em elementos finitos. Em uma escala macroscópica o meio multifásico é tomado como a superposição geométrica de meios contínuos em interação mútua, chamados de fase matriz e fase reforço. Cada fase possui cinemáticas distintas oferecendo, desta forma, um arcabouço adequado para levar em conta o deslizamento das barras de aço em relação à matriz de concreto. As equações de movimento são desenvolvidas com a aplicação do método dos trabalhos virtuais. A evolução elastoplástica é obtida a partir da avaliação de um critério próprio para cada constituinte e para interação, computando as tensões parciais correspondentes e obtendo um comportamento desacoplado por fase. A resistência do concreto em um estado de tensões multiaxial é estimada a partir do critério de falha de Ottosen e a fissuração do concreto é representada utilizando um modelo de fissuras distribuídas. Utilizando uma implementação tridimensional em elementos finitos, a ferramenta numérica desenvolvida é aplicada para analisar vigas e lajes sob carregamento prescrito e uma boa concordância entre os resultados numéricos e experimentais é obtida. Ao final é apresentado uma análise de ensaio de arrancamento onde o principal objetivo é a investigação dos parâmetros relevantes que controlam a lei de interação entre o concreto e as barras de aço. / Predicting the behavior of reinforced materials from the knowledge of the individual properties of its components has been a subject of several experimental and theoretical works in recent years. In this work, a multiphase model for assessing the macroscopic behavior of reinforced concrete structures in the context of elastoplasticity and accounting for the interaction between the reinforcing bars and the surrounding concrete is presented and implemented in a finite element numerical code. Considering a macroscopic scale, the multiphase model is regarded as superposition of several continua in mutual interaction, namely matrix phase and reinforcement phase. For each phase different kinematics are attributed providing a suitable framework to consider the slippage between the matrix and the reinforcement. The general equations of motion are derived by means of the virtual work method. The elastoplastic evolution is carried out considering each phase and the interaction separately, computing the corresponding partial stresses and projecting onto the yield domain of the multiphase medium. The strength of concrete under multiaxial states of stress is estimated from the so-called Ottosen failure criterion and the concrete cracking issue is accounted with a smeared crack model. Using a three-dimensional finite element implementation, the numerical tool developed is applied to analyze reinforced concrete beams and slabs under prescribed loading and a good agreement between numerical and experimental results is obtained. Finally, the investigation of the main parameters that govern the interaction law of concrete and reinforcing bars has been the central purpose of the pullout tests simulations.

Determinar o comportamento de materiais reforçados a partir do conhecimento das propriedades individuais de seus componentes é assunto de uma quantidade considerável de pesquisas experimentais e teóricas nas últimas décadas. Nesse trabalho, um modelo multifásico para determinação do comportamento macroscópico de estruturas de concreto armado no contexto da elastoplasticidade e considerando a interação entre o concreto e as armaduras é apresentado e incorporado em um código numérico em elementos finitos. Em uma escala macroscópica o meio multifásico é tomado como a superposição geométrica de meios contínuos em interação mútua, chamados de fase matriz e fase reforço. Cada fase possui cinemáticas distintas oferecendo, desta forma, um arcabouço adequado para levar em conta o deslizamento das barras de aço em relação à matriz de concreto. As equações de movimento são desenvolvidas com a aplicação do método dos trabalhos virtuais. A evolução elastoplástica é obtida a partir da avaliação de um critério próprio para cada constituinte e para interação, computando as tensões parciais correspondentes e obtendo um comportamento desacoplado por fase. A resistência do concreto em um estado de tensões multiaxial é estimada a partir do critério de falha de Ottosen e a fissuração do concreto é representada utilizando um modelo de fissuras distribuídas. Utilizando uma implementação tridimensional em elementos finitos, a ferramenta numérica desenvolvida é aplicada para analisar vigas e lajes sob carregamento prescrito e uma boa concordância entre os resultados numéricos e experimentais é obtida. Ao final é apresentado uma análise de ensaio de arrancamento onde o principal objetivo é a investigação dos parâmetros relevantes que controlam a lei de interação entre o concreto e as barras de aço. / Predicting the behavior of reinforced materials from the knowledge of the individual properties of its components has been a subject of several experimental and theoretical works in recent years. In this work, a multiphase model for assessing the macroscopic behavior of reinforced concrete structures in the context of elastoplasticity and accounting for the interaction between the reinforcing bars and the surrounding concrete is presented and implemented in a finite element numerical code. Considering a macroscopic scale, the multiphase model is regarded as superposition of several continua in mutual interaction, namely matrix phase and reinforcement phase. For each phase different kinematics are attributed providing a suitable framework to consider the slippage between the matrix and the reinforcement. The general equations of motion are derived by means of the virtual work method. The elastoplastic evolution is carried out considering each phase and the interaction separately, computing the corresponding partial stresses and projecting onto the yield domain of the multiphase medium. The strength of concrete under multiaxial states of stress is estimated from the so-called Ottosen failure criterion and the concrete cracking issue is accounted with a smeared crack model. Using a three-dimensional finite element implementation, the numerical tool developed is applied to analyze reinforced concrete beams and slabs under prescribed loading and a good agreement between numerical and experimental results is obtained. Finally, the investigation of the main parameters that govern the interaction law of concrete and reinforcing bars has been the central purpose of the pullout tests simulations.

Le milieu nuageux est un milieu complexe au sein duquel un grand nombre d’espèces chimiques peuvent être transformées. Dans ce cadre, la caractérisation chimique et la réactivité photochimique de la phase aqueuse des nuages ont été étudiées. La caractérisation chimique de la phase aqueuse des nuages a permis de montrer que les masses d’air échantillonnées au sommet du puy de Dôme sont majoritairement sous trois influences distinctes, à savoir océanique, continentale et anthropique. La distribution des paramètres physicochimiques et des composés inorganiques est dépendante du type de masses d’air échantillonnées. De plus, la quantification des acides carboxyliques et des aldéhydes a permis de mettre en avant la complexité de la matière organique avec la présence d’une multitude de composés encore non identifiés. L’étude de la réactivité photochimique de la phase aqueuse des nuages a également été réalisée, montrant que la capacité photooxydante de la phase aqueuse des nuages ainsi que les vitesses de dégradation de différentes espèces chimiques sont plus importantes pour les masses d’air polluées. Pour la première fois, des vitesses de photoproduction des radicaux hydroxyles ont été évaluées dans la phase aqueuse des nuages, montrant que les ions nitrates et le peroxyde d’hydrogène sont des sources photochimiques majeures des radicaux hydroxyles (représentant jusqu’à 80 % de leur photoproduction totale). / Clouds represent complex media where many species can be transformed. In order to characterize the chemical composition of cloud water and to better understand the processes involved in the transformations of these species, the characterization and the photoreactivity of cloud water were studied. The characterization of cloud water showed that air masses sampled at the puy de Dôme station can be subject to different influences (marine, continental and anthropogenic). The distribution of the physicochemical parameters and of inorganic compounds was different for each kind of air masses. Moreover, the quantification of carboxylic acids and aldehydes showed the complexity of the organic matter contained in cloud water, with the presence of many unknown organic compounds. The photoreactivity of cloud water was also studied, showing that the oxidizing capacity of cloud water and the degradation rate of organic compounds were higher in polluted air masses. For the first time, hydroxyl radical formation rates were determined in cloud water sampled at the puy de Dôme station, showing that nitrate ions and hydrogen peroxide are among the main sources of hydroxyl radicals (contributing up to 80 % of their total photoformation).

Ce mémoire étudie, par la voie de la modélisation numérique, le comportement des murs en terre armée sous l'effet de la corrosion des armatures. L'analyse de données recueillies sur des ouvrages réels, âgés de plusieurs dizaines d'années, a montré la différence de comportement selon les types d'armatures, mais aussi la forte dispersion de l'ensemble des données. Elle a permis de proposer des relations entre la perte de masse et la diminution de la résistance et de l'allongement à la rupture des armatures.La présence des armatures très minces par rapport aux dimensions de l'ouvrage rend intéressante l'utilisation de méthodes d'homogénéisation. On a retenu une modélisation multiphasique, qui permet une modélisation satisfaisante de la traction dans les armatures.Quatre scénarios de corrosion ont été étudiés pour prendre en compte diverses situations susceptibles de conduire à des taux de corrosion élevés. La répartition spatiale de la corrosion peut avoir une influence importante sur le comportement du mur, sur le mécanisme de ruine et provoquer des phénomènes complexes de report des effort d'une armature sur une autre.Nous avons réalisé une étude paramétrique de l'effet de surcharges appliquées à l'ouvrage, et de certains détails de modélisation comme la jonction entre écailles, et la jonction entre armatures et écailles. Les résultats obtenus sont comparés à des mesures sur des ouvrages réels ou des modèles réduits, et à d'autres résultats de calcul.Les résultats conduisent à formuler des propositions concernant le suivi des déformations des ouvrages (nature et précision des mesures à effectuer, intervalles de temps entre inspections successives) / This thesis presents numerical simulations of the behavior of reinforced earth walls induced by the corrosion of the reinforcement strips. The preliminary analysis of a database, gathering results of laboratory tests, performed on soil and steel samples extracted from wall built several decades ago, has shown the difference in behavior between different types of reinforcement strips, and the large scattering of data. It served as a basis to derive relationships between weight loss, ultimate strength and ultimate strain of reinforcement strips.The presence of very thin strips compared to the size of the reinforced earth wall makes it interesting to use homogenization methods. We adopted a multiphase model, that makes it possible to get a satisfactory modeling of the tensile forces in reinforcement strips.We studied four corrosion scenarios to take into account various situations in which corrosion rates can become significant. The spatial distribution of corrosion can have a clear influence on the behavior of the wall, the failure mechanism, and create complex redistributions of tensile forces between adjacent strips. Parametric studies were carried out to investigate the effects of surcharges, and of some details of modeling, such as the junction between panels, or the junction between the reinforcement strips and the facing panels. Results have been compared with measures obtained on full scale reinforced earth walls or on physical models, and with results of other numerical simulations. Results provide elements for the definition of a strategy for the monitoring and the surveillance of reinforced earth walls

Le captage et le stockage du dioxyde de carbone est la solution pour réduire les émissions de CO2 des grandes sources fixes. Le captage du CO2 par « Antisublimation » consiste à refroidir les fumées sous le point triple du CO2 qui passe alors directement de la phase vapeur à la phase solide. La variation de la concentration de CO2 induit une variation de la température d'environ 20 K à travers l'échangeur de chaleur. Son optimisation exergétique est une nécessité pour améliorer la séparation du CO2 et la performance énergétique du procédé.De nouvelles équations sont proposées pour calculer les propriétés thermodynamiques du CO2 à l'équilibre solide-vapeur qui sont jusqu'alors mal définies. Un diagramme psychrométrique CO2-N2 est développé pour représenter le glissement de température. L'étude du transfert de chaleur et de masse côté fumées nécessite la compréhension de l'antisublimation. La théorie classique de la nucléation est adoptée pour identifier les paramètres qui influent sur le transfert de masse et de la morphologie du givre. Une étude expérimentale qualitative et quantitative est effectuée pour étudier la formation de givre et sa dépendance vis-à-vis de la sursaturation et de la concentration du soluté. L'observation du CO2 solide sous 200x de grossissement prouve que l'antisublimation se fait par nucléation hétérogène. Un modèle CFD transitoire multi-phase et multi-composant est proposé pour simuler la formation du givre et sa croissance en fonction de la structure de l'échangeur et des conditions d'écoulement. / The carbon dioxide capture and storage is the solution to reduce CO2 emissions from large stationary sources. CO2 capture by "Antisublimation" consists in cooling flue gases under the CO2 triple point, which goes then directly from vapor to solid phase. The CO2 concentration variation induces a temperature variation of about 20 K through the heat exchanger. The exergy optimization of the heat exchanger is a necessity to improve the CO2 separation and the process energy performance.Since the CO2 properties under the triple point are not defined, new equations are proposed to calculate CO2 thermodynamic properties for solid-vapor equilibrium. A CO2-N2 psychrometric chart is developed to represent the flue-gas gliding temperature. The study of the flue–gas side heat and mass transfer requires antisublimation understanding. The classical nucleation theory is adopted to identify parameters that affect the mass transfer and frost morphology. A qualitative and quantitative experimental investigation is performed to study the frost formation and its dependence on the supersaturation and solute concentration. The solid CO2 observation under 200x magnification ratio proves that antisublimation occurs by heterogeneous nucleation. A CFD multiphase and multi-component transient model able to predict the frost formation and growth as a function of the heat-exchanger structure and flow conditions is proposed.

Cette thèse étudie le comportement de remblais en sol renforcé lors du passage de trains par simulation numérique. Il s'agit de déterminer si les trains à grande vitesse ont un impact particulier sur ce type d'ouvrage. Après un état de l'art des remblais en sol renforcé et de la modélisation numérique de problèmes ferroviaires, les résultats du chargement harmonique d'un remblai expérimental en Terre Armée sont analysés. Ils montrent que les valeurs des tractions dans les armatures, des contraintes et déplacements dans le massif dépendent de la fréquence de la sollicitation, c'est-à-dire de la vitesse de passage du train. On construit un modèle 3D aux éléments finis pour reproduire cette expérience. Il permet de retrouver les valeurs expérimentales avec une bonne précision, en mettant en avant l'importance du choix des lois de comportement du sol, du parement et des armatures. Ce modèle avec ses paramètres est alors utilisé pour discuter du comportement local de l'interface armature/remblai au cours d'un chargement harmonique en régime établi. Le confinement varie beaucoup le long des armatures supérieures au cours du chargement dynamique, tandis que les tractions sont peu affectées par le chargement dynamique. Cependant, malgré ces variations au cours du temps, la stabilité de l'interface reste peu affectée par rapport au cas d'un chargement statique. Un second modèle a été développé pour représenter un remblai de taille plus importante, en utilisant la modélisation multiphasique et en utilisant un repère mobile pour prendre en compte le déplacement du train. Les aspects théoriques et l'implémentation de ce modèle dans le code CESAR-LCPC sont détaillés. On l'utilise pour effectuer une étude tri-dimensionnelle d'un remblai renforcé. Elle met en évidence la faible influence de la vitesse de la charge sur la réponse de l'ouvrage, dans le cas d'un remblai rigide ayant des caractéristiques tirées du remblai expérimental. Dans le cas d'un remblai moins rigide, la vitesse d'un TGV peut s'approcher de la vitesse des ondes de cisaillement dans le massif avec des conséquences significatives au sein de la structure. Finalement, les valeurs expérimentales et les deux modèles numériques développés présentent les mêmes tendances : l'effet dynamique du passage du train a pour conséquence une augmentation des déplacements et une variation du confinement des armatures, tandis que les niveaux de traction sont peu affectés par la charge, ce qui nous incite à conclure que la vitesse du train n'est pas significativement pénalisante sur la stabilité des remblais pour les paramètres issus de l'analyse du remblai expérimental. Toutefois, ces résultats dépendent fortement de la géométrie de la structure, de la façon de modéliser le train, des lois de comportement et des valeurs des paramètres retenus pour le sol, le parement et l'interface sol/armature / This study focuses on the numerical modeling of the Mechanically Stabilized Earth (MSE) walls behavior under High Speed Train (HST) loading. First, the state of the art in reinforced earth as well as in railway dynamics modeling is analyzed. Then we present results coming from the testing of a one-scale reinforced embankment submitted to harmonic loading. They indicate that tensile forces in reinforcements, stresses and displacements depend on loading frequency which is related to train speed. One proposes a 3D Finite Element Model (FEM) in order to numerically reproduce this experimentation. The numerical results fit reasonably well with the experimental ones, highlighting the great importance of the choice of the constitutive law for the soil, reinforcement and facing. The same model is used to locally investigate the soil/reinforcement interface behaviour during a harmonic loading in steady-state. The confining pressure presents significant variations along the reinforcement strip during the dynamic loading while tensile forces are less affected by the load. Nevertheless, the global interface stability remains acceptable compared to a static load. A second numerical model is proposed, which represents a bigger embankment. The multiphase model is used to represent the reinforced soil and moving coordinates are used to take into account the moving train. Theoretical developments of this model and its implementation into CESAR-LCPC FEM code are detailed. The results indicate that the train speed does not play a big role in the overall response of the structure, in the case of a stiff reinforcement comparable to the experimental one. If the embankment is weaker, the HST speed may be close to shear waves speed within the soil, which has significant consequences into the structure, particularly on the stability of the soil/reinforcement interface. Globally the experimental results and those coming from both numerical models present the same trends: the dynamic effect coming from the train passing leads to the in-crease of displacements and confining pressure close to the highest strips, while tensile forces are less affected by the load. This leads us to the conclusion that the train speed does not have a significant effect on the stability of MSE walls, at least for embankments having similar parameters than the experimental one. However these results strongly depend on the embankment geometry, the way to model the train and the parameters and constitutive laws chosen for the soil, the soil/reinforcement interface and the facing

The durability of concrete is of major concern in all types of concrete structures where the combined effect of exposure conditions and the type and quality of the concrete material usually determines the rate of degradation. Furthermore, there are synergy effects between different deterioration mechanisms, which means that the combined rate of degradation is higher than the sum of the individual rates of each mechanism. Therefore, to accurately predict the residual service life of existing structures or when designing new structures, it is essential to consider all these aspects. This means that various chemical and physical processes, as well as how these interact, must be taken into account in models aiming to be used for service life predictions. This thesis presents the first part of a research project with the aim to investigate common deterioration mechanisms of concrete in hydraulic structures, and to improve the knowledge how these and other related phenomena can be described using mathematical models. The objective is also to study how different mechanisms interact and to find suitable approaches to account for these interactions in the models. To this end, a literature survey on commonly detected damage in hydraulic structures is presented. In addition, it also addresses in what types of and where in hydraulic structures the various damage types are usually observed. The mathematical models presented in this part of the project are focused on long-term water absorption in air-entrained concrete as well as on freezing of partially saturated air-entrained concrete. Both models are based on a multiphase description of concrete and poromechanics to describe the coupled hygro-thermo-mechanical behaviour. The thesis also presents some of the basic concepts of multiphase modelling of porous media, including discretization of the models using the finite element method (FEM). Furthermore, it covers the simplifications that are usually introduced in the general macroscopic balance equations for mass, energy and linear momentum when modelling cement-based materials. To verify the developed models and to show their capabilities, simulation results are compared with experimental data, in situ measurements and other simulations from the literature. The results indicate that both models perform well and can be used to predict long-term moisture conditions in hydraulic structures as well as freezing-induced strains in partially saturated air-entrained concrete, respectively. Even though no interactions with other deterioration mechanisms are included in the models, the development and use of these have given insights to which parameters that are important to consider in such extensions. Furthermore, based on the insights gained, the complexity of describing the full interactions between several mechanisms in mathematical models is also discussed. It is concluded that models aiming to be used for service life predictions of hydraulic structures in day-to-day engineering work need to be simplified. However, the type of advanced models presented in this thesis can serve as a basis to study which aspects and parameters that are essential to consider in simplified prediction models. / Beständigheten hos betong är av avgörande betydelse i alla typer av betongkonstruktioner där den kombinerade effekten av exponeringsförhållanden samt typ och kvalitet på betongmaterialet vanligtvis avgör nedbrytningshastigheten. Dessutom finns synergieffekter mellan olika nedbrytningsmekanismer som innebär att den kombinerade nedbrytningshastigheten är större än summan av de enskilda nedbrytningshastigheterna. För att noggrant kunna prediktera den återstående livislängden hos befintliga konstruktioner eller vid design av nya konstruktioner är det därför viktigt att ta hänsyn till samtliga av dessa aspekter. Detta innebär att olika kemiska och fysikaliska processer, samt hur dessa interagerar med varandra, måste tas i beaktande i modeller som avses användas för livslängdsbedömningar. Den här licentiatuppsatsen presenterar den första delen av ett forskningsprojekt där målet är att studera vanligt förekommande nedbrytningsmekanismer i vattenbyggnadskonstruktioner och att öka kunskapen om hur dessa och andra relaterade fenomen kan beskrivas med matematiska modeller. Målet är också att studera hur olika nedbrytningsmekanismer samverkar och att hitta lämpliga tillvägagångssätt att ta hänsyn till dessa interaktioner i modellerna. För detta ändamål presenteras en litteraturstudie avseende vanligt förekommande skador i vattenbyggnadskonstruktioner. Dessutom behandlar denna i vilka typer av vattenbyggnadskonstruktioner och var i dessa som de olika typerna av skador vanligtvis observeras. De matematiska modeller som presenteras i denna del av projektet är inriktade på långtidsabsorption av vatten i lufttillsatt betong samt på frysning i delvis vattenmättad lufttillsatt betong. Båda modellerna är baserade på en multifasbeskrivning av betong samt poromekanik för att beskriva det kopplade hydro-termo-mekaniska beteendet. Uppsatsen presenterar också några av de grundläggande koncepten gällande multifasmodellering av porösa material, inklusive diskretisering av modellerna genom användning av finita elementmetoden (FEM). Dessutom beskrivs de förenklingar som vanligtvis införs i de generella makroskopiska balansekvationerna för massa, energi och rörelsemängd då cementbaserade material modelleras. Simuleringsresultat från de utvecklade modellerna jämförs med försöksdata, fältmätningar samt andra simuleringsresultat från litteraturen för att verifiera modellerna samt visa hur de beter sig. Resultaten visar att båda modellerna ger tillfredställande resultat och kan användas för att uppskatta de långsiktiga fuktförhållandena i vattenbyggnadskonstruktioner samt frysinducerade töjningar i delvis vattenmättad lufttillsatt betong. Även om inga interaktioner mellan andra nedbrytningsmekanismer inkluderades i modellerna, så har utvecklingen samt användandet av dessa gett insikter gällande vilka parametrar som är viktiga att beakta i sådana vidareutvecklingar. Baserat på dessa insikter diskuteras också komplexiteten i att beskriva interaktionen mellan flertalet mekanismer i matematiska modeller. Det konstateras också att modeller som avses användas i dagligt ingenjörsarbete för livstidsbedömningar av vattenbyggnadskonstruktioner behöver förenklas. Däremot kan den typ av avancerade modeller som presenteras i denna uppsats användas som en grund för att studera vilka aspekter och parametrar som är viktiga att beakta i förenklade modeller. / <p>QC 20180403</p>