Spreadsheets are arguably the most widely used programming language in use today, yet spreadsheets commonly contain errors. Research shows that regardless of the experience of the end user, an alarming number of spreadsheets contain errors (91% in recent field audits). Most spreadsheets are created by end users with little or no programming experience. Unfortunately, software engineering research has largely ignored these users. In an attempt to reduce this high error rate, our research is aimed at bringing the benefits of software engineering to end users without requiring that they first learn software engineering principles. One mechanism for creating error-free programs is assertions. An assertion is a program property that always holds. It provides a way to attach more of the specification to the program. We have developed an assertion tool for spreadsheet languages that extends Microsoft Excel's validation scheme and includes capabilities such as assertion propagation. This work describes an empirical study done to assess how well end users understand and use the information provided by the assertion tool as they perform maintenance tasks. The study also provides information about end users' testing behavior. / Graduation date: 2002

Šiuo darbu buvo siekiama įgyvendinti tikslą, sukurti Vilniaus Pedagoginio Universiteto Matematikos ir informatikos fakultetui elektroninį žiniaraštį, kuris palengvintų darbą su studento informaciją. Sistemos kūrimui buvo pasirinkta atviro kodo programinė įranga PHP, MySQL ir Apache. Teorinėje dalyje yra apžvelgiama programinė įranga, organizuojamas darbas ir aprašoma įgyvendinta sistema. Buvo savarankiškai išmokta dirbti su pasirinkta programine įranga ir sukurta sistema „elektroninis žiniaraštis“. / This work is for accomplishing an aim – to create electronic register for "Vilnius Pedagoginis Universitetas" mathematics and informatics faculty, which would make the work with student's information easier. Open source software basis, which consists of PHP, MySQL and Apache, was chosen for creating this system. Theoretical part consists of review on software, work organization and description of realized system. In order to create the system "elektroninis žiniaraštis" ("electronic register") there was a need to learn to use with chosen software.

Thesis (MPhil)--University of Stellenbosch, 2006. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The study reported on here was conducted between December 2003 and April 2004. The aim of the study was to assess the use of Health Channel Broadcast Multimedia (HCBM) in order to maximise its success. The HCBM is an Information Technology method that was used to disseminate health information in public health facilities. HCBM was installed in health facilities and was used as an education tool. This was done by further developing the clinical skills of the health care workers (HCWs) and to inform the patients, including the community members on HIV/AIDS and related communicable diseases. The study was conducted in eight health facilities in seven provinces where HCBM was piloted. Facilities and forty-nine health professionals (HCWs) were selected conveniently and one hundred and twenty-eight patients were sampled using a systematic random method. The convenient sampling method was relevant since these were key facilities with HCBM. There were very few HCWs who did view HCBM and they were drawn into the study. HCBM used programmes disseminating messages in Afrikaans, English, sePedi, seSotho, siSwati, isiXhosa and isiZulu. The Rapid Assessment Response (RAR) approach was used to give a quick appraisal of the study. The report focuses on the cross-sectional reporting of the quantitative technique of the RAR. Of the HCWs, 86% had viewed the broadcast content, 70% were satisfied with the broadcast mode of service delivery; 56% indicated that the messages were good and added educational value to their professional work, while 52% chose to use the IP box content with HIV/AIDS topics. Ninety-two percent of HCWs stated that HCBM targeted patients and young people, 48% said HCBM had the ability to convey information and 48% said it was capable of addressing health problem. When HCBM was being set up, 62% HCWs engaged in decision making. Patients mentioned that HCBM as a method of information dissemination was educative (62%) and informative (52%). They reported that they did hear messages on HIV/AIDS telling them that medication was available for free to treat within 72 hours after being raped (72%); they had the right to say no to unsafe sex (92%); and 76% said the broadcast had the ability to change people’s behaviour. Respondents reported that the messages were easily understood (44%). The conclusion is that the findings will be useful to inform the government and managers of HCBM programmes on how to maximise the success of HCBM, especially at the implementation phase. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie verslag doen verslag oor die resultate van ’n ondersoek wat tussen Desember 2003 en April 2004 onderneem is. Die doel van die verslag is om die doeltreffendheid van die gebruik van ’n multimedia gesondheidsuitsendingkanaal, Health Channel Broadcast Multimedia (HCBM) te bepaal. Hierdie is nuwe tegnologie wat gebruik word om gesondheidsinligting slegs in die openbare gesondheidsektor te versprei. Die studie is by agt openbare gesondheidsfasiliteite in sewe provinsies waar die HCBM volledig gevestig was, onderneem. Nege-en-veertig gesondheidskundiges (HPW’s) is volgens ’n gerieflikheidsteekproef geselekteer, en 128 pasiënte is met behulp van ’n sistematiese ewekansige steekproef geselekteer. Die HCBM het programme gebruik wat boodskappe in Afrikaans, Engels, sePedi, seSotho, siSwati, isiXhosa en isiZulu uitgesaai het. ’n Benadering bekend as die Rapid Assessment Response (RAR) is gebruik om ’n vinnige evaluering van die studie te maak. Die verslag konsentreer op die deursneerapportering van die kwantitatiewe tegniek van die RAR. Van die HPW’s het 85% na die inhoud van die uitsending gekyk, 70% was tevrede met die uitsendingmodus van dienslewering, 56% het aangedui dat die boodskappe goed was en van opvoedkundige waarde in hulle professionele werk, terwyl 52% verkies het om die Internet Platform-inhoud met MIV/Vigs-temas te gebruik. Twee-en-negentig persent van die HPW’s het te kenne gegee die HCBM is gerig op pasiënte en die jeug, 48% het gesê HCBM het die vermoë om inligting oor te dra, en 48% het gesê dit is geskik om na die gesondheidsprobleem om te sien. Tydens die instelling van die HCBM het 62% HPW’s aan besluitneming deelgeneem. Van die pasiënte met grade 0–6 as opvoedingspeil het 75% verkies om brosjures te gebruik bo enige ander massamedia, en 72% mans en 67% vrouens het na boodskappe oor die behandeling van MIV/Vigs-simptome geluister. Inligting oor vrywillige berading en toetsing voor swangerskap is deur 66% van die vrouens gehoor. Meer as 90% van hulle was bewus van die reg om nee te sê vir seks of onveilige seks. Pasiënte oor die hele residensiële gebied was dit eens dat die taalgebruik in die uitsendings maklik verstaanbaar was. Oor al die opvoedkundige grade heen is saamgestem dat die HCBM die voorgenome boodskap oorgedra het. Die gevolgtrekking is dat die bevindings waardevol is om die regering en bestuurders van die uitsendingsprogram in te lig oor hoe om die ander fases te verbeter. Dit sluit Fase 2 in, wat die uitvoering van die HCBM behels.

The beginning of the space-age in the 1950s led to interest in the effects of radiation on semiconductors. The systematic investigation of defect centres in semiconductors began in earnest over 30 years ago. In addition to defect identification, information was also obtained on energy-level structures and defect migration properties. When designing electronic systems for operation in a radiation environment, ~tis imperative to know the effect of radiation on the properties of electronic components and materials comprising these systems. In some instances, the effects of irradiating electronic materials can be used to obtain desired material properties (mesa isolation, implantation, etc.). However, when electronic devices are exposed to radiation, defects may be introduced into the material. Depending on the application, these defects may have a detrimental effect on the performance of such a device. For this study, the semiconductor gallium arsenide (GaAs) was used and the defects were introduced by electrons, alpha-particles, protons, neutrons and argon sputtering. These particles were generated using radio-nuclides, a high-energy neutron source, a 2.5 MV Van de Graaff accelerator and a sputter gun. The influence of particle irradiation on the device properties of Schottky barrier diodes (SBDs) fabricated on GaAs is presented. These device properties were monitored using a variable temperature current-voltage (I-V) and capacitance-voltage (C-V) apparatus. In order to have an understanding of the change in electrical properties of these contacts after irradiation, it is necessary to characterize the radiation-induced defects. Deep level transient spectroscopy (DLTS) was used to characterise the defects in terms of their DLTS "signature", defect concentration, field enhanced emission, and thermodynamic properties. / Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 1994. / gm2014 / Physics / unrestricted

University of Macau / Faculty of Business Administration / Department of Management and Marketing

Human Resources Management (HRM) is a crucial part of every organization as it dealswith a vital resource: human capital. In the past 10 years, HRM has been going througha transformation adopting technological tools to improve its performance. Paauwe,Farndale and Williams (2005) said that “the HRM function is subject to radical anddramatic change because of the implications of web- based organizing”(p. 3). The combinationof information technology (IT) tools in HRM processes has been named “electronicHuman Resources Management” (e-HRM). E-HRM strives to implement all theoperational activities that HRM is concerned with, with the help of technological toolsin a fast and accurate way. The purpose of this thesis is to identify and explain the outcomesthat multinational corporations experience by using relational e-HRM.In this thesis, we chose to have a qualitative approach, gathering empirical resultsthrough in-depth, semi- structured interviews. A frame of reference that complementedour purpose was created based on previous e-HRM research. After gathering our findings,we analyzed the information using the theoretical framework. In the analysis wecompared our theory to the findings, in order to answer our research questions and fulfillour purpose.To conclude, we identified that the interviewed companies make use of e-recruitment, etrainingand e-performance appraisal in their HR processes. The most significant outcomeswere the increase of speed in processes, standardization, elimination of distanceconstraints and possibilities for data archiving. It is important to mention that in order toachieve better results, companies must combine e-HRM with face-to-face interaction.Lastly, it was discovered that apart from bringing positive outcomes, it is difficult to sayif e-HRM is effective because there are no concrete ways of measuring it.

Šiame darbe yra aptariamos elektroninės mikroskopijos technologijos, elektroninių mikroskopų pagrindiniai veikimo principai, jais gaunami vaizdai bei apdorojimo metodai, funkcionalumo praplėtimo galimybės. Ypatingas dėmesys yra skiriamas – Artimo lauko optinio skenavimo mikroskopijai (SNOM – Scanning Near-Field Optical Microscopy). Darbo eigoje suprojektuota ir sukurta programinė įranga, leidžianti prie SNOM tipo mikroskopo prijungti nestandartinį grįžtamojo signalo įrenginį - fotonų skaitiklį. Fotonų skaitiklis yra daug jautresnis už standartiškai naudojamą fotodaugintuvą, tai leidžia SNOM mikroskopu atlikti naujus eksperimentus, kaip fluorescencijos tyrimas, tiriamųjų objektų žymėjimas kvantiniais taškais ir kt. Suprojektuota programa valdo SNOM naudodama sąsajas su mikroskopo programine įranga, sinchronizuoja fotonų skaitikliu gaunamus rezultatus, generuoja vaizdus, pateikia galimybes juos išsaugoti įvairiais formatais. Atlikus programos funkcionalumo tyrimą realiomis sąlygomis, buvo atrasti ir pašalinti programos trūkumai (susiję su sinchronizacija ir SNOM zondo veikimo ypatumais), bei nustatytos fotonų skaitiklio greitaveikos ribos, maksimalios fotonų skaičiaus reikšmės, rekomenduojama matavimo periodo trukmė. Darbe naudojamo fotonų skaitiklio greitaveikos problemoms spręsti pasiūlytas fotonų skaitiklio vienlustės sistemos projektas. Vienlustei sistemai sukurti buvo naudojami duomenys, surinkti programinės įrangos kūrimo ir testavimo metu. Pateikiami vienlustės sistemos... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / This paper describes technologies used in electronic microscopy, mainly SNOM (Scanning Near-Field Optical Microscopy) and functionality extension possibilities. Software that enables using a photon counting unit as a supplementary input device was designed and presented. The photon counting device is much more sensitive than standard input device, thus new experiments as fluorescence research and Q-dot marking becomes available. The designed software collects data from photon counting unit and utilizes scripts to link with default SNOM software that controls probe movement. While testing the software, issues related to latency and synchronization helped to find out timing limits and optimal probe movement paths. To improve quality and speed of the whole scanning process a system-on-chip (SoC) project is presented. The paper provides details of SoC design, operation and limitations.

The present thesis deals with the occupied and unoccupied electronic states of intermetallic compounds of the rare-earth metals (RE) Eu and Yb with the transition metals Pd and Ni. The compounds were prepared in-situ as epitaxial thin films on single-crystalline substrates. For comparison, the experiments were extended to a Ba/Pd compound, which was prepared in the same way. All samples were characterised by low-energy electron diffraction (LEED), photoelectron spectroscopy (PES) and inverse photoemission (IPE). For the IPE experiments an appropriate spectrometer was built. It consists of a combination of a toroidal-grating and a crystal monochromator and enables experiments with photon energies in the range of 10-25 eV and at 1486.6 eV. LEED experiments reveal the formation of a AuCu3 structure with a (111) surface orientation for RE/Pd systems, while the formation of a CaCu5-structure with (0001) surface orientation for the Ba/Pd and Eu/Ni compounds was found. The Eu compounds show a surface-valence transition from the trivalent to the divalent configuration. An ordered overstructure is formed at the surface despite an increase of the ionic volume of Eu by about 40 %. The measured electronic structure is in good accordance with results of local-density-approximation band-structure calculations. / In der vorliegenden Dissertation werden die besetzten und unbesetzten elektronischen Zustände intermetallischer Verbindungen der Seltenen Erden (SE) Eu und Yb mit den Übergangsmetallen Pd und Ni betrachtet. Die Verbindungen wurden als epitaktische Dünnschichten in-situ auf einkristallinen Substraten präpariert und mittels niederenergetischer Elektronenbeugung (LEED), Photoelektronenspektroskopie (PES) und inverser Photoemission (IPE) charakterisiert. Zu Vergleichszwecken wurde die Untersuchung zusätzlich auf eine auf gleiche Weise präparierte Ba/Pd-Verbindung ausgedehnt. Für die Durchführung der IPE-Experimente wurde ein entsprechendes Spektrometer aufgebaut. Die Kombination aus einem Toroidgitter- und einem Kristallmonochromator ermöglicht wahlweise Experimente im Photonenenergiebereich von 10-25 eV und bei 1486,6 eV. Die Analysen der LEED-Daten ergaben für die SE/Pd-Systeme die Bildung der AuCu3-Struktur mit einer (111)-Oberflächenorientierung, für die Ba/Pd- und die Eu/Ni-Verbindungen die der CaCu5-Struktur mit (0001)"=Oberflächenorientierung. Die Eu-Verbindungen zeigen dabei Oberflächenvalenzübergänge von der drei- zu der zweiwertigen Konfiguration mit Ausbildung geordneter Überstrukturen an der Oberfläche trotz einer 40 prozentigen Zunahme des Eu-Ionenvolumens. Die beobachtete elektronische Struktur stimmt gut mit den Ergebnissen von Bandstrukturrechnungen in der lokalen Dichtenäherung überein.

The present thesis deals with the occupied and unoccupied electronic states of intermetallic compounds of the rare-earth metals (RE) Eu and Yb with the transition metals Pd and Ni. The compounds were prepared in-situ as epitaxial thin films on single-crystalline substrates. For comparison, the experiments were extended to a Ba/Pd compound, which was prepared in the same way. All samples were characterised by low-energy electron diffraction (LEED), photoelectron spectroscopy (PES) and inverse photoemission (IPE). For the IPE experiments an appropriate spectrometer was built. It consists of a combination of a toroidal-grating and a crystal monochromator and enables experiments with photon energies in the range of 10-25 eV and at 1486.6 eV. LEED experiments reveal the formation of a AuCu3 structure with a (111) surface orientation for RE/Pd systems, while the formation of a CaCu5-structure with (0001) surface orientation for the Ba/Pd and Eu/Ni compounds was found. The Eu compounds show a surface-valence transition from the trivalent to the divalent configuration. An ordered overstructure is formed at the surface despite an increase of the ionic volume of Eu by about 40 %. The measured electronic structure is in good accordance with results of local-density-approximation band-structure calculations. / In der vorliegenden Dissertation werden die besetzten und unbesetzten elektronischen Zustände intermetallischer Verbindungen der Seltenen Erden (SE) Eu und Yb mit den Übergangsmetallen Pd und Ni betrachtet. Die Verbindungen wurden als epitaktische Dünnschichten in-situ auf einkristallinen Substraten präpariert und mittels niederenergetischer Elektronenbeugung (LEED), Photoelektronenspektroskopie (PES) und inverser Photoemission (IPE) charakterisiert. Zu Vergleichszwecken wurde die Untersuchung zusätzlich auf eine auf gleiche Weise präparierte Ba/Pd-Verbindung ausgedehnt. Für die Durchführung der IPE-Experimente wurde ein entsprechendes Spektrometer aufgebaut. Die Kombination aus einem Toroidgitter- und einem Kristallmonochromator ermöglicht wahlweise Experimente im Photonenenergiebereich von 10-25 eV und bei 1486,6 eV. Die Analysen der LEED-Daten ergaben für die SE/Pd-Systeme die Bildung der AuCu3-Struktur mit einer (111)-Oberflächenorientierung, für die Ba/Pd- und die Eu/Ni-Verbindungen die der CaCu5-Struktur mit (0001)"=Oberflächenorientierung. Die Eu-Verbindungen zeigen dabei Oberflächenvalenzübergänge von der drei- zu der zweiwertigen Konfiguration mit Ausbildung geordneter Überstrukturen an der Oberfläche trotz einer 40 prozentigen Zunahme des Eu-Ionenvolumens. Die beobachtete elektronische Struktur stimmt gut mit den Ergebnissen von Bandstrukturrechnungen in der lokalen Dichtenäherung überein.