Durante las elecciones presidenciales del 2011 y 2016, muchos medios de comunicación tuvieron un tono más negativo que positivo o neutral en sus coberturas sobre determinados candidatos. Estos fueron los casos de los diarios La República y Correo sobre los candidatos presidenciales Keiko Fujimori de Fuerza Popular, Ollanta Humala del Partido Nacionalista Peruano y Verónika Mendoza del Frente Amplio. Partiendo del hecho de que sí existió una cobertura negativa por parte de los medios ya mencionados, la presente investigación pretende describir las características principales de este tipo de tratamiento periodístico, identificar los criterios de cada diario para la publicación de notas en contra de los candidatos y examinar las diferencias y similitudes entre ambas coberturas. / During the 2011 and 2016 presidential elections, most media outlets were more negative than positive or neutral in their coverage of certain candidates. These were the cases of the newspapers La República and Correo when it came to the presidential candidates Keiko Fujimori of Fuerza Popular, Ollanta Humala of the Partido Nacionalista Peruano and Verónika Mendoza of Frente Amplio. Based on the fact that there was negative coverage by the mentioned newspapers, this research aims to describe the main characteristics of this type of journalistic treatment, identify the criteria of each newspaper when they published articles against the candidates and examine the differences and similarities between both coverages. / Tesis

Razones fácticas y jurídicas de la incorporación de un código electoral en la legislación peruana, es el tema de tesis que se ha desarrollado, habiéndose considerado para su elaboración el paradigma interpretativo con un tipo de investigación básico de enfoque cualitativo y nivel propositivo, de esta manera se formuló como objetivo general el determinar las razones fácticas y jurídicas de la compilación de la normativa electoral para el caso de la legislación peruana resultando necesario analizar la problemática existente en el derecho electoral peruano y su marco legal, explicar sus características, carencias y la importancia de implementar un código electoral. Así pues, mediante el análisis de doctrinas, normativas y casuística se llevó a cabo el desarrollo de antecedentes internacionales y nacionales; doctrinas con gran relevancia al tema de investigación tanto en las bases teóricas como en el capítulo de resultados y discusiones a fin de dar respuesta a los objetivos específicos respecto a la importancia de implementar o incorporar un Código Electoral único, unificado e integral en nuestro ordenamiento jurídico peruano. En conclusión, la importancia de un código electoral en el Perú es de vital relevancia puesto que permitiría un solo análisis e interpretación de las normas dispersas en distintas leyes, evitando confusión en los procedimientos y plazos durante el periodo de elecciones, instaurando en la ciudadanía y candidatos una cultura de educación electoral para una debida preparación. Palabras claves: derecho electoral, código electoral, leyes, ciudadanía, candidatos. / Factual and legal reasons for the incorporation of an electoral code in Peruvian legislation, is the topic of the thesis that has been developed, having considered for its elaboration the interpretive paradigm with a type of basic research with a qualitative approach and propositional level, in this way The general objective was formulated to determine the factual and legal reasons for the compilation of electoral regulations in the case of Peruvian legislation, making it necessary to analyze the existing problems in Peruvian electoral law and its legal framework, explain its characteristics, shortcomings and the importance to implement an electoral code. Thus, through the analysis of doctrines, regulations and casuistry, the development of international and national antecedents was carried out; doctrines with great relevance to the research topic both in the theoretical bases and in the results and discussions chapter in order to respond to the specific objectives regarding the importance of implementing or incorporating a single, unified and comprehensive Electoral Code in our legal system Peruvian. In conclusion, the importance of an electoral code in Peru is of vital relevance since it would allow a single analysis and interpretation of the norms dispersed in different laws, avoiding confusion in the procedures and deadlines during the election period, establishing in citizens and candidates a culture of electoral education for proper preparation.

Electoral Rules and Leader Selection: Experimental Evidence from Ugandan Community Groups. Despite a large body of work documenting how electoral systems affect policy outcomes, less is known about their impact on leader selection. We study this by comparing two types of participatory decision making in Ugandan community groups: (i) vote by secret ballot and (ii) open discussion with consensus. Random assignment allows us to estimate the causal impact of the rules on leader types and social service delivery. Vote groups are found to elect leaders more similar to the average member while discussion group leaders are positively selected on socio-economic characteristics. Further, dropout rates are significantly higher in discussion groups, particularly for poorer members. After 3.5 years, vote groups are larger in size and their members save less and get smaller loans. We conclude that the secret ballot vote creates more inclusive groups while open discussion groups favor the already economically successful. Preparing for Genocide: Community Meetings in Rwanda. How do political elites prepare the civilian population for participation in violent conflict? We empirically investigate this question using data from the Rwandan Genocide in 1994. Every Saturday before 1994, Rwandan villagers had to meet to work on community infrastructure. The practice was highly politicized and, according to anecdotal evidence, regularly used by the political elites for spreading propaganda in the years before the genocide. This paper presents the first quantitative evidence of this abuse of the community meetings. To establish causality, we exploit cross-sectional variation in meeting intensity induced by exogenous weather fluctuations. We find that an additional rainy Saturday resulted in a five percent lower civilian participation rate in genocide violence. Selection into Borrowing: Survey Evidence from Uganda. In this paper, I study how changes to the standard credit contract affect loan demand and selection into borrowing, using a representative sample of urban micro enterprises, most with no borrowing experience. Hypothetical loan demand questions are used to test whether firm owners respond to changes in loans' contractual terms and whether take-up varies by firms' risk type and other firm owner characteristics. The results indicate that contracts with lower interest rates and less stringent collateral requirements attract less risky borrowers, suggesting that there is scope for improvement of standard financial contract terms. Credit Contract Structure and Firm Growth: Evidence from a Randomized Control Trial. We study the effects of credit contract structure on firm outcomes among small and medium sized firms. A randomized control trial was carried out to distinguish between some of the key constraints to efficient credit use connected to the firms' business environment and production function, namely (i) backloaded returns (ii) uncertain returns and (iii) indivisible fixed costs. Each firm was followed for the 1-year loan cycle. We describe the experiment and present preliminary results from the first 754 out of 2,340 firms to have completed the loan cycle. Firms offered a grace period have higher profits and higher household income than firms receiving a rebate later on as well as the control group. They also increased the number of paid employees  and reduced the number of unpaid employees, an effect also found among firms that received a cash subsidy at the beginning of the loan cycle. We discuss potential mechanisms behind these effects.

El comportamiento electoral es un tema de estudio bastante complejo dentro de las ciencias sociales y específicamente dentro de la ciencia política, pues llega a tomar en consideración no solo elementos políticos sino también sociológicos y psicológicos. La mezcla e interacción de factores que tienen lugar dentro del proceso de decisión electoral es lo que complejiza su estudio. Este artículo tiene por intención dar acercamientos a la comprensión del compor- tamiento electoral en el Perú a partir del análisis de las elecciones presidenciales en primera vuelta de 2006 y 2011. Buscamos la propuesta de un modelo que considere los elementos más importantes dentro del estudio del comportamiento electoral, a partir de lo que se ha estudiado y analizado sobre dicho tema desde las ciencias sociales. La identificación de los elementos clave a tener en cuenta nos permitirá un análisis más detallado y desagregado del comportamiento electoral. El artículo busca estudiar el efecto de un primer elemento del modelo propuesto: la influencia de las variables sociodemográficas y socioeconómicas en el comportamiento electoral de los votantes.

La investigación realizada en este documento tiene como objetivo demostrar la existencia de ciclos políticos en los procesos electorales de los gobiernos regionales peruanos, durante los años 2007 – 2018, con una temporalidad mensual y basándose en el modelos teórico de Shi y Sevensson (2006). De esta manera, para poder confirmar la hipótesis planteada se utiliza un modelo panel de efectos fijos. La principal conclusiones a las que se este documento llego son: Primero, la confirmación de la existencia de ciclos políticos marcados alrededor de las fechas de los procesos electorales de los gobiernos regionales peruanos y segundo, la confirmación de la importancia de realizar este tipo de estudios de manera mensual. / The investigation realized in this document have the objective of demonstrated the existence of budget cycle in the Peruvian reginal elections during the period 2007 - 2018 with a monthly temporality and it has been based in the theorical model of Shi and Sevensson (2006). In this way, to demonstrate this hypothesis this investigation uses a panel model with Fixed Effects Regression. The main conclusions that this document have are: First, the confirmation of the existence of the marked Budget Cycles around the date of the Peruvian regional elections and second, the confirmation of the relevance in the use of monthly temporality in studies of this type. / Trabajo de investigación

Las emociones se han convertido en un arma para utilizar en campañas políticas. El uso de la emocionalidad en el discurso de un candidato aporta una propuesta de valor diferente. La exposición del político -sea para un cargo nacional, regional o local- brinda a la población la posibilidad de conocer quién es o al menos la imagen que desea proyectar. El candidato por el partido Renovación Popular, Rafael López Aliaga, expuso su imagen política de campaña en base a polémicas declaraciones -además coincidieron con el alza de su nombre en las encuestas de opinión-, sustentadas en diversas emociones, que se ajustan a una estrategia similar empleada por Donald Trump o Jair Bolsonaro. El presente estudio cualitativo ha permitido entender cuál ha sido el rol del discurso emocional en una campaña política de gran envergadura, como lo fueron las elecciones generales 2021 en Perú. De esta manera, el análisis realizado permite entender la relación entre lo político y lo emocional, cómo ambos términos convergen y cómo los diferentes usos de la emocionalidad generan impacto en la estrategia de comunicación. / Emotions have become a weapon when it comes to political campaigns. The usage of emotions on a candidate’s speech provides a unique value proposition. The politician’s exposure- either for a national charge- regional or local- supplies to the population the possibility of getting to know them or at least to know the image they are trying to portray. The “Renovación Popular” candidate designed his political campaign image based on controversial statements – furthermore, concurred with the raise of his name on opinion polls –, sustained by different emotions, which comprehends a strategy very similar to the one proposed by Donald Trump or Jair Bolsonaro. This qualitative study allowed to understand what the role of emotional discourse has been in a political campaign, such as the first round of the electoral process of 2021 in Peru. In this way, the analysis allows us to understand the relation between the political and the emotional, how both terms converge and how the different uses of emotionality generate an impact on the communication strategy. / Tesis