O tema deste estudo é o papel dos partidos políticos brasileiros no momento eleitoral sob o prisma da volatilidade eleitoral. A questão da volatilidade é um dos principais tópicos de análise na área eleitoral e, em especial, sobre sistema partidário e sua evolução. Diz respeito à estabilidade/mudança, no tempo, da direção partidária do voto por parte do eleitor. No Brasil, o debate se trava em torno da institucionalização do sistema partidário e da relação deste com o eleitorado. Argumenta-se, de modo geral, que os partidos brasileiros manteriam relação fluída com os eleitores, o que configuraria um quadro de competição eleitoral instável e volúvel. Os paradigmas teóricos mobilizados pela abordagem tradicional são inspirados na sociologia política e eleitoral, e apontam, em geral, a falta de correspondência sólida entre partidos e clivagens sociais. Busco apresentar nesta dissertação uma versão alternativa. A fundamentação do argumento se dá, do ponto de vista teórico, por meio da reconstrução do caminho percorrido pela noção de volatilidade eleitoral, tal como ele se desenvolve na academia européia, conjugada com um diálogo com outro conjunto de literatura, encontrado marcadamente na academia americana, de inspiração institucionalista e na escola da escolha racional, interessado na competição eleitoral. Esse embasamento possibilitará uma visão teórica e analítica diversa da literatura nacional sobre o fenômeno da volatilidade no Brasil. Do ponto de vista empírico, proponho uma mudança de foco em relação aos estudos tradicionais: enquanto esses analisam os pleitos legislativos, defendo que estudos centrados nos cargos executivos possibilitam uma visão mais acurada sobre volatilidade e sistema partidário, pois essas são as disputas mais importantes para os partidos e para os eleitores. O objeto empírico deste estudo são os resultados eleitorais para o estado de São Paulo, nas eleições para cargos do Executivo, ou seja, presidente, governador, e prefeito da capital, nos anos de 1982 a 2008, com foco no período pós-94. A hipótese da pesquisa é que a volatilidade eleitoral, mensurada pelo índice de Pedersen, tradicional na literatura, é causada, em grande medida, por estratégias dos partidos políticos, ao decidirem pelo lançamento e retirada de candidaturas, não se devendo, necessariamente, a debilidades do sistema partidário ou ao comportamento e preferências instáveis do eleitor. Obviamente, existem mudanças de preferências, mas procuro mostrar que em São Paulo os partidos apresentaram bases eleitorais definidas. / The central theme of this work is the role of Brazilian political parties and electoral volatility at the time of election. Volatility is one of the major topics of analysis concerning electoral studies and the evolution of party systems. It addresses the stability and change, during certain period of time, of the electors vote for any given party. In Brazil, the debate deals with the institutionalization of the party system and its relationship with the electorate. It is generally argued that Brazilian parties maintain a fluid relationship with voters, which configures an unstable and fickle electoral competition framework. The theoretical paradigms used by the main approach are inspired by electoral and political sociology, and they tend to indicate, in general, the lack of strong correspondence between parties and social cleavages. In this dissertation, I offer an alternative approach. Theoretically, the ground of my argument is given by reconstructing the discussion of electoral volatility, as it has developed in the European academy, combined with a dialogue with another set of literature, found notably in the American academy, inspired by institutionalist and rational choice school, interested in electoral competition. This foundation will enable a theoretical and analytical vision different from the traditional literature about electoral volatility in Brazil. I propose an empirical change of focus, from the analysis of legislative elections, as it was common in brazilian studies, to an executive-centered analysis. I argue that executive-centered studies enable a more accurate view of volatility and party system, since executive disputes are more importante both for parties and voters. The empirical object of this work are the election results of the state of São Paulo, in Executive elections, President, Governor and Mayor of capital, from 1982 to 2008, focusing on the post-94 period. My hypothesis is that electoral volatility, as measured by the Pedersen index, is largely caused by political parties strategies and decisions of who should and who should not be its candidates. Thus electoral volatility should not necessarily be caused by the weaknesses of brazilian party system or unstable behavior and preferences of voters. Obviously, there are changes in preferences, but I try to show that in São Paulo, parties had well defined constituencies.

Esta dissertação trata do estudo da volatilidade eleitoral nas eleições presidenciais brasileiras no período de 1989 a 2006 na escala dos municípios brasileiros. Foi calculada a volatilidade eleitoral em quatro períodos: 1989/1994, 1994/1998, 1998/2002 e 2002/2006. Os cálculos foram feitos por meio do índice de volatilidade entre blocos de partidos (Bartolini e Mair 1990). A geografia eleitoral da volatilidade eleitoral municipal desses períodos é apresentada através de tabelas e mapas. Os municípios brasileiros são Identificados e classificados em cinco grupos pelo número de vezes em que eles apresentaram taxas altas de volatilidade no período de 1989 a 2006. Por fim é analisada a possível correlação entre essa classificação e algumas variáveis socioeconômicas. Os resultados obtidos sugerem que altas taxas de volatilidade eleitoral durante as eleições presidenciais nos municípios brasileiros estiveram correlacionadas a índices baixos de condição de vida e educacionais. / This dissertation is on the electoral volatility in Brazilian presidential elections between 1989 and 2006 on Brazilian municipalities scale. The electoral volatility of four periods was calculated: 1989/1994, 1994/1998, 1998/2002, and 2002/2006. The calculations were made using the inter-bloc volatility index (Bartolini and Mair, 1990). The electoral geography of municipal electoral volatility is presented through maps and tables. The Brazilian municipalities were identified and classified into five groups according to the incidence of high volatility in the period 1989 to 2006. Finally, there is an analysis of the possible correlation between this classification and some socioeconomic variables. The results indicate that high rates of electoral volatility during presidential elections in Brazilian municipalities were correlated with low rates of education and life condition.

O tema deste estudo é o papel dos partidos políticos brasileiros no momento eleitoral sob o prisma da volatilidade eleitoral. A questão da volatilidade é um dos principais tópicos de análise na área eleitoral e, em especial, sobre sistema partidário e sua evolução. Diz respeito à estabilidade/mudança, no tempo, da direção partidária do voto por parte do eleitor. No Brasil, o debate se trava em torno da institucionalização do sistema partidário e da relação deste com o eleitorado. Argumenta-se, de modo geral, que os partidos brasileiros manteriam relação fluída com os eleitores, o que configuraria um quadro de competição eleitoral instável e volúvel. Os paradigmas teóricos mobilizados pela abordagem tradicional são inspirados na sociologia política e eleitoral, e apontam, em geral, a falta de correspondência sólida entre partidos e clivagens sociais. Busco apresentar nesta dissertação uma versão alternativa. A fundamentação do argumento se dá, do ponto de vista teórico, por meio da reconstrução do caminho percorrido pela noção de volatilidade eleitoral, tal como ele se desenvolve na academia européia, conjugada com um diálogo com outro conjunto de literatura, encontrado marcadamente na academia americana, de inspiração institucionalista e na escola da escolha racional, interessado na competição eleitoral. Esse embasamento possibilitará uma visão teórica e analítica diversa da literatura nacional sobre o fenômeno da volatilidade no Brasil. Do ponto de vista empírico, proponho uma mudança de foco em relação aos estudos tradicionais: enquanto esses analisam os pleitos legislativos, defendo que estudos centrados nos cargos executivos possibilitam uma visão mais acurada sobre volatilidade e sistema partidário, pois essas são as disputas mais importantes para os partidos e para os eleitores. O objeto empírico deste estudo são os resultados eleitorais para o estado de São Paulo, nas eleições para cargos do Executivo, ou seja, presidente, governador, e prefeito da capital, nos anos de 1982 a 2008, com foco no período pós-94. A hipótese da pesquisa é que a volatilidade eleitoral, mensurada pelo índice de Pedersen, tradicional na literatura, é causada, em grande medida, por estratégias dos partidos políticos, ao decidirem pelo lançamento e retirada de candidaturas, não se devendo, necessariamente, a debilidades do sistema partidário ou ao comportamento e preferências instáveis do eleitor. Obviamente, existem mudanças de preferências, mas procuro mostrar que em São Paulo os partidos apresentaram bases eleitorais definidas. / The central theme of this work is the role of Brazilian political parties and electoral volatility at the time of election. Volatility is one of the major topics of analysis concerning electoral studies and the evolution of party systems. It addresses the stability and change, during certain period of time, of the electors vote for any given party. In Brazil, the debate deals with the institutionalization of the party system and its relationship with the electorate. It is generally argued that Brazilian parties maintain a fluid relationship with voters, which configures an unstable and fickle electoral competition framework. The theoretical paradigms used by the main approach are inspired by electoral and political sociology, and they tend to indicate, in general, the lack of strong correspondence between parties and social cleavages. In this dissertation, I offer an alternative approach. Theoretically, the ground of my argument is given by reconstructing the discussion of electoral volatility, as it has developed in the European academy, combined with a dialogue with another set of literature, found notably in the American academy, inspired by institutionalist and rational choice school, interested in electoral competition. This foundation will enable a theoretical and analytical vision different from the traditional literature about electoral volatility in Brazil. I propose an empirical change of focus, from the analysis of legislative elections, as it was common in brazilian studies, to an executive-centered analysis. I argue that executive-centered studies enable a more accurate view of volatility and party system, since executive disputes are more importante both for parties and voters. The empirical object of this work are the election results of the state of São Paulo, in Executive elections, President, Governor and Mayor of capital, from 1982 to 2008, focusing on the post-94 period. My hypothesis is that electoral volatility, as measured by the Pedersen index, is largely caused by political parties strategies and decisions of who should and who should not be its candidates. Thus electoral volatility should not necessarily be caused by the weaknesses of brazilian party system or unstable behavior and preferences of voters. Obviously, there are changes in preferences, but I try to show that in São Paulo, parties had well defined constituencies.

Esta dissertação trata do estudo da volatilidade eleitoral nas eleições presidenciais brasileiras no período de 1989 a 2006 na escala dos municípios brasileiros. Foi calculada a volatilidade eleitoral em quatro períodos: 1989/1994, 1994/1998, 1998/2002 e 2002/2006. Os cálculos foram feitos por meio do índice de volatilidade entre blocos de partidos (Bartolini e Mair 1990). A geografia eleitoral da volatilidade eleitoral municipal desses períodos é apresentada através de tabelas e mapas. Os municípios brasileiros são Identificados e classificados em cinco grupos pelo número de vezes em que eles apresentaram taxas altas de volatilidade no período de 1989 a 2006. Por fim é analisada a possível correlação entre essa classificação e algumas variáveis socioeconômicas. Os resultados obtidos sugerem que altas taxas de volatilidade eleitoral durante as eleições presidenciais nos municípios brasileiros estiveram correlacionadas a índices baixos de condição de vida e educacionais. / This dissertation is on the electoral volatility in Brazilian presidential elections between 1989 and 2006 on Brazilian municipalities scale. The electoral volatility of four periods was calculated: 1989/1994, 1994/1998, 1998/2002, and 2002/2006. The calculations were made using the inter-bloc volatility index (Bartolini and Mair, 1990). The electoral geography of municipal electoral volatility is presented through maps and tables. The Brazilian municipalities were identified and classified into five groups according to the incidence of high volatility in the period 1989 to 2006. Finally, there is an analysis of the possible correlation between this classification and some socioeconomic variables. The results indicate that high rates of electoral volatility during presidential elections in Brazilian municipalities were correlated with low rates of education and life condition.

Šios disertacijos tikslas yra ištirti ir paaiškinti rinkėjų elgsenos kaitumo skirtumus rinkimuose į savivaldybių tarybas tarp Lietuvos savivaldybių. Tiriami visi nuo Lietuvos nepriklausomybės atkūrimo vykę demokratiniai savivaldos rinkimai (iš viso šeši rinkimai nuo 1995 m. iki 2011 m.). Disertacijoje remiamasi visais svarbiausiais teoriniais rinkėjų elgsenos kaitumo aiškinimais: sociostruktūra, ekonominis balsavimas, partinė sistema ir instituciniai-kontekstiniai veiksniai. Kai kurios teorijos yra modifikuojamos tam, kad jas būtų galima naudoti Lietuvos savivaldos rinkimų kontekste. Disertacijoje siūloma partinių sistemų klasifikacija pagal partijų koalicinio elgesio šablonus ilgajame laikotarpyje, įgalinanti atskirti partines sistemas Lietuvos savivaldybių tarybose. Empirinis tyrimas remiasi kiekybiniais (statistiniais metodais): aprašomoji statistika, ryšio matai, neparametriniai populiacijų skirtingumo matai ir tiesinė regresinė analizė. Empirinėje analizėje naudojami trys priklausomi kintamieji, kurie atitinka tris rinkėjų elgsenos kaitumo aspektus: bendras rinkėjų elgsenos kaitumas, išorinis nestabilumas ir savivaldybėje dominuojančios (mero) partijos balsų pokytis. Disertacijoje atrandama kad šie trys rinkėjų elgsenos kaitumo aspektai yra veikiami įvairių veiksnių: kultūrinio heterogeniškumo (didina rinkėjų elgsenos kaitumą), partijų pasiūlos, atitikimo tarp vietos ir nacionalinės partinių sistemų, rinkiminio aktyvumo (įtaka susilpnėja nuo 2002 m.), partinės narystės... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / The aim of this dissertation is to analyze and explain the variance of electoral volatility between the Lithuanian municipalities. All local elections held since the restoration of Lithuania’s independence are analyzed (a total of six elections from 1995–2011). Dissertation is based on all the principal theoretical explanations of electoral volatility: sociostructural theory, economic voting, party system and institutional-contextual factors. Some theories are modified in order for them to be used in the context of Lithuanian local elections. Dissertation also proposes a four-fold party system classification that allows discerning different long-term coalitional patterns in Lithuanian municipal councils. The empirical investigation relies on quantitative (statistical) methods: descriptive statistics, correlation coefficients, non-parametric tests of population comparison and ordinary least squares regression. Three dependent variables (facets of electoral volatility) are used in the empirical analysis: total electoral volatility, extra-systemic volatility and vote share stability of a municipality’s dominant (mayor’s) party. It is found in the dissertation that these three facets of electoral volatility are influenced by various factors: cultural heterogeneity (increases electoral volatility), supply of parties, the correspondence between local and national party systems, electoral turnout (influence weakens since 2002), party membership density (influence not stable)... [to full text]

The aim of this dissertation is to analyze and explain the variance of electoral volatility between the Lithuanian municipalities. All local elections held since the restoration of Lithuania’s independence are analyzed (a total of six elections from 1995–2011). Dissertation is based on all the principal theoretical explanations of electoral volatility: sociostructural theory, economic voting, party system and institutional-contextual factors. Some theories are modified in order for them to be used in the context of Lithuanian local elections. Dissertation also proposes a four-fold party system classification that allows discerning different long-term coalitional patterns in Lithuanian municipal councils. The empirical investigation relies on quantitative (statistical) methods: descriptive statistics, correlation coefficients, non-parametric tests of population comparison and ordinary least squares regression. Three dependent variables (facets of electoral volatility) are used in the empirical analysis: total electoral volatility, extra-systemic volatility and vote share stability of a municipality’s dominant (mayor’s) party. It is found in the dissertation that these three facets of electoral volatility are influenced by various factors: cultural heterogeneity (increases electoral volatility), supply of parties, the correspondence between local and national party systems, electoral turnout (influence weakens since 2002), party membership density (influence not stable)... [to full text] / Šios disertacijos tikslas yra ištirti ir paaiškinti rinkėjų elgsenos kaitumo skirtumus rinkimuose į savivaldybių tarybas tarp Lietuvos savivaldybių. Tiriami visi nuo Lietuvos nepriklausomybės atkūrimo vykę demokratiniai savivaldos rinkimai (iš viso šeši rinkimai nuo 1995 m. iki 2011 m.). Disertacijoje remiamasi visais svarbiausiais teoriniais rinkėjų elgsenos kaitumo aiškinimais: sociostruktūra, ekonominis balsavimas, partinė sistema ir instituciniai-kontekstiniai veiksniai. Kai kurios teorijos yra modifikuojamos tam, kad jas būtų galima naudoti Lietuvos savivaldos rinkimų kontekste. Disertacijoje siūloma partinių sistemų klasifikacija pagal partijų koalicinio elgesio šablonus ilgajame laikotarpyje, įgalinanti atskirti partines sistemas Lietuvos savivaldybių tarybose. Empirinis tyrimas remiasi kiekybiniais (statistiniais metodais): aprašomoji statistika, ryšio matai, neparametriniai populiacijų skirtingumo matai ir tiesinė regresinė analizė. Empirinėje analizėje naudojami trys priklausomi kintamieji, kurie atitinka tris rinkėjų elgsenos kaitumo aspektus: bendras rinkėjų elgsenos kaitumas, išorinis nestabilumas ir savivaldybėje dominuojančios (mero) partijos balsų pokytis. Disertacijoje atrandama kad šie trys rinkėjų elgsenos kaitumo aspektai yra veikiami įvairių veiksnių: kultūrinio heterogeniškumo (didina rinkėjų elgsenos kaitumą), partijų pasiūlos, atitikimo tarp vietos ir nacionalinės partinių sistemų, rinkiminio aktyvumo (įtaka susilpnėja nuo 2002 m.), partinės narystės... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]

This thesis examines why party systems of some developing countries become deeper and more quickly stabilised than others. Drawing on the scholarship of party system institutionalisation in third wave democracies, the thesis argues that the field can be strengthened by looking to three factors that the current literature has taken for granted: the role of cleavages, the function of personalistic politics, and the requirement of legitimacy to assess party systems. This thesis addresses these issues and in so doing provides a novel view of how, when and why party systems in newer democracies from Latin America, Europe and Asia consolidate over time. The research considers three case studies from three regions of the world, following the most similar approach method of comparison. One country per world region has been chosen for study in detail: Chile (Latin America), Estonia (Central and Eastern Europe) and South Korea (East and Southeast Asia). They all have party systems which have become more stable over time, but they exhibit different trajectories and speeds of consolidation. The thesis uses a variety of methods. In order to infer the causes of different processes of institutionalisation from party systems’ own participants, more than 120 elite interviews were conducted in the three countries over 13 months. To evaluate the overall legitimacy of the stabilisation process, this works presents the results of almost 500 face-to-face interviews with randomly selected individuals from the population. Quantitative analyses based on secondary public opinion surveys are used to test implications and observations, and offer potential generalisations. The findings suggests: 1) Where the ideological cleavage (left-right) is a strong determinant of party support the party system is more stable, and the stronger the ideological cleavage becomes over time, the more consolidated the party system is. Here, an ideological trauma can be at the core of the limitations of the left-right scope development. 2) Party systems with personalistic leaders can consolidate, contrary to the received wisdom, if charismatic figures build their parties around programmatic lines. And 3) legitimacy should not be regarded as a dimension for the Theory of Party System Institutionalisation, because it does not contribute in any way, positive or negative, to the stability of party systems. The thesis concludes that theories of party system institutionalisation should be reconsidered with respect to cleavages, personalism and legitimacy. In so doing, the growing literature on party system institutionalisation can benefit from a more comprehensive understanding of the complexities of party systems in new democracies from different regions of the world.

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This diploma thesis focuses on changes in voting behaviour among voters in the Visegrad Group states (V4), specifically electoral volatility between the European Parliament elections and the national elections in the particular state. The approach to examining electoral volatility in this work is based on the second-order national elections theory, which divides elections into less and more important ones. The aim of the work is first to describe the overall electoral volatility in the V4 states in a cross-section of all European elections based on individual data from post-election questionnaire surveys. Subsequently, I find out what are the specific causes and motivations for changes in electoral behaviour. The analysis shows that there are several different patterns of volatile behaviour in the V4 countries, but the consistent and general pattern is a high degree of electoral demobilisation in the European elections. This may be due to political attitudes or the level of trust in the European institutions. I then analyze voters' demobilization among government and opposition voters, who differ mainly in their views of the national political situation. Keywords Electoral volatility, vote switching, electoral behaviour, second-order national election theory, European Parliament elections,...