Abstract Electricity is an indispensable power in our modern life and it has an important impact on our daily life and the development of a nation¡¦s economy. Traditionally, it has been controlled and protected by the government, thus it has caused the power producers pay no attention to cost and efficiency. Through the electric power industry liberalization, the market will have more competition and it can increase the efficiency in management. The foundation of the electric power industry liberalization is the industry structures and market systems. Different industry structures will have different market systems thus producing different impacts in electric power industry. The power producers must use different strategies regarding to different management and circumstances to insure their best interests. The main purpose of this paper is to discuss the circumstances and structures of electric power industry in Taiwan, This paper also talks about the strategies under different electric power market systems and management from the viewpoints of independent power producers. The power producers in Taiwan are in a difficult situation. Under the development of electric power industry liberalization, the government must consider the conditions of power producers, therefore, the authorities must speed up making rules and regulations and establishing electric power market systems. The government needs to set up a fair competition and efficient environment. Take the consideration of their own benefits, the independent power producers might use the following strategies: Build up less pollution facilities to reduce the cost of electricity. Borrow money from banks to increase the price of electricity. Using the strategy of bidding to gain more profits. Keywords¡GElectric power industry liberalization,Electric power industry structure,Independent power producer,Strategy

Despite the continuous evolving world of technology, maintenance has responded tremendously in meeting this rapid technological change. Nevertheless, inadequate maintenance has become one of the most issues faced by organizations in developing countries. Maintenance is seen as an unimportant activity in most developing countries thus, it is not given high priority due to insufficient/ minimal knowledge about the concept. Hence, the purpose of this thesis (submitted for Total Quality Maintenance at the Department of Terotechnology) is to enhance the perception and maintenance in developing countries. A case study was performed at Power Holding Company of Nigeria (National Electric Power Authority). The company is responsible for the production, transmission and distribution of electricity in Nigeria. The analysis shows that proper education and training can facilitate or increase the perception of maintenance in developing countries.  However, for the case company, the study shows that not having appropriate maintenance in place is the major problem behind the company’s inability to achieve its objectives. Thus maintenance practice can be improved significantly with proper maintenance education and training. The result from the study shows the concept of maintenance education and training program and who it should address. One major conclusion that can be drawn from the analysis is that major developments in developing countries are associated with modern technology from developed countries. Thus, maintenance should be given a top priority because keeping the proper functioning of the technologies depends greatly on DCs proficiency, in order to ensure viability of the development policies so as to obtain the benefit from modern technologies.

It is believed that the critical next step from examinations of operations and the environment is the study of sustainability and supply chains (Linton, Klassen, and Jayaraman (2007)). Environmental quality and preservation as well as meeting the stress of emission reductions is rapidly becoming an important issue for public policy (Wilkinson, Hill, and Gollan (2001)). However, Lambertini and Mantovani (2007) note the disregard, unrelated to regulatory requirements, of research practitioners to the potential benefits of appropriate competition policy measures and consumer pressures (Srivastara (2007)). In addition, a firm’s success, notably, in terms of financial and/or environmental practices, has been tied, in part, to the strength of its ability to coordinate and integrate activities along the entire supply chain (Spekman, Kamauff Jr., and Myhr (1998)), and to effectively implement multicriteria decisionmaking tools to aid in their strategic decisions. I present five essays in this dissertation. For each model I utilize the theory of variational inequalities, derive the formulation, present qualitative properties, and provide numerical examples. The first essay develops the multitiered sustainable supply chain network model with multicriteria decision-making. In the second essay I construct a modeling and computational framework that allows for the determination of optimal carbon taxes applied to electric power plants in the context of electric power supply chain (generation/distribution/consumption) networks. The third essay considers electric power supply chain networks and develops a model of tradable pollution permits in the case of multiple pollutants and spatially distinct receptor points. In the fourth essay, I quantify and assess, from a system-optimized sustainable supply chain network perspective, the environmental effects resulting when a horizontal supply chain integration occurs. In the fifth and final essay, I extend the work of Nagurney (2009) to the multiproduct supply chain network domain to quantify the impacts. This dissertation is heavily based on the following papers: Nagurney, Liu, and Woolley (2006), Nagurney, Liu, and Woolley (2007), Woolley, Nagurney, and Stranlund (2009), Nagurney and Woolley (2009) and Nagurney, Woolley, and Qiang (2009).

<p>Within the electric power industry, the average company's enterprise system - i.e. the overall system of IT related entities - is today highly complex. Technically, large organizations posses hundreds or thousands of extensively interconnected and heterogeneous single IT systems performing tasks that varies from enterprise resource planning to real-time control and monitoring of industrial processes. Moreover are these systems storing a wide variety of sometimes redundant data, and typically they are deployed on several different platforms. IT does, however, not execute in splendid isolation. Organizationally, the enterprise system embraces business processes and business units using as well as maintaining and acquiring the IT systems. The interplay between the organization and the IT systems are further determined by for instance business goals, ownership and governance structures, strategies, individual system users, documentation, and cost. </p><p>Lately, Enterprise Architecture (EA) has evolved with the mission to take a holistic approach to managing the above depicted enterprise system. The discipline's presumption is that architectural models are the key to succeed in understanding and administrating enterprise systems. Compared to many other engineering disciplines, EA is quite immature in many respects. This thesis identifies and elaborates on some important aspects that to date have been overlooked to a large extent. Firstly, the lack of explicit purpose for architectural models is identified. The thesis argues that the concerns of a company's Chief Information Officer (CIO) should guide the rationale behind the development of EA models. In particular, distribution of IT related information and knowledge throughout the organization is emphasized as an important concern uncared for. Secondly, the lack of architectural theory is recognized. The thesis provides examples of how theory, or analysis procedures, could be incorporated into the Enterprise Architecture approach and hereby concretely drive the development of the architectural models. Due to the nature of enterprise systems, EA theories inevitable will be of an indicative character. Finally, in relation to the models as such, three aspects are highlighted. Firstly, the cost of collecting information from the organization to populate models is routinely neglected by the EA community. This expense should be evaluated in relation to the utility of analyses that the information can provide in terms of better informed decision making by the CIO. Secondly, models (and meta-models) must be kept consistent. And thirdly, the design of models is restricted by the limited mental capabilities of the minds of the model users. CIO concerns must consequently be easy to extract from the Enterprise Architecture models. </p><p><b>Key words:</b> Enterprise Architecture, Enterprise System, Chief Information Officer (CIO), Information Technology (IT) Management, Architectural Theory, Electric Power Industry</p>

Within the electric power industry, the average company's enterprise system - i.e. the overall system of IT related entities - is today highly complex. Technically, large organizations posses hundreds or thousands of extensively interconnected and heterogeneous single IT systems performing tasks that varies from enterprise resource planning to real-time control and monitoring of industrial processes. Moreover are these systems storing a wide variety of sometimes redundant data, and typically they are deployed on several different platforms. IT does, however, not execute in splendid isolation. Organizationally, the enterprise system embraces business processes and business units using as well as maintaining and acquiring the IT systems. The interplay between the organization and the IT systems are further determined by for instance business goals, ownership and governance structures, strategies, individual system users, documentation, and cost. Lately, Enterprise Architecture (EA) has evolved with the mission to take a holistic approach to managing the above depicted enterprise system. The discipline's presumption is that architectural models are the key to succeed in understanding and administrating enterprise systems. Compared to many other engineering disciplines, EA is quite immature in many respects. This thesis identifies and elaborates on some important aspects that to date have been overlooked to a large extent. Firstly, the lack of explicit purpose for architectural models is identified. The thesis argues that the concerns of a company's Chief Information Officer (CIO) should guide the rationale behind the development of EA models. In particular, distribution of IT related information and knowledge throughout the organization is emphasized as an important concern uncared for. Secondly, the lack of architectural theory is recognized. The thesis provides examples of how theory, or analysis procedures, could be incorporated into the Enterprise Architecture approach and hereby concretely drive the development of the architectural models. Due to the nature of enterprise systems, EA theories inevitable will be of an indicative character. Finally, in relation to the models as such, three aspects are highlighted. Firstly, the cost of collecting information from the organization to populate models is routinely neglected by the EA community. This expense should be evaluated in relation to the utility of analyses that the information can provide in terms of better informed decision making by the CIO. Secondly, models (and meta-models) must be kept consistent. And thirdly, the design of models is restricted by the limited mental capabilities of the minds of the model users. CIO concerns must consequently be easy to extract from the Enterprise Architecture models. Key words: Enterprise Architecture, Enterprise System, Chief Information Officer (CIO), Information Technology (IT) Management, Architectural Theory, Electric Power Industry

In the modern world, the development and implementation of investment projects are becoming a competitive advantage and the key to successful development of an enterprise. The purpose of the master's thesis is to develop a methodological approach to assessing the effectiveness of investment projects in the electric power industry. The analysis was based on the study of scientific and periodical literature, the study of existing methods of evaluating the effectiveness of investment projects in enterprises. The sources of information were the regulatory legal acts, the database of publications of the Russian Science Citation Index, presented on the Elibrary resource, corporate statistics data on the subject of the research, financial reporting data and internal documents of the enterprise under study. In the course of writing the master's thesis, an approach was developed and tested to assess the effectiveness of investment projects in the power industry. As a result of approbation of the developed approach, its efficiency was justified, which made it possible to increase the accuracy of the calculated investment project performance indicators, which would further reduce the uncertainty regarding the decision on the feasibility of investing and further project implementation. / В современном мире разработка и внедрение инвестиционных проектов становятся конкурентным преимуществом и залогом успешного развития предприятия. Целью магистерской диссертации является разработка методического подхода к оценке эффективности инвестиционных проектов в электроэнергетике. Анализ основывался на изучении научно-периодической литературы, изучении существующих методик оценки эффективности инвестиционных проектов на предприятиях. В качестве источников информации использовались нормативно-правовые акты, база публикаций Российского индекса научного цитирования, представленная на ресурсе Elibrary, данные корпоративной статистики по тематике исследования, данные финансовой отчетности и внутренние документы исследуемого предприятия. В ходе написания магистерской диссертации был разработан и апробирован подход к оценке эффективности инвестиционных проектов в электроэнергетике. В результате апробации разработанного подхода была обоснована его эффективность, позволившая повысить точность рассчитанных показателей эффективности инвестиционного проекта, что в дальнейшем снизит неопределенность в отношении принятия решения о целесообразности инвестирования и дальнейшего осуществления проекта.

Master of Arts / Department of Economics / Tracy M. Turner / Economic growth requires growth of energy consumption. In the second half of the twentieth century energy consumption began to outgrow its production and the United States. Consequently, we observe growing dependence of the U.S. economy on energy imports which is causing political and economic insecurity; increasing pollution and depletion of natural resources. One way to alleviate these problems is to encourage renewable electricity production. Because the electric power industry is the largest consumer of energy sources, including renewable energy, it has become one of the most frequent subjects of the regulatory policies and financial incentives aiming to stimulate renewable electricity production. One of the most promoted renewable energy policies in this industry is a renewable portfolio standard (RPS), which requires electric utilities and other retail electric providers to supply a specified amount of electricity sales from renewable energy sources. Currently 29 states and District of Columbia have the RPSs, while 7 states have goals; but only about two third of those with the RPS have certain targets to meet. To my best knowledge, there are no studies analyzing compliance with the RPSs targets or the role of penalty mechanism in the RPS design on meeting its goal. In my Master Thesis I estimate which states are in compliance with their individual RPSs goals and analyze which factors affect the probability of compliance, with the focus on the role of penalty size, and controlling for complimentary policies promoting renewable energy production. I use a fixed effects linear probability model and state level data. Results indicate that including a penalty in the RPS design significantly increases the probability that states will comply with their goals.

s the dependence of IS/IT has grown in modern organizations, IT investments have soared in the last couple of decades. Large amounts of money are spent with the hope that the investments will generate value for the business organizations using the systems. It is hence easy to understand the needs for methods to assess the business value of IT-investments. The investment decision is basically about selecting the best IT-system or the best combination of IT-systems, i.e. the system(s) that provides the most business value in dimensions that are important business-wise. However, a problem with many of the avail-able methods is that they often fail to concretely explain what technical characteristics the IT systems(s) should have to achieve the business value desired. A complicating aspect of IT-investment evaluations is also that the evaluations usually include a high degree of un-certainty. In this thesis, an IT investment evaluation method is presented that indicatively assesses the differences in contribution to business value from IT-investment alternatives. The method provides, at a relatively low cost of investigation, indications of not only the technical differences between the IT-investment alternatives in a specific investment situation, but also an assessment of the differences in types and amounts of their business value. The presented method has been applied in a large case study at an electric power company. Furthermore, it also incorporates concepts found within Enterprise architecture (EA), particularly in how the information used in the evaluation is collected. The presented thesis is a composite thesis that, besides an introduction, includes five papers (paper A-E). Paper A presents an outline of the method as well as its application in the case study. It also presents the theoretical fundaments for the criteria used for the technical evaluation and the business value assessment including the method’s applications in relation to Enterprise architecture. The following two papers primarily present necessary steps in the development of the method. First, paper B presents the process to develop a functional reference model (used for the functional assessments in the method), including its application in the case study. Second, a breakdown of the term business value into a set of IS/IT-affected value dimension is presented in paper C. The last two papers present the final steps, i.e. the technical evaluation of the investment alternatives (paper D) and the final business value assessment (paper E). The papers include the methods to perform these analyses as well as the application of the method in the case study and the results of the case study. / QC 20100608

Submitted by Cláudia Wirz Leite Sá (clwirz@yahoo.com.br) on 2011-09-30T04:08:51Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese Claudia Wirz.pdf: 772696 bytes, checksum: d3908fdd3e13fa53dcd21658a5baebcd (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Gisele Isaura Hannickel (gisele.hannickel@fgv.br) on 2011-09-30T13:32:34Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese Claudia Wirz.pdf: 772696 bytes, checksum: d3908fdd3e13fa53dcd21658a5baebcd (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Gisele Isaura Hannickel (gisele.hannickel@fgv.br) on 2011-09-30T13:34:46Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese Claudia Wirz.pdf: 772696 bytes, checksum: d3908fdd3e13fa53dcd21658a5baebcd (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2011-09-30T13:35:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese Claudia Wirz.pdf: 772696 bytes, checksum: d3908fdd3e13fa53dcd21658a5baebcd (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-08-30 / The general objective of this study was to identify the factors that influence the decision to participate with foreign direct investment (FDI) in emerging markets in the generation of electric power. To achieve the objective proposed, first, it was identified, systematized and integrated theories, treatments and theoretical approaches on the field of economics, strategy and internationalization of enterprises that influence the strategic decision to participate with foreign direct investment (FDI) in developing countries in electric power industry, as well it was identified in the literature the main factors that determine the strategic choice to participate with foreign direct investment (FDI) in emerging markets. Based on this systematization and integration, a framework was developed incorporating new elements, which in the specific case of the electric power industry in emerging countries were not previously addressed in FDI strategies. In this work it was also identified relationships between the concepts, dimensions, subdimensions, and the variables to be tested in later studies. This study also identified and described the main features of FDI in the electric power industry in emerging countries, with two important contributions: it was observed that the investment in new technologies took place in developed countries and there was the migration of mature technologies to developing countries (compatible with product life cycle theory of Vernon) and that some studies attribute low returns to foreign investors in regulated sectors, while others highlight the high profits in international investments in regulated industries, such as the energy sector. Finally, a new concept of developing country was proposed, through the inclusion of human (human assets) and technological factors (degree of industrialization and innovation capacity) in addition to the economic factors currently used (income and economic vulnerability). It is recommended that further research be undertaken, for example, with respect to the impact of the various technologies for generation of electric power on the decision to enter emerging countries by FDI, consolidation of the data bases of the various institutions responsible for gathering information on FDI, research into the varying perceptions presented by specialists and companies in relation to the FDI strategy of companies. It is also possible to replicate this study in other segments and industries. / A presente tese tem como objetivo geral identificar os fatores que influenciam a escolha de participar no mercado de países emergentes por meio de investimento externo direto (IED) na geração de energia elétrica. Para atingir o objetivo proposto, primeiramente, foram identificadas, sistematizadas e integradas teorias, tratamentos teóricos e abordagens do campo da economia, estratégia e internacionalização de empresas que influenciam a decisão estratégica de investimento externo direto na geração de energia elétrica em países emergentes, bem como foram identificados na literatura os principais fatores considerados intervenientes ou determinantes para a escolha estratégica de realizar investimentos externos diretos em países emergentes. Com base nesta sistematização e integração, foi elaborado um framework incorporando novos elementos, que em se tratar do setor específico de energia elétrica e o contexto específico de países emergentes incorpora novos elementos, não previamente contemplados de maneira explícita em se tratar de IED. Ao longo do trabalho também foram identificadas relações entre os conceitos, as dimensões, as subdimensões e as variáveis, a serem testadas posteriormente. O presente estudo também identificou e descreveu as principais características do IED no setor de elétrico e no segmento de geração em países emergentes, com duas contribuições relevantes: há o investimento em novas tecnologias nos países desenvolvidos e a migração de tecnologias maduras para os países em desenvolvimento (compatível com a teoria do ciclo de vida do produto de Vernon) e alguns estudos atribuem baixos retornos aos investidores estrangeiros em setores regulados, enquanto outros destacam os altos ganhos nos investimentos internacionais em indústrias reguladas, como o setor de energia. Por fim, foi proposta a formação de um novo conceito de países emergentes, por meio da inserção de fatores humanos (ativos humanos) e tecnológicos (ao exemplo do grau de industrialização e da capacidade de inovação), aos fatores econômicos (renda e vulnerabilidade econômica) atualmente utilizados. A título de sugestão, considera-se pertinente a continuação da investigação iniciada nesta tese, por meio da realização de pesquisas sobre os impactos das tecnologias de geração de energia elétrica na decisão de realizar IED em países emergentes, realização de cruzamento de bancos de dados das diversas instituições atuantes no cadastramento de IED, realização de pesquisa sobre as diferenças de percepções apresentadas por especialistas e empresas com relação à estratégia de IED das empresas. Também é possível reaplicar o estudo em outros segmentos e setores.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-01T19:18:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 118386.pdf: 3562637 bytes, checksum: 59c7c675fdfe946b54e6371b25a6b7ed (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-04-23 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The aim of this study was to analyze the principles and environmental indicators presented by the generation of electricity from Santa Catarina companies in their sustainability reports and that they meet the requirements of GRI. Initially we sought to know the GRI and its environmental indicators. Then, companies generating electricity type HPP (HPP) to participate in the research were selected. Depending on the selection criteria used, only four remained in the study sustainability reports for the following companies: Tractebel Energia, CELESC, BAESA and Machadinho Consortium and Maesa. Next, we determined whether the principles established by the GRI were present in sustainability reports of companies. For this, we used the set of tests relevant factors proposed by the GRI. To process the data collected adopted the methodology of content analysis and to assist in analyzing the Atlas.ti software was chosen. Subsequently, we sought to identify the level of compliance by enterprises to key environmental indicators of the GRI. Initially, there was a comparison of what the company informed about the environmental performance indicator of what the GRI protocol provided for that indicator. Then calculate the extent of the essential GRI indicators using a formula developed by Dias. Siqueira e Rossi. (2006. The results showed that the reports of the companies surveyed have snippets corresponding to most relevant factors related to the GRI principles, the principles of both the content and quality text. Other findings show that the level of application of the Reporting Framework influence at the principles and stages of maturity in relation to the use of indicators reflected in the use of the principles. The degree of compliance, it was found that Tractebel Energia was ranked first in the ranking of the core environmental indicators GRI, followed by CELESC, BAESA and Machadinho Consortium and Maesa grip. Based on these, we conclude that the applicability of the GRI reporting framework still needs to evolve enough so that stakeholders can have access to the actual level of economic, social and environmental responsibility of organizations. / O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar os princípios e os indicadores ambientais apresentados pelas empresas de geração de energia elétrica de Santa Catarina nos seus relatórios de sustentabilidade em relação aos requisitos da GRI. Inicialmente buscou-se conhecer a GRI e os seus indicadores ambientais. Em seguida, foram selecionadas as empresas de geração de energia elétrica do tipo UHE (Usina Hidrelétrica) que participariam da pesquisa. Em função dos critérios de seleção utilizados, permaneceram no estudo somente quatro relatórios de sustentabilidade, referentes às seguintes empresas: Tractebel Energia, Celesc, BAESA e Consórcio Machadinho e Maesa. Posteriormente, foi verificado se os princípios estabelecidos pela GRI estavam presentes nos relatórios de sustentabilidade das empresas. Para isso, utilizou-se o conjunto de testes com fatores de relevância propostos pela própria GRI. Para tratar os dados coletados adotou-se a metodologia da Análise de Conteúdo e para auxiliar na análise o software Atlas. ti foi escolhido. Após, buscou-se identificar o grau de aderência das empresas aos indicadores ambientais essenciais da GRI. Inicialmente, fez-se uma comparação do que a empresa informou sobre o indicador de desempenho ambiental da GRI com o que o protocolo da GRI previa para aquele indicador. Em seguida, fez-se o cálculo do grau de aderência aos indicadores essenciais da GRI utilizando-se uma fórmula desenvolvida por Dias, Siqueira e Rossi (2006). A análise dos resultados demonstrou que os relatórios das empresas pesquisadas apresentam trechos de texto correspondentes à maioria dos fatores de relevância vinculados aos princípios da GRI, tanto aos princípios de conteúdo quanto aos de qualidade. Outras constatações demonstram que o nível de aplicação da Estrutura de Relatórios influencia no atendimento aos princípios e que as fases de amadurecimento em relação ao uso dos indicadores refletem-se no uso dos princípios. Quanto ao grau de aderência, verificou-se que a Tractebel Energia foi classificada como a primeira no ranking de aderência aos indicadores ambientais essenciais da GRI, seguida pela Celesc, BAESA e Consórcio Machadinho e Maesa. Frente ao exposto, conclui-se que a aplicabilidade da estrutura de relatório da GRI ainda precisa evoluir bastante para que os stakeholders possam ter acesso ao real nível de responsabilidade econômica e socioambiental das organizações.