The reaction between carbon and iron oxide-containing slag is crucial to efficient electric arc furnace steelmaking. The reaction occurs via gaseous intermediates, and the rate of gas generation by carbon gasification is limited by the chemical reactions at the slag-gas and carbon-gas interfaces. The aim of the present study was to obtain an understanding of the gasification rate limiting factors and slag foaming behaviour that could be readily applied to industrial electric arc furnace situations. The rate of carbon gasification was measured in experimental simulations of an electric arc furnace heat with slags containing between 21.6 and 48.2 wt% 'FeO'. It was found that rate control was dominated by the carbon-gas chemical reaction. A model was developed which describes the carbon gasification rate, amount of residual carbon in the slag, gas composition, slag-gas interfacial area and bubble diameter during carbon injection into slag. The model predicts rate control by the carbon-gas chemical reaction, in agreement with experimental observations. The slag foaming behaviour was investigated, and it was found that the foaming index is a useful parameter in quantifying foam height only if void fraction is constant with respect to gas flow rate. The average bubble size was observed to be an important factor in determining foam stability, with smaller bubble size resulting in greater foam height. / Thesis / Master of Applied Science (MASc)

A dissertation submitted to the Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment, University of the Witwatersrand, in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Engineering. Johannesburg, 2017 / This study examines the application of the investigation process in industry to reduce electrical arc flash incidents. Literature indicates that three streams (policies, completed investigations and investigators) influence the application of the investigation process; however, these are traditionally analysed independently without examining the dynamic influences between them. This study combines and analyses those dynamic interactions, and testing at a steel plant demonstrates that this approach allows industry to identify site specific deficiencies. The investigation process requirements, identified in literature, were used to qualitatively and quantitatively analyse the three streams. The results were interpreted using triangulation. Deficiencies around disseminating reports and using experienced investigators were identified. These plant specific deficiencies are an improvement from generic findings in literature. This study contributed to knowledge in the field of incident investigations by proposing a holistic approach that is operationally ready, and identifies deficiencies specific to the industry in which it is used. / MT 2018

The objective of this study was to utilize an electric arc furnace ¡]EAF¡^in a steel mill to melt municipal incinerator fly ash ¡]MIFA¡^of different sources ¡]Plants K1 and K2¡^ and evaluate its effectiveness in aspects of environment and economy. The results of full-scale tests have shown that slag thus generated by the EAF was found to be non-hazardous based on the TCLP result and also met the standard of CNS 14602. However, EAF dust thus obtained remained hazardous as it was originally a listed waste by Taiwan EPA. Test results have indicated that this novel treatment technology would not deteriorate the quality of steel billets and bars produced. Moreover, when melting MIFAs from Plant K1¡]with 2.00 wt¢H of MIFA¡^ and Plant K2 ¡]with 3.28 wt¢H of MIFA¡^, the air quality in the steel mill surroundings and off-gas from the stack were all below the regulatory limits. Thus, it would not cause additional pollution problems from this practice. Based on the total capacity of EAFs in Taiwan, it was estimated that these EAFs would be capable of melting fly ash generated by municipal incinerators in Taiwan. From the economic perspective, this melting practice would not lower the production rate of EAF steel-making and increase the tap-to-tap cycle time, consumption of electrical energy, consumption of oxygen, and consumption of graphite electrodes. Furthermore, through this novel practice, the contents of MIFA have turned out to be able to replace some portions of quick-lime and coke powder required for steel-making. Test results have also shown that 1 wt¢H of MIFA injection would generate additional 8.93 kg of slag and 2.76 kg of EAF dust. It was found that an additional cost of NT¢C318 per ton of MIFA treated would be resulted through this practice. This treatment cost is very low as compared with NT¢C8,000 per ton of waste treated by solidification and followed by landfilling. Assuming a melting cost of NT¢C5,000 per ton of MIFA is charged by EAFs, it would save more than ten million NT¢C per year for a municipal incinerator with an annual generation of 5,840 tons of MIFA. On the other hand, for a mini-mill with an annual capacity of 264,000 tons of billets, it would have an additional income of 37 million NT¢C if 3 wt¢H of MIFA is melted while making steel.

Suvirinimas elektros lanku yra labai paplitęs visose pramonės šakose. Daugeliu atveju iškyla problemų skaičiuojant ir projektuojant įrenginius, kurie virina elektros lanku. Siekiant pašalinti šiuos sunkumus vis labiau nagrinėjami suvirinimo elektros lanku pereinamieji procesai. Virinant šiuo būdu įvykus trumpajam jungimui vyksta pereinamieji procesai, kurių metu gaunamas gamybinis brokas. Todėl norint pagerinti suvirinimo siūlės kokybę, siekiama, kad kuo greičiau atsistatytų visos sistemos darbinės charakteristikos. Didžiausią reikšmę suvirinant turi elektros lanko įtampa. Šiame darbe nagrinėjami suvirinimo lanko maitinimo šaltiniai, įtampos reguliavimo būdai ir suvirinimo lygintuvai. Tiriamojoje dalyje sudaryta funkcinė schema ir automatinio reguliavimo sistemos struktūrinė schema. Naudojantis programinės įrangos Matlab paketu apskaičiuoti pareinamieji procesai. / Electric arc welding is very popular in all branch of industry. There is a lot of problem to calculate and design equipments with boiling electric arc. On purpose eliminate this problems look into transition process for electric arc welder. Bolding in this way processing short conection we have transition process and get manufacturing spoilage. On purpose to have better welding seam we have to have more faster running system characteristic. The most biggest importance of bolding have voltage of welding seam. In this project we will research welding seam feeding sourse, voltage controlling way and bolding leveler. In the inquiring part we will build functional scheme and system flowchart of automatic control. Using Matlab program we will produse transitive process.

This thesis deals with arc detection using AFDD. Here is explained the general theory of electric arc. It also describes the principle of operation of the AFDD device, a specific type of instrument from OEZ s.r.o. and describe the test procedure for this instrument according to the technical standard. In the practical part, selected tests are performed and verified the function of the AFDD device in the event of a disturbance electric arc in the circuit.

Thesis. 1977. Sc.D. cn--Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Dept. of Chemical Engineering. / MICROFICHE COPY AVAILABLE IN ARCHIVES AND SCIENCE. / Bibliography: leaves 222-228. / Sc.D.cn

Richard K. Steinberg. / "June 17, 1949." "Abridged version of a thesis." / Bibliography: p. 16. / Army Signal Corps Contract No. W36-039-sc-32037 Project No. 102B. Dept. of the Army Project No. 3-99-10-022.

This investigates the voltage flicker problem of a large steel plant and presents the mitigation strategy by applying the static var compensator (SVC) and cogenerator. The fluctuation of real power and reactive power consumption by an arc furnace has been measured and recorded during the steel production process. The dynamic load model of the A/C arc furnace is derived based on the actual field data and has been included in the computer simulation by the CYME software package for load flow analysis. The block diagrams of SVC controller and the excitation system of cogenerators are considered to solve the response of reactive power compensation according to the voltage fluctuation of the control bus. To maintain the electric service reliability of arc furnace when an external utility fault occurs, the tie line tripping and load shedding is implemented to prevent the tripping of cogenerator after system disturbance. It is found that the dynamic load behavior of arc furnace in the isolated industrial power system can be well compensated by the cogenerator with adaptive control of exciter and governor to generate proper reactive power and real power according to the fluctuation of bus voltage and system frequency respectively.

Voltage flicker limitation of electric utilities has been discussed in the past three decades. Arc furnace is one of the most disturbing loads that cause flicker problems in the power network. If displeasing flicker levels are predictable, then corrective solution such as static var compensation or furnace controls could be developed in cooperation between the utility and the customer. In the past, the electric fluctuations in the arc furnace voltage have been proven to be chaotic in nature. This thesis proposes a phase space approach based on nonlinearity chaotic techniques to analyze and predict voltage flicker. The determination of the phase space dimension and the application of Lyapunov exponent for flicker prediction are described. Test results have shown that accurate prediction results are obtainable for short term flicker prediction based on chaos theory.

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