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Thesis (PhD (Electrical and Electronic Engineering))--University of Stellenbosch, 2011. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The multiphase induction machine drive has been under investigation for the last half century. Although it offers several attractive advantages over the conventional three-phase induction machine drive, it is restricted to highly specialised applications. One aspect of the multiphase induction machine drive is the complexity of the control algorithm for decoupled flux and torque control. The complexity, arising from the required coordinate transformations, increases with increase in the number of phases of the machine. Recently, a method that allows the control of a six-phase induction machine drive without any coordinate transformations was developed and tested. This new control technique allows the control of the machine to be similar to that of dc machines through the use of special trapezoidal-shaped stator current waveforms. These stator phase current waveforms consist of field (flux) and torque current components, with flat-topped amplitudes allowing a stator phase to act alternately in time as either a flux or a torque producing phase. The idea is to have a number of stator phases acting as flux producing phases, whilst the remaining phases act as torque producing phases at each time instance. This dissertation takes a further step in the research on this particular control technique. As the control method relates directly to the brush-dc machine operation, in this dissertation, the control method is defined as a “brush-dc equivalent” (BDCE) control method. First, in this dissertation, a simple analytical method is developed to determine a defined optimal ratio of the number of field to the number of torque phases of a multiphase induction machine that utilises trapezoidal stator current waveforms. The method is applied to induction machines with up to fifteen stator phases. Finite element analysis is used to verify the validity of the developed criterion and to verify the square-like air gap flux density. Secondly, in this dissertation, an analytical method for predicting and evaluating the rotor bar current waveform of a cage multiphase induction machine is proposed. The method is based on the Fourier transform and the winding function theory under linear condition assumptions. The method also allows for the calculation of the electromagnetic torque and rotor bar losses. Skin effect is considered in the calculation of the rotor bar resistance of the machine. Again, finite element analysis is used to verify the analytically calculated results. The developed method can be expanded and used to evaluate the rotor current waveform of any multiphase induction machine supplied with any stator current waveforms. The BDCE control method is implemented on a prototype nine-phase cage-rotor induction machine drive. A nine-phase inverter and control system are developed for supplying the nine-phase induction machine with the trapezoidal stator current waveforms. Rotor current waveform measurements are taken on a specially designed rotor to verify the analytically predicted waveform. The linear relationship of the developed torque and torque current of the proposed BDCE control method is verified through measurements. Through the comparison of analytical calculated results with finite element calculated and measured results, it is shown in this dissertation that the developed analytical techniques can be used in the design and performance analysis of multiphase induction machines. Also, from the results, it is clear that the new control technique works remarkably well even in the flux weakening region. However, outstanding aspects, such as efficiency and generated torque quality of the proposed drive still need to be investigated further. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die multifase induksiemasjien aandryfstelsel word in die laaste halwe eeu al in navorsing ondersoek. Alhoewel dit verskeie aantreklike voordele bied bo die konvensionele driefase induksiemasjien aandryfstelsel, is dit beperk tot hoogs gespesialiseerde aanwendings. Een aspek van die multifase induksiemasjien aandryfstelsel is die kompleksiteit van die beheer algoritme vir ontkoppelde vloed en draaimoment beheer. Die kompleksiteit, wat voortspruit uit die vereiste koördinaat transformasies, neem toe met toename in die aantal fases van die masjien. Onlangs is 'n metode wat die beheer van ’n sesfase induksiemasjien sonder enige koördinaat transformasies doen, ontwikkel en getoets. Hierdie nuwe beheertegniek maak die beheer van die masjien soortgelyk aan dié van GS masjiene deur die gebruik van spesiale trapezium-vormige statorstroom golfvorms. Hierdie stator fasestroom golfvorms bestaan uit veld- (vloed-) en draaimoment-stroom komponente met plat amplitudes, sodat 'n statorfase om die beurt in tyd optree as óf' ’n vloed of 'n draaimoment genereerde fase. Die idee is om 'n aantal statorfases te hê wat as vloed genereerde fases dien, terwyl die oorblywende fases as draaimoment genereerde fases optree op enige tydstip. Hierdie tesis neem 'n verdere stap in die navorsing op hierdie spesifieke beheertegniek. Met die beheermetode wat direk verband hou met borsel-GS masjien werking, word in hierdie proefskrif die beheermetode as 'n "borsel-GS ekwivalente" ["brush-DC equivalent" (BDCE)] beheermetode gedefinieer. In die eerste plek word in hierdie proefskrif 'n eenvoudige analitiese metode ontwikkel om ’n gedefinieerde optimale verhouding van die aantal veld tot die aantal draaimoment fases van 'n multifase induksiemasjien te bepaal, wat van trapesoïdale statorstroom golfvorms gebruik maak. Die metode word toegepas op induksiemasjiene met tot vyftien statorfases. Eindige element analise is gebruik om die geldigheid van die ontwikkelde kriterium te verifieer en om die vierkantvormige luggaping vloeddigtheid te verifieer. In die tweede plek word in hierdie proefskrif 'n analitiese metode vir die voorspelling en evaluering van die rotorstaafstroom golfvorm van 'n kourotor multifase induksiemasjien voorgestel. Die metode is gebaseer op die Fourier transform en die wikkelingsfunksie teorie onder lineêre-toestand aannames. Die metode wend hom ook daartoe tot die berekening van die elektromagnetiese draaimoment en rotorstaafverliese. Die huideffek word in ag geneem in die berekening van die rotorstaafweerstand van die masjien. Weereens is eindige element analise gebruik om die analitiese berekende resultate te verifieer. Die ontwikkelde metode kan uitgebrei en gebruik word om die rotorstroom golfvorm van van enige multifase induksiemasjien te evalueer wat gevoer word met enige statorstroom golfvorms. Die BDCE beheermetode is toegepas op 'n prototipe negefase kourotor induksiemasjien. 'n Negefase omsetter en beheerstelsel is ontwikkel vir die toevoer van die trapesoïdale statorstroom golfvorms aan die negefase induksiemasjien. Die rotorstroomgolfvorm metings is geneem op 'n spesiaal ontwerpte rotor om die analitiese voorspelde golfvorm te verifieer. Die lineêre verwantskap tussen die ontwikkelde draaimoment en draaimomentstroom van die voorgestelde BDCE beheermetode is geverifieer deur metings. Deur die analitiese berekende resultate met die eindige element berekende en gemete resultate te vergelyk, wys hierdie proefskrif dat die ontwikkelde analitiese tegnieke gebruik kan word in die ontwerp en werkverrigting analise van ’n multifase induksiemasjien. Vanuit die resultate is dit ook duidelik dat die nuwe beheertegniek besonder goed werk, selfs in die vloedverswakking spoedgebied. Egter, uitstaande aspekte soos effektiwiteit en genereerde draaimoment kwaliteit van die voorgestelde aandryfstelsel moet nog verder ondersoek word.

The development of an online method for the early detection of a stator turn insulation deterioration is the objective of the research at hand. A high percentage of motor breakdowns is related to the failure of the stator insulation system. Since most of the stator insulation failures originate in the breakdown of the turn-to-turn insulation, the research in this realm is of great significance. Despite the progress that has been made in the field of stator turn fault detection methods, the most popular and the best known ones are still limited to the detection of solid turn faults. The time span between a solid turn fault and the breakdown of the primary insulation system can be as short as a few seconds. Therefore, it is desirable to develop a method capable of detecting the deterioration of the turn insulation as early as possible and prior to the development of a solid turn fault. The different stresses that cause the aging of the insulation and eventually lead to failure are described as well as the various patterns of an insulation failure. A comprehensive literature survey shows the methods presently used for the monitoring of the turn insulation. Up to now no well-tested and reliable online method that can find the deterioration of the turn insulation is available. The most commonly used turn insulation test is the surge test, which, however, is performed only when the motor is out of service and disconnected from the supply. So far no research at all has been conducted on the application of an online surge test. The research at hand examines the applicability of the surge test to an operating machine. Various topologies of online surge testing are examined with regard to their practicability and their limitations. The most practical configuration is chosen for further analysis, implementation and development. Moreover, practical challenges are presented by the non-idealities of the induction machine like the eccentricity of the rotor and the rotor slotting, and have to be taken into account. Two solutions to eliminate the influence of the rotor position on the surge waveform are presented. Even though the basic concepts of online surge testing can be validated experimentally by a machine with a solid turn fault, it is preferable to use a machine with a deteriorated turn insulation. Therefore, a method, which does not require complex and expensive hardware, to experimentally emulate the turn insulation breakdown is implemented. The concepts at any stage of the work are supported by simulations and experimental results. In addition, the theory of surge testing is further developed by giving new definitions of the test's sensitivity, i.e., the frequency sensitivity and the error area ratio (EAR) sensitivity.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Ohio State University, 2005. / Title from first page of PDF file. Includes bibliographical references (p. 170-177).

Este trabalho propõe uma metodologia de projeto de controladores para o amortecimento de oscilações eletromecânicas de baixa frequência em sistemas elétricos de potência. O problema de controle é estruturado na forma de desigualdades matriciais, as quais permitem a busca por uma solução numérica para o problema de controle. Os controladores de amortecimento baseados na realimentação dinâmica de saída, gerados por metodologias de projeto na forma de desigualdades matriciais, geralmente apresentam ordem elevada. Além disso, projetos considerando sistemas de potência de médio porte demandam elevado tempo computacional. Nesse contexto, o presente trabalho propõe uma metodologia de projeto capaz de gerar controladores de ordem reduzida. A metodologia proposta adota um índice de desempenho que possibilita a redução do tempo computacional demandado no projeto. O índice de desempenho adotado para o sistema em malha fechada é a energia do sinal de saída do sistema. Essa energia corresponde à integral do valor quadrático do sinal adotado como saída do sistema. A metodologia proposta permite especificar um índice de desempenho apenas para aos modos de resposta de interesse do sistema, contornando as limitações das metodologias baseadas em posicionamento regional de polos. A relação entre o valor da energia do sinal de saída do sistema e seu fator de amortecimento é estabelecida por meio de uma equação algébrica. Neste trabalho, a metodologia é aplicada na geração de controladores de amortecimento para geradores síncronos. Entretanto, o procedimento proposto é genérico o suficiente para ser aplicado a outros tipos de geradores (gerador de indução empregado em unidades eólicas, por exemplo), a dispositivos FACTS (do Inglês, Flexible AC Transmission System) assim como a outros tipos de sistemas dinâmicos. A metodologia gerou um controlador eficaz para um caso onde a formulação baseada no tradicional posicionamento regional de polos é incapaz de gerar um controlador que assegure uma boa margem de estabilidade para o modo de resposta de interesse. / This work proposes a methodology for the design of controller to damp low frequency electromechanical oscillations in power systems. The control problem is structured in the form of matrix inequalities, which allows obtaining a numerical solution for the control problem. The damping controllers based on dynamic output feedback, generated by design methodologies in the form of matrix inequalities, usually presents high order. In addition, the design of this controller, considering large power systems, usually requires excessive computational effort. In this context, this work proposes a methodology for the design of reduced order controllers. The proposed methodology employs a performance index that is less costly in terms of computational effort when compared to the one with the traditional regional pole placement. The adopted performance index for the closed loop system is the energy of the system output. This energy corresponds to the integral of the signal squared regarding the system output. The proposed methodology allows specifying a performance index only for the response modes of interest, overcoming the limitations of the methodologies based on regional pole placement. The relation between the energy value of the output signal of the system and its damping factor is established by means of an algebraic equation. In this paper, the methodology is applied to generate damping controller for synchronous generators. However, the proposed procedure is general enough to be applied to other kinds of power plants (wind generation, for example), to FACTS devices, as well as to other dynamic systems. The methodology has generated an effective controller for a case where the formulation based on the regional pole placement is unable to generate a controller which assures a good stability margin for the response mode of interest.

Este trabalho propõe uma metodologia de projeto de controladores para o amortecimento de oscilações eletromecânicas de baixa frequência em sistemas elétricos de potência. O problema de controle é estruturado na forma de desigualdades matriciais, as quais permitem a busca por uma solução numérica para o problema de controle. Os controladores de amortecimento baseados na realimentação dinâmica de saída, gerados por metodologias de projeto na forma de desigualdades matriciais, geralmente apresentam ordem elevada. Além disso, projetos considerando sistemas de potência de médio porte demandam elevado tempo computacional. Nesse contexto, o presente trabalho propõe uma metodologia de projeto capaz de gerar controladores de ordem reduzida. A metodologia proposta adota um índice de desempenho que possibilita a redução do tempo computacional demandado no projeto. O índice de desempenho adotado para o sistema em malha fechada é a energia do sinal de saída do sistema. Essa energia corresponde à integral do valor quadrático do sinal adotado como saída do sistema. A metodologia proposta permite especificar um índice de desempenho apenas para aos modos de resposta de interesse do sistema, contornando as limitações das metodologias baseadas em posicionamento regional de polos. A relação entre o valor da energia do sinal de saída do sistema e seu fator de amortecimento é estabelecida por meio de uma equação algébrica. Neste trabalho, a metodologia é aplicada na geração de controladores de amortecimento para geradores síncronos. Entretanto, o procedimento proposto é genérico o suficiente para ser aplicado a outros tipos de geradores (gerador de indução empregado em unidades eólicas, por exemplo), a dispositivos FACTS (do Inglês, Flexible AC Transmission System) assim como a outros tipos de sistemas dinâmicos. A metodologia gerou um controlador eficaz para um caso onde a formulação baseada no tradicional posicionamento regional de polos é incapaz de gerar um controlador que assegure uma boa margem de estabilidade para o modo de resposta de interesse. / This work proposes a methodology for the design of controller to damp low frequency electromechanical oscillations in power systems. The control problem is structured in the form of matrix inequalities, which allows obtaining a numerical solution for the control problem. The damping controllers based on dynamic output feedback, generated by design methodologies in the form of matrix inequalities, usually presents high order. In addition, the design of this controller, considering large power systems, usually requires excessive computational effort. In this context, this work proposes a methodology for the design of reduced order controllers. The proposed methodology employs a performance index that is less costly in terms of computational effort when compared to the one with the traditional regional pole placement. The adopted performance index for the closed loop system is the energy of the system output. This energy corresponds to the integral of the signal squared regarding the system output. The proposed methodology allows specifying a performance index only for the response modes of interest, overcoming the limitations of the methodologies based on regional pole placement. The relation between the energy value of the output signal of the system and its damping factor is established by means of an algebraic equation. In this paper, the methodology is applied to generate damping controller for synchronous generators. However, the proposed procedure is general enough to be applied to other kinds of power plants (wind generation, for example), to FACTS devices, as well as to other dynamic systems. The methodology has generated an effective controller for a case where the formulation based on the regional pole placement is unable to generate a controller which assures a good stability margin for the response mode of interest.

University of Macau / Faculty of Science and Technology / Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering

This dissertation proposes several simple, robust, and non-intrusive condition monitoring methods for induction motors fed by closed-loop inverters and claw-pole generators with built-in rectifiers. While the flexible energy forms synthesized by power electronic converters greatly enhance the performance and expand the operating region of induction motors and claw-pole generators, they also significantly alter the fault behavior of these electric machines and complicate the fault detection and protection. In this dissertation, special characteristics of the connected closed-loop inverter and rectifier have been thoroughly analyzed, with particular interest in their impact on fault behaviors of the induction motor and the claw-pole generator. Based on the findings obtained from the theoretical and experimental analysis, several sensorless thermal, mechanical, and insulation monitoring methods are proposed by smartly utilizing special features and capabilities of the connected power electronic converter. A simple and sensitive stator turn-fault detector is proposed for induction motors fed by closed-loop inverter. In addition, a stator thermal monitoring method based on active DC current injection and direct voltage estimation is also proposed to prevent the closed-loop controlled induction motors from thermally overloading. The performance of both methods is demonstrated by extensive experimental results. Methods to detect serpentine belt slip, serpentine belt defect, rotor eccentricity have been proposed for claw-pole generators using only the available electric sensor information. Methods to detect and protect stator turn faults in claw-pole generators are also presented in this dissertation. Lastly, a novel method to detect the generalized bearing roughness fault is proposed. All the proposed condition monitoring techniques have been validated by experimental results.

Este trabalho apresenta o controle de potência em um gerador de indução duplamente alimentado (GIDA) utilizado em uma micro turbina eólica, visando o controle de potência ativa e reativa para minimizar as variações de tensão em redes rurais. Com a inserção destas fontes renováveis de energia no sistema de distribuição em baixa tensão, é fundamental analisar os impactos na qualidade de energia no ponto de conexão (PC) e implementar o controle adequado para atender os requisitos técnicos dos procedimentos de distribuição estabelecidos por norma. Uma equação é apresentada para relacionar a variação de tensão com a potência injetada em uma rede de distribuição em baixa tensão. Uma rede rural típica é emulada nesse trabalho para analisar este impacto na variação de tensão em áreas remotas. O sistema utiliza malhas de controle tradicionais PI para as correntes retóricas e malha de potência ativa e reativa, e as referências são então definidas para auxiliar a evitar uma violação da banda de variação de tensão permitida por norma. Devido ao fato de que a inserção de potência ativa em redes rurais é o principal fator de variação da tensão no PC, resultados experimentais são apresentados para validar a teoria desenvolvida e comprovar a eficácia do sistema projetado. / This work presents the power control in a double fed induction generator (DFIG) used in a wind turbine, aiming the control of active and reactive power to minimize the voltage variations in rural networks. With the insertion of these renewable energy sources in the low voltage distribution system, it is fundamental to analyze the impacts on the quality of energy at the point of connection (PC) and to implement adequate control to attend the technical requirements of the distribution procedures established by standard. An equation is presented to relate the voltage variation to the injected power in a low voltage distribution network. A typical rural network is emulated in this work to analyze this impact on the voltage variation in remote areas. The system uses traditional PI control meshes for rotor currents and active and reactive power mesh, and the references are then set to help prevent a violation of the allowable voltage variation band as per standard. Due to the fact that the insertion of active power in rural networks is the main factor of variation of the voltage in the PC, experimental results are presented to validate the developed theory and to prove the efficiency of the designed system.

This work is dedicated to faulty induction motors. These motors are often used in industrial applications thanks to their usability and their robustness. However, nowadays optimisation of production becomes so critical that the conceptual reliability of the motor is not sufficient anymore. Motor condition monitoring is expanding to serve maintenance planning and uptime maximisation. Moreover, the use of drive control sensors (namely stator current and voltage) can avoid the installation and maintenance of dedicated sensors for condition monitoring.<p><p>Many authors are working in this field but few approach the diagnosis from a detailed and clear physical understanding of the localised phenomena linked to the faults. Broken bars are known to modulate stator currents but it is shown in this work that it also changes machine saturation level in the neighbourhood of the bar. Furthermore, depending on the voltage level, this change in local saturation affects the amplitude and the phase of the modulation. This is of major importance as most diagnosis techniques use this feature to detect and quantify broken bars. For stator short-circuits, a high current is flowing in the short-circuited coil due to mutual coupling with the other windings and current spikes are flowing in the rotor bars as they pass in front of the short-circuited conductors. In the case of rotor eccentricities, the number of pole-pairs and the connection of these pole-pairs greatly affect the airgap flux density distribution as well as the repartition of the line currents in the different pole-pairs.<p><p>These conclusions are obtained through the use of time-stepping finite element models of the faulty motors. Moreover, circuit models of faulty machines are built based on the conclusions of previously explained fault analysis and on classical Park models. A common mathematical description is used which allows objective comparison of the models for representation of the machine behaviour and computing time.<p><p>The identifiability of the parameters of the models as well as methods for their identification are studied. Focus is set on the representation of the machine behaviour using these parameters more than the precise identification of the parameters. It is shown that some classical parameters can not be uniquely identified using only stator measurements.<p><p>Fault detection and identification using computationally cheap models are compared to advanced detection through motor stator current spectral analysis. This last approach allows faster detection and identification of the fault but leads to incorrect conclusions in low load conditions, in transient situations or in perturbed environments (i.e. fluctuating load torque and unideal supply). Efficient quantification of the fault can be obtained using detection techniques based on the comparison of the process to a model.<p><p>Finally, the work provides guidelines for motor supervision strategies depending on the context of motor utilisation. / Doctorat en Sciences de l'ingénieur / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished