Orientador: Edério Dino Bidóia / Banca: José Carlos Marconato / Banca: Antonio Sergio Spanó Seixas / Resumo: O interesse científico e comercial pela catálise ambiental expandiu-se significativamente, nos últimos anos, devido ao aumento contínuo das restrições legais sobre a qualidade das emissões. Cada vez mais, surgem demandas pelo desenvolvimento de tecnologias de tratamento e remediação de água. Com isso, a catálise pode ser a peça chave neste desenvolvimento. Os efluentes industriais, como os provenientes das refinarias de petróleo, indústrias petroquímicas e coquearias, freqüentemente contêm compostos fenólicos que são tóxicos ao ambiente aquático e ao homem. Estes compostos são tratados convencionalmente através de processos biológicos, de extração e adsorção. Entretanto, estas técnicas apresentam limitações para aplicação em sistemas de concentrações intermediárias e em presença de multicomponentes fenólicos, além de representarem um elevado custo de tratamento. Dessa forma, o uso de tecnologias avançadas de oxidação catalítica vem se consolidando como uma das tendências de desenvolvimentos futuros em catálise, como a fotocatálise. Neste contexto, estão os processos oxidativos avançados (POAs), os quais se caracterizam pela capacidade de gerar radicais hidroxila que são responsáveis por oxidar compostos orgânicos. Dentre os POAs se encontra o processo fotocatalítico. A fotocatálise heterogênea é baseada na irradiação de um fotocatalisador, geralmente um semicondutor inorgânico, como o TiO2, cuja energia do fóton deve ser maior ou igual a energia do band gap do semicondutor para provocar uma transição eletrônica (excitação). Assim, o processo é capaz de oxidar os compostos orgânicos à CO2 e H2O. Entretanto, a aplicação prática da fotocatálise heterogênea em suspensões de TiO2 apresenta algumas desvantagens, como a separação final das partículas do catalisador e o baixo rendimento quântico. Através de eletrodos térmicos... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Scientific and commercial interest in environmental catalysis expanded significantly in last years due to restrictions about the emissions quality. Even more, it has been increasing the demands for the development of technologies for water treatment and remediation. Thus, catalysis may be an important technique in this area. Industrial effluents, such as petrochemical wastewater, often present phenolic compounds that are toxic to aquatic environment and humans. These compounds are conventionally treated by biological, extraction and adsorption process. However, these processes have limitation in systems with intermediate concentrations and in presence of phenol derivates, besides of represent high cost. Therefore, the use of advanced technologies of catalytic oxidation has been consolidated as one of tendencies in future developments in catalysis, such as the photocatalysis. In this context are the advanced oxidative processes (AOPs), which are able to generate hydroxyl radicals that are responsible for oxidizing organic compounds. And, within the AOPs is the photocatalysis. The heterogeneous photocatalysis is based on irradiation of a photocatalyzer that is usually an inorganic semiconductor, such as TiO2. Photon energy must be greater or equal to the semiconductor's band gap energy to cause an electronic transition (excitation). Hence, the process is able to oxidize organic compounds to CO2 and H2O. Nevertheless, heterogeneous photocatalysis application with TiO2 suspensions presents some disadvantages, for example the final separation of catalyst particles and the low quantum yield. Through Ti/TiO2 thermal electrodes, these problems can be solves, because it becomes unnecessary the final separation of particles and it is also possible the application of an electric potential on electrode. Electric potential improves the photocatalytic efficiency due to the electronic drainage that... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

I och med att båtar har med tiden blivit allt mer tystare både akustiskt och magnetiskt, är det av stort intresse att mäta den elektriska signaturen. Den elektriska signaturen uppstår fram för allt från den galvaniska effekten mellan båtens skrov och propeller och ger upphov till en potentialskillnad. Denna potentialskillnad propagerar i vattnet med en väldigt låg frekvens (0-3kHz). Med hjälp av specifika undervattensensorer kan dessa signaturer mätas för att detektera och lokalisera båtar. Varje sensor måste kalibreras i dess rätta omgivning (vatten) på grund av deras individuella geometri. För kalibreringen behövs ett känt homogent elektrostatiskt fält användas som referens. Examensarbetet avser att modellera den faktiska vattentanken som är tänkt som kalibreringsanläggning för sensorerna och simulera det elektrostatiska fältet som uppstår. Examensarbetet har ett ingående tillvägagångsätt för hur modellen och simuleringen implementeras i COMSOL Multiphysics® 5.5 som baseras på den finita elementmetoden (FEM). Ett teoretisk homogent elektriskt fält är svårt konstruera i verkligheten, därför är examensarbetet huvudsyfte att analysera homogeniteten för praktiska elektriska fält som finns i vattentanken. Olika konfigurationer av hur laddningsplattor fördelas simulerades och analyserades. Den väsentliga slutsatsen från simuleringarna är att homogeniteten på det elektriska fältet är bra så länge laddningsplattorna är symmetriska mot varandra men på en bekostnad av att fältstyrkan minskar. Examensarbete inkluderar även simuleringar hur undervattensensorn i sig själv påverkar det elektriska fältet som den skall kalibreras i, sensorn introducerar en störning. Slutligen finns det förslag för förbättring av arbete och förslag för ett fortsatt arbete. / With time, boats have become more quiet, both acoustic and magnetic. Therefore, it is of great interest tomeasure the electric signature. The electric signature is a low-frequency (0-3 kHz) electric field generatedby a potential difference that appears due to the galvanic effect between the boat's hull and propeller.With assistance from specific under-water sensors, these signatures can be measured to detect andlocalize boats. Due to the individual geometry of the sensors, each sensor must be calibrated in its rightenvironment (water). To perform this, a known homogeneous electrostatic field must be used forreference. This master Master-degree project purpose is to modulate a water tank, which is supposed to beused as a calibration facility for the sensors and simulate the electrostatic field that will evolve. Thisproject presents the approach for how the model and simulation will be implemented in COMSOLMultiphysics® 5.5, which is based on the finite element method. A theoretically homogeneous electricfield is difficult to build in reality, hence this project main objective is to analyse the homogeneity forpractical electric fields in the water tank. Different electric fields were analysed depending how the metalplates were distributed. The main conclusion from the simulations is that the homogeneity on theelectrical field is good enough to use for calibration purposes. The plates shall to be symmetricallydeployed with respect to each other. A drawback is that the field strength decreases when parts of thefield diverts. This project also simulates how the under-water sensor itself affects the electrical field it issupposed to be calibrated in; the sensor introduces disturbances to the field. Finally, this report proposesseveral improvements as well as direction for further work.

No description available.

L'objectif de cette thèse a été d'explorer la possibilité d'utiliser la charge électrostatique pour améliorer les conditions de contact glissant sec ou lubrifié (deux huiles avec viscosités différentes et de l’eau distillée) entre matériaux polymériques (PP, PE, PS, ABS et deux types de PVC). Trois nouvelles installations expérimentales ont été conçues et réalisées. La première installation est un tribomètre linéaire qui permet le réglage de quatre variables de contrôle du processus de charge (la force normale, la vitesse, la durée et l’amplitude du mouvement de glissement) et la mesure de trois caractéristiques du régime de frottement (la force tangentielle, la variation de la force normale et le déplacement relatif entre les éprouvettes). La deuxième installation est un dispositif pour mesurer la distribution de la charge électrique de surface et la corréler avec des cartographies de température. Une troisième installation est destinée à l'étude de l’influence de la charge électrique sur l’angle de contact de gouttelettes déposées en surface. Les expériences réalisées ont montré que le niveau de la charge généré par frottement sec dépend du temps de frottement, de l’usure, de la pression de contact et de la rugosité des surfaces. Une charge générée par effet triboélectrique ou par décharge couronne peut augmenter le frottement à sec. En revanche, la présence d’une charge électrique à la surface du polymère améliore le frottement lubrifié. Les mesures d’angles de contact ont mis en évidence que celui-ci dépend de la nature du liquide et du polymère étudiés, ainsi que de l’état de charge électrique des échantillons. / The approach undertaken in this thesis is to explore the possibility of using the electrostatic charge to improve the dry or lubricated (two oils with different viscosity and distilled water) sliding contacts between polymeric materials (PP, PE, PS, and ABS, two types of PVC). Three experimental benches were designed and built. The first installation is a linear tribometer designed to study the sliding contacts between solids with dry or lubricated friction. It allows the adjustment to four control variables of the tribocharging process: normal force, sliding speed, time and stroke, and the measurement of three characteristics of the friction regime: the tangential force, the variation of the normal force and the relative displacement between the specimens. The second installation is a device for measuring the distribution of the surface electrical charge, and for correlating it with the temperature mappings. A third installation is designed to study the influence of the electric charge on the contact angle of droplets deposited on the surface. The experiments showed that the level of the charge generated by dry friction depends on the friction time, the wear, the contact pressure and the roughness. A charge generated by friction or by corona discharge can increase dry friction. On the other hand, the presence of electric charge on the surface of polymers can improve a lubricated contact. The contact angle measurements pointed out the influence of the nature of both solid and liquid materials involved in the contact, as well as of the electric charge of the samples.

Orientador: Luiz Fernando Bovolato / Banca: Sérgio Kurokawa / Banca: Afonso José do Prado / Resumo: Este trabalho analisa a aplicação em linhas de transmissão do método dos elementos de contorno para cálculo de potencial e campo elétrico, com um enfoque em eletrostática. O método dos elementos de contorno baseia-se numa formulação integral que elimina a discretização do domínio, restando apenas o contorno, permitindo o cálculo do potencial e do campo elétrico no contorno e na região estudada. O trabalho configura-se como uma revisão sobre eletrostática, ressaltando as equações de Laplace e Poisson, que serão utilizadas para encontrar as equações integrais do contorno. Há também vários tópicos relacionados ao campo elétrico de linhas de transmissão, bem como, ás normas brasileiras e recomendações internacionais que devem ser utilizadas no projeto de linhas de transmissão. O método dos elementos de contorno utiliza tais equações integrais para encontrar o potencial e o campo no contorno, e após conhecidos o potencial e o campo no contorno, pode-se aplicar o método em todo o domínio, obtendo o potencial e o campo. Para isso, apenas o contorno do domínio de interesse deve ser discretizado, o que trás uma enorme vantagem sobre os métodos que utilizam formulação diferencial. Neste trabalho, serão descritas as principais características do código computacional desenvolvido e suas sub-rotinas mais importantes. Para validar o programa, os resultados serão comparados com aqueles calculados por um procedimento analítico, sendo mostrada a eficiência da discretização do solo. São apresentados os resultados obtidos da análise do campo elétrico gerado por algumas silhuetas de linhas de transmissão. Os valores do campo elétrico gerado por estruturas compactas são comparados com estruturas convencionais e estruturas reduzidas (semi-compactas), também serão comparados os valores do gradiente de potencial na superfície dos condutores e suas capacitâncias equivalentes. / Abstract: This paper analyses the application in transmission lines of the Boundary Element Method (BEM) of the calculation of potential and electric field, with a focus on electrostatic. The Boundary Element Method is based on an integral formulation that eliminates the discretisation of the domain, remaining only the contour, allowing the calculation of the potential and the electric field in the contour and in the region studied. The work is configured as revision on electrostatic, underscoring the equations of Laplace and Poisson, which will be used to find the integral equations of the contour. There are also several topics related to the electric field of transmission lines, as well as to the standards Brazilian and international recommendations to be used in the design of transmission lines. The Boundary Element Method uses such integral equations for finding the potential and electric field in the contour, and after having known the potential and electric field in the contour, the BEM can be applied in the whole domain, and getting the potential and electric field. Therefore, only the contours of the domain of interest should just be discretized, which backward an enormous advantage on the methods that use formulation differential. This paper will describe the main characteristics of computer code developed and their sub-routines more important. To validate the program, the results will be compared with those calculated by an analytic procedure, being shown the efficiency of discretisation of the soil. The results obtained from analysis of the electric field generated by some silhouettes of transmission lines are presented. The values of the electric field generated by compact structures are compared with conventional structures and reduced structures, also will be compared the values of the gradient of potential on the surface of the conductors and their equivalents capacitances. / Mestre

The purpose of this study was to investigate physics undergraduate students’ conceptual change in the concepts of electric potential and energy (EPE) and electromagnetic induction (EMI). Along with this, categorization of students’ conceptions was done based on students’ epistemological and ontological descriptions of these concepts. In addition, the effect of cognitive perturbation using physics interactive simulations (CPS) in relation to cognitive conflict using physics interactive simulations (CCS) was investigated. A pragmatic mixed methods approach was used in a quasi-experimental design. Data were collected by using the modified Diagnostic Exam of Electricity and Magnetism (DEEM), focus group discussions (FGD) and concept maps (CM). Framework analysis was conducted separately on FGD and CM qualitative data to categorize students’ conceptions while concentration analysis was used to categorize students’ responses to the modified DEEM into three levels, during pre and post intervention. In the qualitative results, six categories of alternative conceptions (naive physics, lateral alternative conceptions, ontological alternative conceptions, Ohm’s P-Primes/ P-Primes, mixed conceptions and loose ideas) and two categories of conceptual knowledge (hierarchical and relational) were identified. The alternative conceptions were less frequently and inconsistently revealed within and across the categories. It was concluded that the categories have common characteristics of diversified distribution of alternative conceptions and multiple alternative conceptions of specific concepts within and across the categories. Most of the categories found in pre intervention persisted in post intervention, but with a lesser percentage extensiveness of categories of alternative conceptions in the CPS than in the CCS class and more percentage extensiveness of categories of conceptual knowledge in the CPS than in the CCS class. ANCOVA was separately conducted on the scores of 45 students on the modified DEEM and CM tests to compare the effectiveness of the CCS and CPS. The results showed a significant difference between the two classes of the post test scores on the DEEM test, (1, 36) = 4.66, p=0.04 and similarly, on the CM test, (1, 31) = 8.33, p=0.007. Consequently, it was concluded that there is a statistically significant difference between CPS and CCS in changing students’ alternative conceptions towards scientific conceptions favoring CPS. To characterize and compare students’ conceptual change of both treatment classes, Hake’s average normalized gain <g> from pre to post scores (the modified DEEM and the CM) were analyzed. Finally, it is suggested that in abstract conceptual areas of EM, cognitive perturbation through interactive simulations is more effective than cognitive conflict through interactive simulations in facilitating conceptual change, and, thus, should guide classroom instruction in the area. Furthermore, recommendations are also suggested for guiding future research in this area. / Science and Technology Education / D. Phil. (Mathematics, Science and Technology Education (Physics Education))

The purpose of this study was to investigate physics undergraduate students’ conceptual change in the concepts of electric potential and energy (EPE) and electromagnetic induction (EMI). Along with this, categorization of students’ conceptions was done based on students’ epistemological and ontological descriptions of these concepts. In addition, the effect of cognitive perturbation using physics interactive simulations (CPS) in relation to cognitive conflict using physics interactive simulations (CCS) was investigated. A pragmatic mixed methods approach was used in a quasi-experimental design. Data were collected by using the modified Diagnostic Exam of Electricity and Magnetism (DEEM), focus group discussions (FGD) and concept maps (CM). Framework analysis was conducted separately on FGD and CM qualitative data to categorize students’ conceptions while concentration analysis was used to categorize students’ responses to the modified DEEM into three levels, during pre and post intervention. In the qualitative results, six categories of alternative conceptions (naive physics, lateral alternative conceptions, ontological alternative conceptions, Ohm’s P-Primes/ P-Primes, mixed conceptions and loose ideas) and two categories of conceptual knowledge (hierarchical and relational) were identified. The alternative conceptions were less frequently and inconsistently revealed within and across the categories. It was concluded that the categories have common characteristics of diversified distribution of alternative conceptions and multiple alternative conceptions of specific concepts within and across the categories. Most of the categories found in pre intervention persisted in post intervention, but with a lesser percentage extensiveness of categories of alternative conceptions in the CPS than in the CCS class and more percentage extensiveness of categories of conceptual knowledge in the CPS than in the CCS class. ANCOVA was separately conducted on the scores of 45 students on the modified DEEM and CM tests to compare the effectiveness of the CCS and CPS. The results showed a significant difference between the two classes of the post test scores on the DEEM test, (1, 36) = 4.66, p=0.04 and similarly, on the CM test, (1, 31) = 8.33, p=0.007. Consequently, it was concluded that there is a statistically significant difference between CPS and CCS in changing students’ alternative conceptions towards scientific conceptions favoring CPS. To characterize and compare students’ conceptual change of both treatment classes, Hake’s average normalized gain <g> from pre to post scores (the modified DEEM and the CM) were analyzed. Finally, it is suggested that in abstract conceptual areas of EM, cognitive perturbation through interactive simulations is more effective than cognitive conflict through interactive simulations in facilitating conceptual change, and, thus, should guide classroom instruction in the area. Furthermore, recommendations are also suggested for guiding future research in this area. / Science and Technology Education / D. Phil. (Mathematics, Science and Technology Education (Physics Education))

Η Ηλεκτροεγκεφαλογραφία (ΗΕΓ) και η Μαγνητοεγκεφαλογραφία (ΜΕΓ) αποτελούν δύο από τις πλέον ευρέως χρησιμοποιούμενες μη επεμβατικές μεθόδους μελέτης της λειτουργίας του ανθρώπινου εγκεφάλου, κατά τις οποίες καταγράφονται εξωτερικά του κρανίου, το ηλεκτρικό και το μαγνητικό πεδίο, που οφείλονται στη διέργεση εγκεφαλικών νευρώνων. Oι κύριες βιοηλεκτρικές πηγές των πεδίων που καταγράφονται σ’ αυτά, είναι ομάδες νευρώνων, που προτυποποιούνται με ένα ηλεκτρικό δίπολο. Αρχικά επιλέγεται το πλέον ρεαλιστικό πρότυπο των τριών φλοιών. Δηλαδή ως αγωγός θεωρείται ολόκληρο το κρανίο, συμπεριλαμβανομένου του δέρματος, των κρανιακών οστών, του εγκεφαλονωτιαίου υγρού και του εγκεφαλικού ιστού – περιοχές διαφορετικής ηλεκτρικής αγωγιμότητας – και υπολογίζεται το ηλεκτρικό δυναμικό και το μαγνητικό πεδίο, επιλύεται δηλαδή τόσο το ευθύ πρόβλημα ΗΕΓ, όσο και το αντίστοιχο ΜΕΓ, στη σφαιρική και στην ελλειψοειδή γεωμετρία. Το δεύτερο πρότυπο αφορά στην επίλυση του ευθέος προβλήματος ΗΕΓ για την περίπτωση όπου ο εγκεφαλικός ιστός θεωρηθεί ως ένα σφαιρικός αγωγός, στο εσωτερικό του οποίου βρίσκεται είτε ομόκεντρα μια σφαιρική περιοχή υγρού, οπότε χρησιμοποιείται για την επίλυση το σφαιρικό σύστημα συντεταγμένων, είτε έκκεντρα, οπότε χρησιμοποιείται αντίστοιχα το δισφαιρικό. Τέλος, ως αγωγός θεωρείται μια ομογενής σφαίρα, περίπτωση όπου η ακριβής και πλήρης αναλυτική λύση για το πρόβλημα του Βιομαγνητισμού είναι γνωστή. Η συνεισφορά όμως της διατριβής για το πρότυπο αυτό είναι στη δημιουργία χρήσιμων εργαλείων για την μετατροπή των αναπτυγμάτων των λύσεων σε σειρές, στις αντίστοιχες κλειστές μορφές μέσω της άθροισης των σειρών, καθώς και στην εξαγωγή συμπερασμάτων σχετικά με το αντίστροφο πρόβλημα ΗΕΓ, τα οποία προκύπτουν από τη γραφική επεξεργασία της κλειστής λύσης του ηλεκτρικού δυναμικού, όπως αυτή προέκυψε από τη μέθοδο των ειδώλων. / Electroenchephalography (EEG) and Magnetoenchephalophy (MEG) are common non invansive methods for studying the function of the human brain. Considering that the data of the generated electric potential (Electroencephalogram) and the magnetic field (Magnetoenchephalogram), takes place on or in the surrounding the head, the entire head, including the skin, the bones, the cerebrospinal fluid and the cerebral, regions which are characterizing by different electric conductivity are including. For this model, the direct Bioelectromagnetism problem is solved in both spherical and ellipsoidal geometry. Specifically, the leading terms of the electric potential in the exterior of the conductor and everywhere in the interior, as well as the leading quadrupolic term of the multipole expansion of the exterior magnetic induction field in the ellipsoidal geometry, are obtained. The reduction of the the ellipsoidal results to the corresponding spherical case, which has brought up useful conclusions concerning these two geometrical models, is also presented. The direct EEG problem is described, for the case where the entire cerebral is considered as a spherical conductor, which surrounds a fluid spherical region of different conductivity. When the two spherical regions are concentric, the problem is solved with the spherical geometry, but when these are eccentric the problem is solved with the bispherical geometry. Finally, the exact and complete analytic solution for the forward EEG problem is produced by the Image Theory for the homogeneous spherical conductor and is elaborated graphically. In particular, some electric potential distributions are produced on the surface of the spherical brain, where the equipotential curves are represented by circles. Considering these distributions, a parametric analysis of the position and the orientation o the moment dipole is accomplished for the current dipole that has considered in this thesis. Consequently, when the source is near the surface, the orientation of the moment is directed vertically to the zero equipotential circle to the increase potential, since the position vector of the source tends to become vertical to the maximum equipotential curves. The existence of special position and orientation of the source, for which the contribution in the external magnetic field is zero - and for the spherical case, where the position and the orientation of the sources are parallel - corresponds to parallel equipotential curves.