This thesis is devoted to the development of new models for a recently-implemented FACTS (flexible alternating current transmission system) device, the unified power flow controller (UPFC), and the control coordination of power systems with FACTS devices in steady-state operating mode. The key objectives of the research reported in the thesis are, through online control coordination based on the models of power systems having FACTS devices, those of maximising the network operational benefit and restoring system static security following a disturbance or contingency. Based on the novel concept of interpreting the updated voltage solutions at each iteration in the Newton-Raphson (NR) power-flow analysis as dynamic variables, the thesis first develops a procedure for representing the unified power flow controllers (UPFCs) in the steady-state evaluation. Both the shunt converter and series converter control systems of a UPFC are modeled in their dynamical form with the discrete time variable replaced by the NR iterative step in the power-flow analysis. The key advantage of the model developed is that of facilitating the process of UPFC constraint resolution during the NR solution sequence. Any relative priority in control functions pre-set in the UPFC controllers is automatically represented in the power-flow formulation. Although the developed UPFC model based on the dynamic simulation of series and shunt converter controllers is flexible and general, the number of NR iterations required for convergence can be large. Therefore, the model is suitable mainly for power system planning and design studies. For online control coordination, the thesis develops the second UPFC model based on nodal voltages. The model retains all of the flexibility and generality of the dynamic simulation-based approach while the number of iterations required for solution convergence is independent of the UPFC controller dynamic responses. Drawing on the constrained optimisation based on Newton’s method together with the new UPFC model expressed in terms of nodal voltages, a systematic and general method for determining optimal reference inputs to UPFCs in steady-state operation is developed. The method is directly applicable to UPFCs operation with a high-level line optimisation control (LOC) for maximising the network operational benefit. By using a new continuation technique with adaptive parameter, the algorithm for solving the constrained optimisation problem extends substantially the region of convergence achieved with the conventional Newton’s method. Having established the foundation provided by the comprehensive models developed for representing power systems with FACTS devices including the UPFC, the research, in the second part, focuses on real-time control coordination of power system controllers, with the main purpose of restoring power system static security following a disturbance or contingency. At present, as the cost of phasor measurement units (PMUs) and wide-area communication network is on the decrease, the research proposes and develops a new secondary voltage control where voltages at all of the load nodes are directly controlled, using measured voltages.

In the recent years, there has been a trend to run metallic pipelines carrying petroleum products and high voltage AC power lines parallel to each other in a relatively narrow strip of land. The case of electromagnetic interference between high voltage transmission lines and metallic pipelines has been a topic of major concern since the early 60’s. The main reasons for that are: • The ever increasing cost of right-of-ways, suitable for power lines and pipelines, along with recent environmental regulations, aiming to protect nature and wildlife, has forced various utilities to share common corridors for both high voltage power lines and pipelines. Therefore, situations where a pipeline is laid at close distance from a transmission line for several kilometers have become very frequent. • The rapid increase in energy consumption, which has led to the adoption of higher load and short circuit current levels, thus making the problem more acute. Due to this sharing of the right-of-way, overhead AC power line field may induce voltages on the metallic pipelines running in close vicinity leading to serious adverse effects. This electromagnetic interference is present both during normal operating conditions as well as during faults. The coupling of the field with the pipeline takes place either through the capacitive path or through the inductive or conductive paths. In the present work, the induced voltages due to capacitive and inductive coupling on metallic pipelines running in close vicinity of high voltage power transmission lines have been computed.The conductor surface field gradients calculated for the various phaseconfigurations have been presented in the thesis. Also the electric fields under transmission lines, for both single circuit and double circuit (various phase arrangements) have been analysed. Based on the above results, an optimum configuration giving the lowest field under the power line as well as the lowest conductor surface gradient has been arrived at and for this configuration induced voltage on the pipeline has been computed using the Charge Simulation Method (CSM). For comparison, induced voltages on the pipeline have been computed for the various other phase configurations also. A very interesting result is that the induced voltage on the pipeline becomes almost negligible at a critical lateral distance from the center of the powerline and beyond which the induced voltage again increases.This critical distance depends on the conductor configuration. Hence it is suggested that the pipeline be located close to the critical distance so that the induced voltage would be close to zero. For calculating the induced voltage due to the inductive coupling, electromotive force (EMF),induced along the pipeline due to the magnetic field created by the transmission line has been calculated. The potential difference between the pipeline and the earth, due to the above induced EMFs, is then calculated. As the zones of influence are generally formed by parallelism, approaches, crossings as well as removals, the computation involves subdividing the zone into several sections corresponding to these zones. The calculation of voltages is carried out at both the ends of the sections. Each section is represented by an equivalent π electrical network, which is influenced by the induced EMF. The induced EMF is calculated during faulted conditions as well as during steady state conditions. Inductive coupling calculations have been carried out for the following cases: •Perfect parallelism between powerline and pipeline. •zone of influences formed by parallelism, approaches, crossings and removals. It has been observed that when the pipeline is approaching the HV transmission line at an angle, then running parallel for certain distance and finally deviating away, the induced voltage is maximum at the point of approach or removal of the pipeline from the transmission line corridor.The induced voltage is almost negligible near to the midpoint of the zone of influence. The profile of the induced voltage also depend on whether the pipeline is grounded or left open circuited at the extremities of the zone of influence. Effect of earth resistivity and anti-corrosive coatings on induced voltage has also been studied. For mitigating the induced voltage on the pipeline,numerous low resistive earthings have been suggested. Results show that significant reduction in induced voltage can be achieved as the number of earth points is increased.

The Eskom Transmission Network experiences an exceptionally high number of line faults, the cause of which, may not be correctly identified. This thesis analyses a number of all the possible factors responsible for causing these faults. The objective is to assign probable causes of these faults and that the correct preventative or corrective measures may be planned. The percentage of unexplained line faults is estimated to be 35 % of the total system faults. It is important for the Transmission Group of Eskom to minimise the number of faults. Major efforts to minimise identified faults such as bird streamers, veld fires, sugar cane fIfes, lightning and a hypothesised light pollution, light wetting mechanism has been undertaken by the transmission grid authority. This thesis presents an analysis of the statistical data of the unknown faults (unknown faults is defined as lines that trip due to a reason which could not be identified) that has been undertaken. This analysis takes into account a number of categories of causes of line faults. The period, for which the performance of the lines was analysed for was the years inclusive of 1993 to 1997. The investigation has focused on the identification of the under-performing lines of the main Transmission Network. The identified poorly performing lines have been compared with each other from the perspective ofthe following variables: • Region • Voltage (System Voltage) • Climatic Data Line faults - Time ofDay analysis • Line Faults - Time of Year analysis. The analysis indicates that the majority of unexplained flashovers occur between 22 :00 and 07:00 the following morning (Britten et al, 1999). Almost all of the under performing lines in South Africa fall in the sub-tropical/humid climatic area. All the lines studied are insulated with standard glass disc insulators. The analysis indicated that most of the unexplained line faults occur during the months when the seasons change, e.g. from autumn to winter. The analysis further indicates that most unexplained line faults occurred during the months of April to May and August to September. Of note is that during the period of this investigation bird guarding was performed on some lines. Installing bird guards may reduce those line faults that are caused by bird streamers. However, the bird pollution (deposited on glass disc insulators) that is not washed off at the same time as the bird guard installation may cause the line to trip due to the combination of the pollution and wetting resulting in a pollution type flashover. This is a possible cause of some unexplained line faults that occur from April to May. Bird streamers are also identified as the most probable cause of the unexplained faults which occur during the late evening periods (22:00 - 00:00). Pollution (with wetting) during the early morning periods may result in faults for the period 00:00 to 02:00. Line faults in the early morning periods (04:00 - 7:00) could be due to bird streamers or pollution and wetting, depending on the time of year in which the faults occurs. / Thesis (M.Sc.)-University of Natal, Durban, 2003.

The management of parallel and series resonance conditions is important for ensuring that harmonic levels are managed on utility networks, and that shunt compensators are able to operate without constraints for various network conditions (states). For these and similar problems, harmonic impedance assessment of the ac network is required for the design of ac filter or shunt capacitor bank installations. This is particularly important for large installations connected to HV or EHV systems, because resonances at these voltage levels tend to be highly un-damped resulting in potentially damaging voltage and current amplification. The objective of this dissertation was to develop and demonstrate a design methodology which makes use of network impedance assessment methods to provide robust harmonic integration of large shunt compensators into a transmission and HVDC systems. The design methodology has two aspects. The first part considers network modeling, evaluation of different models and simulation of harmonic impedance. In the second part, methods of analyzing and assessing the simulated harmonic impedance are developed. A detailed step-by-step approach was taken in the development of the design methodology. The methodology was documented as a guideline and accompanied by the development of an Excel tool that can be used to assess the simulated harmonic impedance. The Excel tool permits a systematic assessment of the simulated network impedance where shunt compensators are integrated into transmission systems. The tool also ensures that the design of transmission and HVDC ac shunt compensation is optimally robust in terms of harmonic resonances. The theoretical and computational review has been tested and demonstrated on the existing Eskom Transmission system through several case studies. The results have shown the merits of the design methodology. / Thesis (M.Sc.Eng.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 2013.

The objective of the proposed research is to develop a cost-effective power flow controller to improve the utilization and reliability of the existing transmission, sub-transmission, and distribution networks. Over the last two decades, electricity consumption and generation have continually grown at an annual rate of around 2.5%. At the same time, investments in the Transmission and Distribution (T&D) infrastructure have steadily declined. Further, it has become increasingly difficult and expensive to build new power lines. As a result, the aging power-grid has become congested and is under stress, resulting in compromised reliability and higher energy costs. In such an environment it becomes important that existing assets are used effectively to achieve highest efficiency. System reliability is sacrosanct and cannot be compromised. Utility system planners are moving from radial towards networked systems to achieve higher reliability, especially under contingency conditions. While enhancing reliability, this has degraded the controllability of the network, as current flow along individual lines can no longer be controlled. The transfer capacity of the system gets limited by the first line that reaches the thermal capacity, even when majority of the lines are operating at a fraction of their capacity. The utilization of the system gets further degraded as the lines are operated with spare capacity to sustain overloads under contingencies. Market efficiency is also sub-optimal, with congestion on key corridors restricting the low-cost generators to connect to the end users, resulting in higher electricity prices for the consumers. The proposed technology offers the capability to realize a controllable meshed-network, with the ability to utilize static and dynamic capacity of the grid to provide system-wide benefits, including- increased line and system-capacity utilization, increased reliability, improved operation under contingencies, and rapid implementation. It would allow a broadening of the energy market, permitting owners to direct how energy flows on their wires, and making it easier to connect to new sources of generation.

Thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree Master of Technology: Electrical Engineering in the Faculty of Engineering at the Cape Peninsula University of Technology 2014 / The IEC 61850 standard, “Communication networks and systems in substations” was promulgated to accommodate the need for a common communication platform within substations for devices from different vendors. The IEC 61850 standard proposes a substation automation architecture that is Ethernet-based, with a “station-bus” for protection devices within the substation and a “process bus” where raw data from the voltage and current transformers are published onto the data network using a device known as a Merging Unit. To date, most of the standardization efforts were focused at the station bus level where event-triggered messages are exchanged between the substation automation devices, commonly referred to as Intelligent Electronic Devices (IEDs). These messages are known as Generic Object Oriented Substation Event messages. Equipment from vendors to accommodate the “process bus” paradigm, however is still limited at present. The Centre for Substation Automation and Energy Management Systems was established within the Electrical Engineering Department at the Cape Peninsula University of Technology with one of its objectives being the development of equipment either for simulation or real-time purposes in compliance with the IEC 61850 standard. In order to fulfil this long-term objective of the Centre, an in-depth understanding of the IEC 61850 standard is required. This document details the efforts at acquiring the requisite knowledge base in support of the educational objectives of the Centre and the research project implements a simulation of a merging unit which is compliant with the functional behavior as stipulated by the standard. This limited functional implementation (i.e. non-real-time) of the merging unit, is achieved through the development of a virtualized data acquisition node capable of synthetic generation of waveforms, encoding of the data and publishing the data in a format compliant with the IEC 61850-9-2 sampled value message structure. This functional behavior of the virtual sensor node which was implemented has been validated against the behavior of a commercial device and the sampled value message structure is validated against the standard. The temporal behavior of the proposed device is commented upon. This research project forms the basis for future real-time implementation of a merging unit.

CNPq;CAPES / Neste trabalho é investigado o uso de codificação analógica conjunta fonte-canal em uma rede de sensores sem fio onde a fonte de informação é alimentada pelo destino por meio de transmissões de rádio frequência. É assumido que o destino não possui restrições energéticas. Logo após coletar energia do destino, a fonte transmite sua informação utilizando a energia recebida. As fases de transferência de energia e de transmissão de informação são multiplexadas no tempo. Como uma fração do intervalo de transmissão é utilizado para transferência de energia, as amostras da fonte são armazenadas e comprimidas utilizando tanto códigos analógicos paramétricos quanto não paramétricos com compressão de dimensão (ou largura de banda) N:K para transmiti-las utilizando a fração do intervalo restante. São analisados tanto esquemas com largura de banda casadas e não casadas entre fonte e canal. Além disso, é investigado também o parâmetro de compartilhamento de tempo ótimo o qual otimiza o desempenho da transmissão analógica. Por fim, é demonstrado que os esquemas analógicos propostos podem superar um sistema digital em termos de relação sinal-distorção. / We investigate the use of discrete-time analog joint source channel coding (JSCC) in a wireless sensor network (WSN) where the source of information is wirelessly powered by the destination, which does not have energy constraints. Right after harvesting energy from the destination, the source transmits its information using the energy harvested. Wireless energy transfer and information transmission are multiplexed via a time-switching protocol. As a fraction of the time slot is spent for energy transfer, the source samples are saved and compressed using either parametric or non-parametric N:K dimension compression analog JSCC to transmit the information in the remaining fraction of the time slot. We analyze both matched and unmatched source and channel bandwidths. Moreover, we investigate the time-sharing parameter that optimizes the analog system performance and show that the proposed analog scheme can outperform a fully digital system.

CNPq;CAPES / Neste trabalho é investigado o uso de codificação analógica conjunta fonte-canal em uma rede de sensores sem fio onde a fonte de informação é alimentada pelo destino por meio de transmissões de rádio frequência. É assumido que o destino não possui restrições energéticas. Logo após coletar energia do destino, a fonte transmite sua informação utilizando a energia recebida. As fases de transferência de energia e de transmissão de informação são multiplexadas no tempo. Como uma fração do intervalo de transmissão é utilizado para transferência de energia, as amostras da fonte são armazenadas e comprimidas utilizando tanto códigos analógicos paramétricos quanto não paramétricos com compressão de dimensão (ou largura de banda) N:K para transmiti-las utilizando a fração do intervalo restante. São analisados tanto esquemas com largura de banda casadas e não casadas entre fonte e canal. Além disso, é investigado também o parâmetro de compartilhamento de tempo ótimo o qual otimiza o desempenho da transmissão analógica. Por fim, é demonstrado que os esquemas analógicos propostos podem superar um sistema digital em termos de relação sinal-distorção. / We investigate the use of discrete-time analog joint source channel coding (JSCC) in a wireless sensor network (WSN) where the source of information is wirelessly powered by the destination, which does not have energy constraints. Right after harvesting energy from the destination, the source transmits its information using the energy harvested. Wireless energy transfer and information transmission are multiplexed via a time-switching protocol. As a fraction of the time slot is spent for energy transfer, the source samples are saved and compressed using either parametric or non-parametric N:K dimension compression analog JSCC to transmit the information in the remaining fraction of the time slot. We analyze both matched and unmatched source and channel bandwidths. Moreover, we investigate the time-sharing parameter that optimizes the analog system performance and show that the proposed analog scheme can outperform a fully digital system.

Orientadores: Carlos Alberto de Castro Júnior, Santiago Patricio Torres Contreras / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Elétrica e de Computação / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-23T20:25:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 BarretoAlferez_WilmerEdilberto_M.pdf: 1213079 bytes, checksum: be23433dda22950612c8e4039b4ebba4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Resumo: O planejamento da expansão da transmissão (PET) consiste em determinar todas as alterações necessárias na infraestrutura do sistema de transmissão, ou seja, ampliações e reforços, a fim de permitir o equilíbrio entre a demanda prevista e o suprimento de energia elétrica, procurando o investimento mínimo ao longo do horizonte de planejamento. O PET é um problema de grande extensão, inteiro misto, não linear, e não convexo. Portanto, mais técnicas de otimização devem ser investigadas para resolvê-lo de forma eficiente. Neste trabalho de pesquisa, o foco do estudo foi a metaheurística de otimização por enxame de partículas (PSO) aplicada ao problema PET estático. Os desempenhos das variantes Global (GPSO) e Local (LPSO) são comparados com quatro novas variantes do PSO baseado no comportamento quântico de otimização por enxame de partículas (QPSO). QPSO considera um comportamento quântico dos movimentos de partículas, de acordo com a mecânica quântica, que, em teoria, levaria a uma melhor convergência global do que o tradicional PSO. Esta pesquisa utiliza o modelo DC das redes de potência, considerando restrições de segurança usando o critério . Os conhecidos sistemas Garver, IEEE de 24 barras, e equivalente sul brasileiro de 46 barras são usados para apresentar os resultados deste trabalho de pesquisa / Abstract: The Transmission Expansion Planning (TEP) consists of determining all the changes needed in the transmission system infrastructure, i.e. additions and reinforcements, in order to allow the balance between the projected demand and the power supply, at minimum investment along the planning horizon. The TEP is a large scale, mixed-integer, non-linear and non-convex problem. Therefore more optimization techniques must be investigated to solve it in an efficient way. In this research work, the focus was on the study of the optimization metaheuristics by particle swarm (PSO) applied to the static version of the TEP problem. The performances of the Global (GPSO) and Local (LPSO) variants are compared against four new PSO variants based on the Quantum-behaved Particle Swarm Optimization (QPSO). QPSO considers a quantum behavior of particles' movements, according to quantum mechanics, which in theory would lead to a better global convergence than traditional PSO. This research uses the DC model for the network and takes into account security constraints using the well-known criterion. The well-known Garver, IEEE 24-bus, and the 46-bus Southern Brazilian equivalent networks will be used to present the results of this research work / Mestrado / Energia Eletrica / Mestre em Engenharia Elétrica

Power systems have been historically designed at a time when the production was<p>centralized and the electricity had to be transmitted to the loads from the closest power<p>plant. Nowadays, there is an increasing integration of decentralized and intermittent pro-<p>duction. Moreover, the energy market coupling has enabled the transfer of electric power<p>for economical purposes. Also, former isolated power systems are now interconnected for<p>reliability and financial reasons.<p>All of these changes make difficult to predict the future behavior of the grid. Studies<p>are done in order to plan for the future needs of the system. However, building new in-<p>frastructures takes time and it is expected that these needs will not be completely fulfilled<p>in all the parts of the grid. Therefore, transmission of active power could be limited by<p>the existing infrastructure. For example, the presence of inter-area oscillations is often<p>the limiting factor when a high active power is transmitted on a long transmission line<p>between two groups of generators. Since higher levels of active power are exchanged on<p>longer distances, problems of inter-area oscillations may arise in power systems previously<p>not affected by this phenomenon.<p>In this work, a measurement-based approach, able to predict in the short-term the<p>future behavior of oscillations, is presented. This approach is complementary to the<p>long-term planning of the grid.<p>The mandatory first step towards a measurement-based approach is to have the ability<p>to extract useful information among a huge quantity of data. To face this issue, some<p>comparisons of data mining algorithms are performed. The proposed method combines<p>two decision tree algorithms to obtain both prediction accuracy and comprehensibility.<p>The second required step for building a measurement-based model is to take into<p>account the limitations of the measurements. Two types of wide area measurements are<p>used, synchronized measurements from PMUs and traditional unsynchronized data from<p>the SCADA/EMS system. Oscillation monitoring using PMUs is especially of interest<p>and an approach is presented to post-process damping estimates. This post-processing<p>method consists in a noise reduction technique followed by a damping change detection<p>algorithm.<p>Finally, the method, combining these two steps, is implemented to analyze the Con-<p>tinental European grid. This implementation takes place in the context of the European<p>project Twenties. The results, using several months of measurements, are described in<p>detail before being discussed. / Doctorat en Sciences de l'ingénieur / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished