No description available.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Washington State University, December 2009. / Title from PDF title page (viewed on Dec. 9, 2009). "College of Education." Includes bibliographical references (p. 84-88).

No description available.

M.Tech. (Homoeopathy) / Neck pain is a common condition usually experienced due to mechanical or degenerative problems (Colledge et al., 2010). The onset of neck pain may be acute and associated with asymmetrical restriction of neck movements and a history of awkward posture or sudden onset. Acute neck pain is an aching pain in the cervical paraspinal muscles and ligaments. It is associated with muscle spasm, stiffness and tightness in the upper back and shoulders that lasts up to six weeks. Headaches may be present (Bickley & Szilagyi, 2009). Causes of neck pain can be mechanical, inflammatory, metabolic, neoplastic, due to referred pain or other underlying aetiologies (Colledge et al., 2010). The most common treatments for neck pain are nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, physiotherapy, chiropractic adjustment or therapeutic massage (Taylor, 2010). The NeuroTrac® MultiTENS device provides a non-invasive, drug-free method of controlling acute pain by transmitting mild electrical impulses via surface electrodes through the skin (Verity Medical Ltd., 2013). There have been many studies done on Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation (TENS) devices, but little on its immediate effect on acute neck pain. The aim of this study was to determine the immediate effect of the NeuroTrac® MultiTENS device on acute neck pain, using the Neck Pain Disability Index, Visual Analogue Scale and the Cervical Range of Motion (CROM). This study was an unblinded, single-group experimental design (Brink, 2010). The study took place at the University of Johannesburg Campus Clinic. Recruitment took place by means of advertisements (Appendix H) placed at the University of Johannesburg campuses. Inclusion criteria consisted of males and females between the ages of eighteen to fifty years. Participants had to be suffering from aching pain in the cervical paraspinal muscles and ligaments with associated muscle spasm, stiffness and tightness in the upper back and shoulders that was present for more than one day and no longer than one week, with decreased range of motion on CROMs (Appendix G) and a minimum score of 10 on the Neck Pain Disability Index (Appendix D). Exclusion criteria consisted of participants suffering from severe headaches with meningeal signs associated nausea, blurred vision, photophobia and phonophobia or fever; a history of thrombus formation or transient ischaemic attack (Longmore et al., 2010); if they had a pacemaker or if they have had any head and neck surgery; if they suffered from cardiac arrhythmia or myocardial infarction; pregnancy or suspected pregnancy; if they had a general skin sensitivity or known allergy to adhesives or if they have had a recent chiropractic adjustment. A total of forty participants were selected. The participants acted as their own baseline control. The researcher was only required to see participants once for one forty minute session to determine the immediate vi effect of the NeuroTrac® MultiTENS device on acute neck pain. Participants were asked to fill in an Information (Appendix A) and Consent Form (Appendix B). Participants came in for an initial consult where a history was taken on the type of neck pain experienced and the cause of the pain experienced. Vital signs were recorded on a case taking form (Appendix C). Thereafter participants were asked to fill in the Vernon and Mior Neck Pain Disability Index (Appendix D) relating to the neck pain they experienced and to complete a Visual Analogue Scale to rate their neck pain (Appendix F). The CROM goniometer device was placed on the participant’s head to measure all cervical spine ranges of motion, to the limit of pain (Appendix G). All forty participants received treatment at a frequency of 90Hz with a 200μS pulse width with the electronic pads placed on the shoulders. NeuroTrac® MultiTENS device treatment was administered for forty minutes to the participants in a seated position. The treatment was administered by the researcher. Once the treatment ended, participants were asked to fill in an amended questionnaire (Appendix E) that assessed if they noticed a change in the neck pain they were experiencing, to complete the Visual Analogue Scale (Appendix F) and their vital signs were again recorded on a case taking form (Appendix C). The CROM goniometer device was again placed on the participant’s head to measure all cervical spine ranges of motion to assess if there was a change in the readings recorded (Appendix G). The data obtained was statistically analysed by the researcher with the aid of a statistician at Statkon. The Shapiro-Wilk test and the Wilcoxon Signed-Rank test (non-parametric test) were used (Van Staden, 2014) ...

INTRODUÇÂO: Fibromialgia é caracterizada como síndrome, a qual inclui dor muscular, fadiga e distúrbio do sono. Ansiedade e depressão estão freqüentemente associados, porém a causa é desconhecida. A intensidade da dor piora ao se deitar, durante a noite e no despertar. Normalmente a dor se difunde na região lombar e cervical. A TENS é um método não medicamentoso, estabelecido para controle da dor, o qual minimiza o consumo de analgésicos. OBJETIVOS: Este estudo visou avaliar a utilização de dispositivos de TENS simultâneos em pacientes portadores de Fibromialgia. MÉTODOS: Após aprovação do Comitê de Ètica em Pesquisa e consentimento, 39 pacientes portadores de Fibromialgia foram avaliados de forma prospectiva, aleatória e duplamente-encoberta. Avaliou-se a utilidade clínica de um novo, muito pequeno e leve dispositivo de a TENS (TANYX). Dois dispositivos de TENS, foram aplicados de forma simultânea em cada paciente: 1) na região lombar (perpendicular à coluna sobre L5), e 2) na região cervical (perpendicular à coluna, entre C7 e T1), durante 20-min, a cada 12 horas, durante 7 dias consecutivos (antes de se deitar, à noite, e antes de se levantar, pela manhã). Os pacientes foram divididos em 3 grupos (n=13). O grupo placebo (GP) utilizou adesivos que não transmitiam estímulo elétrico, semelhantes aos originais. O grupo de únicoTENS (TENS-1) (n=13), utilizou um adesivo de TENS ativo na área mais dolorida (cervical ou lombar) e placebo na área menos doloroa. O terceiro grupo (TENS-2) utilizou dois adesivos ativos de TENS nas áreas cervical e lombar, simultaneamente. Para controlar a dor, diclofenaco (50mg) foi utilizado como analgésico de resgate, até três vezes ao dia. Foram avaliados a intensidade da dor através da escala numérica visual (ENV 0-10 cm), consumo de analgésicos de resgate, qualidade do sono e fadiga. RESULTADOS: Os pacientes foram demograficamente semelhantes. 36 pacientes completaram o estudo. Três pacientes do grupo placebo desistiram no 4o dia de ausência de alívio da dor. A avaliação entre cada grupo antes e após o tratamento revelou que pacientes do grupo placebo não apresentaram alívio da dor (ENV 8 cm, p>0,05), da fatiga, ou melhora do padrão de sono, enquanto o grupo TENS-1 apresentou diminuição de 2,5 cm na ENV para dor (ENV anterior 8,5 cm e após 6 cm) (p<0,05). Finalmente, o grupo TENS-2 referiu redução de 4 cm na intensidade da dor (ENV anterior ao tratamento 8,5 cm e 4,3 cm após tratamento) (p<0,02). O consumo de analgésicos diários foi menor para TENS-1 (p<0,05) e TENS-2 (p<0,02). A comparação entre os 3 grupos revelou que a analgesia, qualidade de sono e melhora da fadiga foi: grupo TENS-2 > TENS-1 > GP (p<0,05). Os participantes consideraram os aparelhos ativos úteis. Não foram observados efeitos adversos. CONCLUSÕES: enquanto a aplicação de um dispositivo de TENS na área dolorida, lombar ou cervical, amenizou a dor em pacientes portadores de fibromialgia, a fadiga e a qualidade do sono foram minimizadas apenas quando dois dispositivos foram utilizados, demonstrando que este novo dispositivo pode ser adjuvante para dor da fibromialgia. / BACKGROUND: Fibromyalgia is characterized by a range of symptoms that include muscle pain, fatigue and sleep disorders. Anxiety and depression are often also present, and the cause is unknown. Worst pain is normally felt during bedtime, at night and before waking up in the morning, and pain is normally widespread at the low back and cervical area. Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) is an established method for pain relief, which does not involve the use of medication and can be advantageous, as adjuvant, for pain control. OBJECTIVES: The purpose of the study was to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of the use of two simultaneously new TENS devices for Fibromyalgia pain. METHODS: The local Ethics Committee approved the study, and informed consent was obtained. This prospective, double-blind randomized study evaluated the clinical utility of a new, very small and light, high frequency TENS device (TANYX) in 39 patients suffering from Fibromyalgia. Two TENS device were applied simultaneously in each patient: 1) at the lower back (perpendicular to the vertebrae canal, at the level of the 5th lumbar vertebrae), and 2) centrally above and below the space between the C7 and T1 spinous processes, perpendicular to the spine. The two devices were applied during 20-min at 12-hour interval during 7 consecutive days (Before bed-time and just after waking up in the morning). Patients were randomly divided into three groups (n=13): For the placebo group (PG), the two devices did not transmitted electrical stimulus, although they were externally similar to the active ones. The single-TENS group (STG) had applied one active TENS device at the worst area of pain (low back or cervical), and the placebo device at the less painful area. The third group double-TENS group (DTG) applied both active TENS devices at the low back and cervical areas. Diclofenac (50 mg) up to three times daily was used as rescue analgesic if necessary for pain control. The efficacy measures were pain relief evaluated on a visual analogue scale (VAS 0-10 cm),, reduction in use of daily analgesic tablets, quality of sleep, and fatigue. MAIN RESULTS: Patients were demographically similar. 36 patients completed the study. Three patients from the PG give up the study on the fourth day for absence of any pain relief. The evaluation within groups revealed that patients from DPG refereed no pain relief when compared to their previous VAS pain score (8-cm, p>0.05), while patients from the STG refereed improvement of 2.5 cm in the pain VAS (previous 8.5 cm compared to 6-cm after treatment) (p<0.05); and the DPG refereed daily maintained reduction of 4 cm in the VAS-pain (previous 8.5-cm to 4.3-cm) (p<0.02). Concurrent daily consumption of analgesic tablets was reduced in both STG (p<0.05) and DTG (p<0.02). Comparison among groups revealed that analgesia, as well as quality of sleep and disposition was: DTG > STG > PG (p<0.05). Participants subjectively found the active device useful. No adverse effects were observed. CONCLUSIONS: while the application of one active TENS device at either the lower back or cervical area improved pain relief in patients suffering from Fibromyalgia pain, the pain and fatigue were further improved when two actives devices were simultaneously applied, reflecting this new device an useful adjuvant for Fibromyalgia pain.

INTRODUÇÂO: Fibromialgia é caracterizada como síndrome, a qual inclui dor muscular, fadiga e distúrbio do sono. Ansiedade e depressão estão freqüentemente associados, porém a causa é desconhecida. A intensidade da dor piora ao se deitar, durante a noite e no despertar. Normalmente a dor se difunde na região lombar e cervical. A TENS é um método não medicamentoso, estabelecido para controle da dor, o qual minimiza o consumo de analgésicos. OBJETIVOS: Este estudo visou avaliar a utilização de dispositivos de TENS simultâneos em pacientes portadores de Fibromialgia. MÉTODOS: Após aprovação do Comitê de Ètica em Pesquisa e consentimento, 39 pacientes portadores de Fibromialgia foram avaliados de forma prospectiva, aleatória e duplamente-encoberta. Avaliou-se a utilidade clínica de um novo, muito pequeno e leve dispositivo de a TENS (TANYX). Dois dispositivos de TENS, foram aplicados de forma simultânea em cada paciente: 1) na região lombar (perpendicular à coluna sobre L5), e 2) na região cervical (perpendicular à coluna, entre C7 e T1), durante 20-min, a cada 12 horas, durante 7 dias consecutivos (antes de se deitar, à noite, e antes de se levantar, pela manhã). Os pacientes foram divididos em 3 grupos (n=13). O grupo placebo (GP) utilizou adesivos que não transmitiam estímulo elétrico, semelhantes aos originais. O grupo de únicoTENS (TENS-1) (n=13), utilizou um adesivo de TENS ativo na área mais dolorida (cervical ou lombar) e placebo na área menos doloroa. O terceiro grupo (TENS-2) utilizou dois adesivos ativos de TENS nas áreas cervical e lombar, simultaneamente. Para controlar a dor, diclofenaco (50mg) foi utilizado como analgésico de resgate, até três vezes ao dia. Foram avaliados a intensidade da dor através da escala numérica visual (ENV 0-10 cm), consumo de analgésicos de resgate, qualidade do sono e fadiga. RESULTADOS: Os pacientes foram demograficamente semelhantes. 36 pacientes completaram o estudo. Três pacientes do grupo placebo desistiram no 4o dia de ausência de alívio da dor. A avaliação entre cada grupo antes e após o tratamento revelou que pacientes do grupo placebo não apresentaram alívio da dor (ENV 8 cm, p>0,05), da fatiga, ou melhora do padrão de sono, enquanto o grupo TENS-1 apresentou diminuição de 2,5 cm na ENV para dor (ENV anterior 8,5 cm e após 6 cm) (p<0,05). Finalmente, o grupo TENS-2 referiu redução de 4 cm na intensidade da dor (ENV anterior ao tratamento 8,5 cm e 4,3 cm após tratamento) (p<0,02). O consumo de analgésicos diários foi menor para TENS-1 (p<0,05) e TENS-2 (p<0,02). A comparação entre os 3 grupos revelou que a analgesia, qualidade de sono e melhora da fadiga foi: grupo TENS-2 > TENS-1 > GP (p<0,05). Os participantes consideraram os aparelhos ativos úteis. Não foram observados efeitos adversos. CONCLUSÕES: enquanto a aplicação de um dispositivo de TENS na área dolorida, lombar ou cervical, amenizou a dor em pacientes portadores de fibromialgia, a fadiga e a qualidade do sono foram minimizadas apenas quando dois dispositivos foram utilizados, demonstrando que este novo dispositivo pode ser adjuvante para dor da fibromialgia. / BACKGROUND: Fibromyalgia is characterized by a range of symptoms that include muscle pain, fatigue and sleep disorders. Anxiety and depression are often also present, and the cause is unknown. Worst pain is normally felt during bedtime, at night and before waking up in the morning, and pain is normally widespread at the low back and cervical area. Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) is an established method for pain relief, which does not involve the use of medication and can be advantageous, as adjuvant, for pain control. OBJECTIVES: The purpose of the study was to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of the use of two simultaneously new TENS devices for Fibromyalgia pain. METHODS: The local Ethics Committee approved the study, and informed consent was obtained. This prospective, double-blind randomized study evaluated the clinical utility of a new, very small and light, high frequency TENS device (TANYX) in 39 patients suffering from Fibromyalgia. Two TENS device were applied simultaneously in each patient: 1) at the lower back (perpendicular to the vertebrae canal, at the level of the 5th lumbar vertebrae), and 2) centrally above and below the space between the C7 and T1 spinous processes, perpendicular to the spine. The two devices were applied during 20-min at 12-hour interval during 7 consecutive days (Before bed-time and just after waking up in the morning). Patients were randomly divided into three groups (n=13): For the placebo group (PG), the two devices did not transmitted electrical stimulus, although they were externally similar to the active ones. The single-TENS group (STG) had applied one active TENS device at the worst area of pain (low back or cervical), and the placebo device at the less painful area. The third group double-TENS group (DTG) applied both active TENS devices at the low back and cervical areas. Diclofenac (50 mg) up to three times daily was used as rescue analgesic if necessary for pain control. The efficacy measures were pain relief evaluated on a visual analogue scale (VAS 0-10 cm),, reduction in use of daily analgesic tablets, quality of sleep, and fatigue. MAIN RESULTS: Patients were demographically similar. 36 patients completed the study. Three patients from the PG give up the study on the fourth day for absence of any pain relief. The evaluation within groups revealed that patients from DPG refereed no pain relief when compared to their previous VAS pain score (8-cm, p>0.05), while patients from the STG refereed improvement of 2.5 cm in the pain VAS (previous 8.5 cm compared to 6-cm after treatment) (p<0.05); and the DPG refereed daily maintained reduction of 4 cm in the VAS-pain (previous 8.5-cm to 4.3-cm) (p<0.02). Concurrent daily consumption of analgesic tablets was reduced in both STG (p<0.05) and DTG (p<0.02). Comparison among groups revealed that analgesia, as well as quality of sleep and disposition was: DTG > STG > PG (p<0.05). Participants subjectively found the active device useful. No adverse effects were observed. CONCLUSIONS: while the application of one active TENS device at either the lower back or cervical area improved pain relief in patients suffering from Fibromyalgia pain, the pain and fatigue were further improved when two actives devices were simultaneously applied, reflecting this new device an useful adjuvant for Fibromyalgia pain.

Adherence is a complex concept, with multiple definitions, over 200 possible predictors, and inconsistent measurement. This has had a detrimental impact on producing interventions to promote treatment adherence. Promoting and maintaining treatment adherence can decrease the likelihood of poor health outcomes and decrease healthcare costs for patients. This study created a conceptual model that was utilized in a secondary analysis to determine if patient factors (Income, Depression, Perceived Threat of Illness Severity, Social Support, and Treatment Beliefs) in the model predict adherence to Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation (TENS) when used for pain control post-Total Knee Replacement (TKR). The sample included 97 patients who were randomized to TENS treatment. A higher level of Perceived Threat of Illness Severity, measured with the Pain Catastrophizing Scale, was significantly related to a Moderate level of Adherence (60-79%) versus Non-Adherence (0-59%) (OR= .260, 95% CI= .073-.992, p= .037). The other patient factors of income, depression, social support and treatment beliefs did not significantly predict adherence. This finding is clinically important, as clinicians can assess how patients are interpreting or perceiving actual (or potential) threats of illness severity, then provide education and support to help patients adhere to treatment. The effect of Daily Pain [measured with an 11-point Numeric Rating Scale (0-10)] on Daily Adherence was also investigated in this study. Daily Pain and Daily Adherence did not show a significant association in this sample. This could be attributed to the fact that Daily Adherence was maintained consistently around 70% throughout the 2-week period.

Reflex inhibition of the quadriceps muscle group is a frequent and significant consequence of knee trauma, disease and surgical insult. The resultant quadriceps atrophy can be expected to delay rehabilitation and render the joint vulnerable to repeated injury resulting in capsular and synovial thickening, effusion and pain. A major purpose of this study was to examine the degree of quadriceps inhibition experienced by patients who undergo arthroscopic menisectomy. A secondary goal of this study was to investigate the efficacy of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation on the relief of reflex inhibition. Tests were performed on 12 patients prior to, and on day 1 and day 2 post surgery. True and placebo treatments of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation were administered on day 1 and day 2 post surgery. Measurements were made on the injured and normal limb with the knee fixed at 38G of flexion. Motor unit activation was determined by the twitch interpolation technique. Reduced motor unit activation was considered indicative of quadriceps reflex inhibition. Testing demonstrated that at all times the injured leg was weaker than the normal leg (p=.OOl). Following surgery, strength of the injured limb was significantly less than its pre operative score (p=.Ol). No significant recovery of strength was observed during the first two days following surgery. Injured legs were characterized by significantly lower motor unit activation at all times of testing Cp=.003). Following surgery, motor unit activation for the injured leg was significantly lower than its pre operative value (p=.Ol). By day 2 post surgery, motor unit activation had recovered Cp=.05) and was similar to the pre operative values for that leg. Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation had no effect on strength or motor unit activation. Recovery following arthroscopic surgery is characterized by an initial loss of strength and motor unit activation. By day 2, isometric strength remains depressed, however motor unit activation returns to pre surgery levels. / Thesis / Master of Science (MSc)

O uso da Estimulação Elétrica Transcutânea do Nervo (TENS) vem sendo muito pesquisado em pós-operatórios, todavia os estudos não analisam se a TENS de baixa freqüência -- que estimula a liberação de opióides endógenos -- seria eficiente em promover analgesia preemptiva. Objetivo. Analisar se essa modalidade de TENS, aplicada antes de colecistectomias por laparotomia, poderia proporcionar analgesia preemptiva. Casuística e método. A pesquisa -- clínica, controlada, randomizada e duplamente encoberta -- foi realizada no Hospital São Domingos Sávio, e teve uma amostra de 50 pacientes, todas do sexo feminino: grupo preemptivo (n = 25) e placebo (n = 25). As pacientes do primeiro grupo foram submetidas à aplicação da TENS de baixa freqüência antes da cirurgia: e as do grupo placebo, a uma falsa estimulação. Houve a padronização do cloridrato de bupivacaína (0,5%) como droga anestésica, associado ao fentanil (2 ml) para a realização das colecistectomias; e da medicação analgésica utilizada no pós-operatório: dipirona, prescrita de 6 em 6 horas, e diclofenaco de sódio, como medicação de resgate. A intensidade de dor pós-operatória foi mensurada pela Escala Numérica de Mensuração da Dor (END), em 8 momentos (2½, 3½, 4½, 5½, 7, 8 e 16 horas após a indução do bloqueio anestésico, além de uma última verificação no momento da alta hospitalar), e pelo Questionário de Dor McGill (MPQ), aplicado 16 horas após a indução do bloqueio anestésico. Outrossim, o grau de satisfação das pacientes com o tratamento foi mensurado pela Escala de Satisfação do Paciente (ESP). Os dados foram analisados por meio de testes estatísticos descritivos, Teste de Mann-Whitney, Teste-t de Student para amostras não-pareadas e qui-quadrado, sendo o nível de significância de 5%. Resultados. A intensidade de dor, mensurada pela END, foi significantemente menor no grupo preemptivo nas terceira e quarta coletas. Não houve diferença significante quanto aos índices obtidos pelo MPQ, e nem quanto à satisfação das pacientes, o consumo de drogas analgésicas no pós-operatório e o tempo para o primeiro requerimento de diclofenaco de sódio. Conclusão. A TENS de baixa freqüência proporcionou analgesia preemptiva após colecistectomia por laparotomia. / Introduction. Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation (TENS) has been searched in the postoperative period, however these studies don\'t analyze whether low frequency TENS -- that stimulates the release of endogenous opioids -- could be efficient to provide preemptive analgesia. Objective. The aim of this study was to verify whether low frequency TENS, applied before open cholecystectomies, could provide it. Cases and method. It was a controlled, randomized and double-blinded trial, carried out at the Hospital São Domingos Sávio (Aracaju city, Brazil), and had a sample of 50 patients: preemptive group (n = 25) and placebo (n = 25). The patients from the first group were submitted to the application of TENS before the surgery; and the placebo group to a false stimulation. There was the standardization of the bupivacaine (0,5 %) as anesthetic drug plus fentanyl (2 ml) for the accomplishment of the cholecystectomies; and of the analgesic medication used in the postoperative period: dipyrone, prescribed for every 6 hours, and diclofenac, only if the patients complained about pain. Pain intensity was measured by the Numerical Rating Scale (NRS), in 8 moments (2½, 3½, 4½, 5½, 7, 8 e 16 hours after inducing the anesthesia besides one last verification at the hospital discharge), and by the Brazilian version of the McGill Pain Questionnaire (Br-MPQ), applied 16 hours after inducing the anesthesia. Patient satisfaction level in relation to the treatment was measured by the Patient Satisfaction Scale (PSS). The data were analyzed by Mann-Whitney Test, unpaired t-test and qui-square, being significant, those data with p < 0,05. Results. Pain intensity, measured by the NRS, was lower in the preemptive group in the third and fourth verifications. There was no difference neither in relation to the indexes obtained with the Br-MPQ, nor the PSS, consume of analgesics in the postoperative and time for the first request of diclofenac. Conclusion. Low frequency TENS provided preemptive analgesia after open cholecystectomy.

A estimulação elétrica nervosa transcutânea ou TENS (como é conhecida pela abreviação do inglês: Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation), é uma valiosa técnica clínica não invasiva, onde estímulos elétricos são aplicados na superfície da pele, para promover o alívio sintomático da dor de diversas origens. Os mecanismos de ação e os parâmetros utilizados com essa técnica vem sendo pesquisados na tentativa de se obter os melhores resultados possíveis. A polêmica sobre o assunto atingiu proporções dignas de uma revisão sistemática, com abordagem das teorias envolvidas na modulação da dor pela TENS, evidências clínicas e fisiológicas mais discutidas. As pesquisas atuais sugerem que a TENS pode produzir analgesia por diferentes mecanismos, sendo que as evidências revelam a preferência de parâmetros preferenciais individuais como determinante para o sucesso no tratamento da dor. / Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation or TENS is a valuable clinical technique no invasive, where electrical stimulus are applied on the skin surface to foment the symptomatic relief of pain from several origins. The action mechanisms and the parameters used with this technique are being researched on attempt to obtain the best results as possible. The polemics about the subject reached proportions deserved for a systematical review, with approaches of theories involved on pain modulation by TENS, clinical evidences and physiological more discussed the current surveys suggest that TENS may produce analgesia for different mechanisms, being that evidences reveal the preference of individual parameters as determinant for success on treatment of pain.