MRDV / Institute for Rural Development / In the year 2002, the Zimbabwean government adopted a Rural Electrification Programme (REP) as a developmental strategy designed to improve villagers’ lives. Despite the government’s noble initiative to improve rural areas’ access to electricity, not much is known about the REP’s socio-economic benefits to grassroots communities in the country. Thus, a study was carried out to determine the REP’s socio-economic benefits accruing to villagers in Insiza South District located in Matabeleland South Province of Zimbabwe. Appreciative inquiry was undertaken following a mixed method approach. Data were collected through two sequentially integrated phases. Multistage sampling was applied to select respondents from 15 villages within three administrative wards 5, 7 and 12 of Insiza South District. Out of the 110 respondents who participated in the study, the eight key informants who participated in the first phase were drawn from the institutions that coordinated the REP. One hundred and two residents participated in phase two of data collection carried out through application of focus group discussions (FGDs). Thematic content analysis was used to analyse qualitative data collected in phase 1 of the study. Quantitative data was analysed using the International Business Machines, Statistical Product and Service Solution (IBM, SPSS) version 24 for Windows. More than 68 % of the respondents perceived basic uses (lighting, cooking, and for educational purposes) of electricity as the benefits accruing from the REP. Sixty six percent of respondents viewed modern uses (heating, cooling and air conditioning) of electricity as the benefits accruing from the programme. A much smaller proportion (31 %) of villagers singled out the benefits of electrification to be productive uses such as boiler making, manufacturing and mechanised farming. There were highly significant differences in perception among residents of the wards with respect to basic (P < 0.001) and modern (P < 0.01) uses. However, there were no differences in perception among male and female members of the three wards (P < 0.05). The collective community benefits included improved access to information, enhanced retention and attraction of teachers in rural areas, introduction of computer studies in schools and initiation of entrepreneurial projects such as welding and milling. Residents also benefitted indirectly from the REP through local electrified service centres. It was revealed that almost 91 % the local villagers were still using firewood while about 59 % of the villagers who could afford it had access to solar power. The study highlighted the need for a platform to deliberate on challenges relating to RE and its contribution to economy. The findings are crucial for rural development, policy reviews and academic research.

本文討論日治時期電力事業和工業化之關係，先將電力事業視為工業之一環，分析官營和民營電力事業，說明電力整備之動力源的環境。繼之，討論工業和動力源、電力事業與工業發展之關係。本文認為日治時期的電力事業是台灣工業化的推手，其影響及於戰後。 / Electrification in Taiwan colony Period is the motivity of Taiwan's Industrilization.

This dissertation is a program evaluation of the Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) the largest publicly owned utility in the United States. The first essay in this dissertation examines the TVA's use of eminent domain in order to acquire property for the construction of reservoirs. It develops a new model of asymmetric information and then tests the model predictions using property level data from TVA property purchases in the 1930's.The second essay of this dissertation examines the unintended consequences of reservoir development my examining changes in the malaria rate associated with TVA reservoirs. Using panel data methods, I find that the presence of a TVA reservoir leads to large increases in the malaria mortality and morbidity rate, which cost up to 30 percent of TVA federal appropriations. The final essay in this dissertation examines the impact of TVA electrification programs on economic growth. It combines archival and panel data methods to show that contrary to the historical account, TVA electric rates did not differ substantially from the rates charged by private utilities, and secondly, shows that counties that had electricity contracts with the TVA did not have differential economic growth rates for a variety of economic outcomes. In order to control for selection into contracts, I adopt an instrumental variables strategy based on the cost of electric service.

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Entender uma faceta do desenvolvimento do setor ferroviário, essa é a proposta geral desse trabalho. A tese que guiou essa pesquisa, é que a eletrificação ferroviária era encarada por parte da engenharia ferroviária nacional como uma modernização do setor ferroviário, fundamental para garantir a sua viabilidade. A hipótese central é que essas propostas eram parte de uma ideologia sobre o que seria moderno e progressista e que estaria relacionada tanto com o contexto econômico da crise ferroviária, quanto com a posição histórica do capitalismo brasileiro, de via colonial. Para cumprir com esses objetivos, focou-se a análise nas publicações técnicas de engenheiros que tratavam da adoção da tração elétrica nas ferrovias. Os marcos históricos da pesquisa começam no ano de 1922, com a inauguração da eletrificação do primeiro trecho da CPEF, estende-se até a década de 1950, quando o modal rodoviário se torna hegemônico. Em síntese: (i) analisou-se o papel central ocupado pelas ferrovias no complexo agroexportador brasileiro, (ii) a crise ferroviária causada pelas contradições do próprio complexo agroexportador e, por fim, (iii) as propostas de eletrificação como uma modernização capaz de sanar essa crise, além de ser um fator de desenvolvimento econômico nacional. / Understanding a facet of the development of the rail sector, this is the general proposal of this work. The thesis that guided this research is that railway electrification was viewed by national railway engineering as a modernization of the railway sector, fundamental to ensuring its viability. The central hypothesis is that these proposals were part of an ideology about what would be modern and progressive and which would be related both to the economic context of the railway crisis and to the historical position of Brazilian capitalism. To meet these objectives, the focus was on the technical publications of engineers dealing with the adoption of electric traction on railroads. The historical milestones of the research began in the year 1922, with the inauguration of the electrification of the first stretch of the CPEF, extending until the 1950s, when the road modal became hegemonic. In summary: (i) the central role of railroads in the Brazilian agro-export complex was analyzed; (ii) the rail crisis caused by the contradictions of the agro-export complex itself; and (iii) the electrification proposals as a modernization capable of remedy this crisis, besides being a factor of national economic development.

<p>Ever-increasing need for freight transportation and mounting environmental concerns call for a cleaner and more efficient energy source. Hybrid electric vehicles have shown potential to reduce both petroleum usage as well as harmful emissions. In this thesis, a newly developed series hybrid electric powertrain by a small start-up company is studied on a route between Florence, Kentucky and Cambridge, Ohio hubs to evaluate potential fuel savings due to hybridization.</p> <p> </p> <p>An experimental testing protocol to calculate fuel economy has been developed and the real-world fuel economy of this hybrid electric powertrain is calculated. A vehicle simulation model representing the experimental powertrain is created in Autonomie and this vehicle model is simulated on three distinct drive cycles obtained from experimental testing phase. These results are compared with a conventional class 8 truck to evaluate fuel savings. The simulation analysis indicates that fuel economy of hybrid is better on only one of the three drive cycles under consideration. Further, it is determined that the existing powertrain does not meet the gradeability criterion. To remedy this, a series electric hybrid powertrain with different compo-</p> <p>nent sizes is then modeled and simulated on the same drive cycles. The modified powertrain is found to result in fuel economy improvement on all three drive cycles considered while also meeting the gradeability requirement. The effect of drive cycle on fuel economy of a hybrid powertrain is also studied in this thesis.</p><br>

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Climate change and air pollution pose serious consequences including longer heat waves and sea level rise. California is taking several initiatives to address these problems, calling for an 80% reduction in greenhouse gas emissions by 2050 from 1990 levels. The transportation sector in California has relied heavily on fossil fuels, significantly contributing to the emissions of greenhouse gas emissions. As a result, one of the main technologies the state has been motivating to combat this is the implementation of battery electric vehicles. These vehicles have not started gaining popularity until recently and there are still several market barriers that slow down electric vehicle adoption, such as availability of charging ports. Several other aspects need to be considered, such as the effects on grid demand and supply, as California expects to see a large- scale implementation of electric vehicles. This paper aims to provide information on California's long-term transportation electrification goals and analyze how the state is progressing towards their stated goals, given current electric vehicle market trends, charging availability, and electric demand and supply capacity.

Because transportation in the San Francisco Bay Area is increasingly dependent on electricity, factors such as limited electricity storage capacity and nontransferability of batteries between vehicles need to be considered by emergency response planners (ERPs). The purpose of this study was to investigate planning for providing the power to provide emergency transportation for hospital staff/administration and those injured after earthquakes. The research questions of transportation need of emergency staff and patients after an earthquake and differences between Bay Area cities and counties in considering transportation needs were addressed in this qualitative study utilizing a collective case study to assess electric vehicle use as articulated in 48 public emergency management and health agency documents that discussed post-disaster transportation planning. Norris, Stevens, Pfefferbaum, Wyche, and Pfefferbaum's community resilience theory served as the theoretical lens for analyzing the impacts of electric transportation on hospitals. Some ERPs included transportation fuel in their documents, whereas ERPs specifically focused on transportation did not. The review, coding, and analysis yielded 2 primary themes: fuel for emergency planning is focused primarily on fuel for generators, with few documents discussing fuel for transportation; many documents lack currency with 28 updated before 2015 or not having an identifiable date. Community resilience from disruption is likely to lead to a state of vulnerability as well as a disconnection between community resilience theory and ERP planning. The implication for positive social change is to help Bay Area ERPs understand how to increase community resilience by including adaptation to changes in transportation fuel sources in their plans.

One of the greatest technological breakthroughs of humanity was the ability to construct a device and eventually a system which would provide a more efficient, safe, clean, convenient and relatively inexpensive form of illumination than ever used previously electric light. The introduction of this new technology into Oregon communities in the early years of this century was a remarkable accomplishment. Along with memories of the light itself, important and intriguing recollections of "life lived yesterday" are often associated with these early days of electric lighting. Because these "yesterdays" are becoming more distant from the present, persons holding those memories are reaching ages where such information becomes difficult to recall, vague, distorted and often forgotten altogether. In this study, memories of how electric light affected people were recalled differently in some aspect by informants, whether it was used for the purpose of lighting streets and buildings or on personal properties within the home and on farms. Published information describing the effects of electric lighting on society is relatively scarce. Consequently, persons with important previous experiences are in many instances the only source of insight on how our predecessors lived before electric light was in use and especially how this technological breakthrough may or may not have affected their lives. Those published descriptions of pre-electric life that do exist are most commonly found in obscure publications, often originating in small or private electric company newsletters and annual reports. Very few of these reports were compiled in a systematic scheme later to be interpreted quantitatively and in light of previous research. My own interest in this subject was piqued when I realized that both oral histories and technical data on how electricity affected individuals of the Pacific Northwest region is profoundly poor in comparison to material available on other parts of the country. With this understanding, 32 individuals representing a span of 30 years, five states and 15 different communities throughout Oregon, were interviewed over the course of four months. The informants were asked questions pertaining to their lifestyle and memories before, during and after the introduction of electricity, and more specifically about the advent of electric light into their communities and homes. Because the study utilized a minuscule sample size in comparison to the state population, generalizations were not appropriate. Nevertheless, the oral histories provided a greater insight into how the introduction of electric light and electric power affected the life of an Oregonian. / Graduation date: 1994