Le lien entre la structure semi-cristalline et les propriétés d’usage (mécaniques, diélectriques et électro-actives) de films de copolymères fluorés électro-actifs développés pour des applications en électronique organique imprimée a été étudié. Les matériaux investigués sont des copolymères poly(VDF-co-TrFE) et des terpolymères poly(VDF-ter-TrFE-ter-CTFE) à base de fluorure de vinylidène (VDF), trifluoroéthylène (TrFE) et chlorotrifluoroéthylène (CTFE).Les films de polymères obtenus par évaporation du solvant sont étudiés par diffraction des rayons X (SAXS-WAXS), DSC, FTIR, DMA, spectroscopie diélectrique et cycles de polarisation afin de mettre en évidence l’impact de la composition et de la mise en forme (recuit, polarisation) sur la structure et les propriétés finales du matériau. Nous montrons ainsi qu’au sein des films de copolymères, la phase ferroélectrique (FE) coexiste avec une phase ferroélectrique défective (DFE). La fraction croissante de cette phase DFE avec la teneur en TrFE permet d’expliquer l’évolution des propriétés thermiques dont la transition de Curie. Une transition structurale continue, de la phase DFE vers la phase paraélectrique (PE), en température a été mise en évidence.La teneur en termonomère CTFE influence fortement la structure cristalline et les propriétés électro-actives des films de terpolymères (disparition du caractère ferroélectrique au profit du caractère ferroélectrique relaxeur (RFE)). Nous prouvons pour la première fois l’existence d’une transition structurale continue entre la phase RFE et la phase PE au voisinage de la température ambiante. Cette transition permet d’expliquer les propriétés exacerbées de ces matériaux (constante diélectrique et déformation sous champ électrique). Enfin, des analogies de comportement entre les copolymères et les terpolymères sont discutées, notamment l’évolution des phases cristallines sous champ électrique, afin de mieux comprendre le fonctionnement de ces polymères électro-actifs pour leur futur développement au niveau industriel. / The relationship between semi-crystalline structure and properties of use (mechanical, dielectric and electroactive) of fluorinated copolymer films was studied for applications in organic electronics. Investigated materials are poly(VDF-co-TrFE) copolymers and poly(VDF-ter-TrFE-ter-CTFE) terpolymers based on vinylidene fluoride (TrFE), trifluoroethylene (TrFE) and chlorotrifluoroethylene (CTFE). Polymer films, obtained after solvent evaporation, are studied by X-ray diffraction (SAXS-WAXS), DSC, FTIR, DMA, dielectric spectroscopy and polarization cycles in order to highlight the impact of composition and processing (annealing, poling) on structure and final properties of material. We showed that the ferroelectric (FE) phase coexists with the defective ferroelectric (DFE) phase in copolymer films. The increasing fraction of DFE phase with TrFE content allows explaining the evolution of thermal properties. A continuous structural transition, from DFE phase to paraelectric (PE) phase was highlighted. The CTFE termonomer content highly influences the crystalline structure and the electro-actives properties of terpolymer films (loss of ferroelectric behavior in favor of relaxor ferroelectric (RFE) behavior).We proved for the first time the existence of a continuous structural transition between RFE phase and PE phase around room temperature. This transition allows explaining exacerbated properties of these materials (dielectric constant and deformation under electric field).Finally, analogies of behavior between copolymers and terpolymers are discussed, especially the evolution of crystalline phases under electric field, in order to better understand how these electro-active materials work for their future development at industrial level.

Redox activation in Medical Chemistry is very important. Electrochemical studies provide termodynamic and kinetic parameters of bioactive compounds, under different conditions that may be related to their biological activity in living cells. Quinones are considered privileged scaffolds in medicinal chemistry due to their structural properties and biological activities against pathogenic protozoa and many cancer cells lines. The present thesis focused in the investigation of more than 40 hybrid quinones and their precursors, with different substitutions organized in classes according to the quinone structure and substitution pattern. Electrochemical, fluorimetric and spectrophotometric techniques, computational studies and biological assays were performed. Electrochemical techniques have been used extensively to provide insights into the modes of action of drugs. Although quinones reduction studies reveal a complex mechanism strongly dependent on the reaction media, these compounds displayed a typical electrochemical behavior in aprotic media (DMF/TBAP or TBAPF6). The dsDNA biosensor and ssDNA experiments were used to analyse the positive and direct interaction of some quinones with DNA and oxygen studies showed the formed radical anions interact with oxygen. Additionally, biological assays and computational studies were performed, in order to try understanding the molecular mechanism of biological action of these compounds and to make correlations structure/electroactivity/biological activity. Among biological assays, the protecting effect of some quinones against lipid peroxidation and activity on biofilm-producing bactéria were performed. From biological data in different câncer cell lines and/or trypomastigote forms of Trypanosoma cruzi, comparison with electrochemical parameters, obtained in aprotic medium, was held, with a positive trend: there is an ideal range for reduction activation of the quinones. If the quinones are very easily reduced, they turn less active, as well as when they are reduced too negatively (more negative potentials), their biological activity is lost. These results and the positive correlations can inspire the design of the next- generation of bioactive quinones, in terms of increased selectivity and efficiency against several diseases, mainly those biochemically connected to oxidative stress and biological alkylation. / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / A ativação redox em Química Medicinal tem importância fundamental. Estudos eletroquímicos são os mais apropriados para análises nessa área e fornecem parâmetros termodinâmicos e cinéticos de compostos bioativos, em diferentes condições, que podem ser correlacionados com a atividade biológica real. As quinonas são consideradas moléculas com estrutura privilegiada devido a suas propriedades estruturais e atividades biologicamente frente a protozoários e muitas linhas de células cancerígenas. O presente trabalho realizou a investigação de mais de 40 quinonas híbridas e seus precursores, com diferentes substituições, destacando-se as calcogenoquinonas (Classe 2), as triazólicas (classes 1, 3, 4,7), derivados azaantraquinônicos (classe 6), anilínicos e miscelâneas. Foram utilizadas técnicas eletroquímicas, fluorimétricas, espectrofotométricas, computacionais, juntamente com alguns ensaios biológicos. Em termos eletroquímicos, fez-se o estudo ciclovoltamétrico em meio aprótico (DMF/ TBAPF6 ou DMF/ TBAP), de processos de redução e oxidação, em ausência e presença de oxigênio. Em meio prótico tamponado, utilizou-se o biossensor de DNA, para análise de uma possível interação quinona/DNA, tanto na sua forma original, como a partir de seus produtos de redução, além de estudos de fluorescência. Análises computacionais foram efetuadas para auxiliar na definição de mecanismos eletródicos e para estudos de correlação estrutura/ atividade. Entre os ensaios biológicos, investigou-se o potencial protetor de algumas quinonas frente à peroxidação lipídica e sua atividade em relação a bactérias formadoras de biofilmes. A partir de dados biológicos em linhagens de células cancerígenas e/ou formas tripomastigotas de Trypanosoma cruzi, foram feitas comparações com parâmetros eletroquímicos, obtidos em meio aprótico, com tendência positiva: existe uma faixa ideal para a bioativação por redução das quinonas. Se as quinonas são muito facilmente reduzidas, elas perdem atividade, por redução antecipada fora do sítio de ação; por outro lado, se elas são reduzidas em potencial muito negativo, tornam-se também menos ativas. Estes resultados e as correlações positivas encontradas são úteis no planejamento de novos conjuntos de quinonas sintéticas mais seletivas e eficientes em relação a uma série de doenças, principalmente aquelas de base bioquímica ligada ao estresse oxidativo e alquilação biológica.