La machine asynchrone est à ce jour la référence dans les moteurs de traction ferroviaire. De nombreuses contraintes dictées par des normes notamment au niveau du bruit acoustique poussent l’industrie à développer des moteurs plus silencieux. Le vrillage connu pour réduire les ondulations de couple semble apporter également une réelle solution afin de diminuer les vibrations et le bruit émis par la machine. C’est dans ce contexte que ce projet en collaboration avec Alstom-Transport situé à Ornans et le soutien de MEDEE (pôle régional sur la maitrise énergétique) est réalisé. Cette thèse se focalise plus particulièrement sur le calcul des forces électromagnétiques dans l’entrefer à l’origine des vibrations, du bruit et du couple. Des modèles analytiques et à éléments finis estimant les forces électromagnétiques et intégrant le vrillage sont présentés et confrontés à des mesures expérimentales de vibration, de bruit et de couple. Les modèles utilisés sont valables pour les machines asynchrones à cage d’écureuil mais sont facilement adaptables pour les machines synchrones. Ils permettent de comprendre l’origine des forces électromagnétiques responsables du bruit et de trouver des configurations de machines moins bruyantes en jouant sur divers paramètres tels que : le vrillage, mais aussi le nombre de paires de pôles, le nombre d’encoches au stator et au rotor, la forme des encoches, la distribution du bobinage, etc. / The induction machine is the reference in railway traction motors. Numerous constraints dictated by standards, particularly regarding acoustic noise, are driving the industry to develop quieter engines. The skewing known to reduce torque ripples seems to also provide a real solution to reduce vibration and noise emitted by the machine. In this context, the project is realized in collaboration with Alstom-Transport located in Ornans with the support of MEDEE (regional pole on energy control). This thesis focuses on the calculation of magnetic forces in the air gap which originate vibration, noise and torque. Analytical and finite element models, which estimate electromagnetic forces and integrate skewing, are presented and compared with experimental measurements of vibration, noise and torque. The models used are valid for the squirrel-cage induction machines but are easily adaptable for synchronous machines. This allows one to understand the origin of the electromagnetic forces responsible for the noise, and to find configurations of less noisy machines. Various parameters such as skewing can be modified to reach this goal, as well as the number of pole pairs, the stator and rotor teeth number, the slot shape, the winding distribution, and so on.

No description available.

This thesis is part of a major research project to analyse vibro-acoustic characteristics from variable speed inverter driven induction motors (VSIDIM). The overall projects??? aimed at providing a better understanding of the mechanisms of sound generation from electromagnetic origins and developing a numerical model to predict the sound power emitted from a VSIDIM. The scope of this thesis is to assess experimentally the effect of various controller strategies on the radiated sound power and to develop a finite element method for calculating the electromagnetic force distribution over the stator. Various sources of noise in induction motors and their behaviour with speed and load have been reviewed. Models of the electromagnetic field and vibro-acoustic character have been discussed. An outline of various techniques of reducing noise in induction motors through design of inverters and modifications to the motor structure has been given. Experiments were conducted to assess the effect of controller strategies on the radiated sound power. Three different supplies were tested: a dynamotor which produces an almost sinusoidal supply with very low harmonic content, an inverter with a low switching frequency (less than 1kHz) and an inverter with a high switching frequency (8kHz) and various levels of random modulation. Results indicate that the sound power level of the MSC drive is a lot higher than that of the VSC 2000 drive and the dynamotor drive. The sound power level of the VSC 2000 drive and the dynamotor drive increases almost linearly with motor speed, that for the MSC drive is almost independent of speed. The sound power level of the MSC drive is almost 28dB higher than that of the dynamotor drive at 450rpm and the difference is reduced to 14dB at 1500rpm where the aerodynamic noise becomes more dominant. It has been found that at the rated speed (1500rpm), the sound power level varies by less than 3dB from no load to full load for all three sources. Although increasing the switching frequency increases the cost of the inverters and switching losses, results from the MSC and VSC 2000 drives clearly show that it reduces the radiated sound power by shifting the harmonics into higher and inaudible frequency range. The tonal nature around the switching frequency has been reduced by increasing the levels of random modulation to spread the energy over a wider range of frequencies, although the sound power level has not varied by more than 0.2dB. A finite element model has been developed to calculate the electromagnetic force distribution. The quasi-static solution method has been implemented by stepping the rotor through the time domain using a fine regular mesh in the air gap. The stator currents were experimentally obtained while the rotor currents were obtained using a 4 parameter state space model of the motor. Results of the simulation indicate the influence of stator and rotor slots, saturation and time harmonics in the current. The calculated electromagnetic force distribution has been used in a FEM/BEM acoustic model and SEA acoustic model to predict the radiated sound power which agrees reasonably well with the measured sound, thus validating indirectly the electromagnetic force simulations.

This thesis is part of a major research project to analyse vibro-acoustic characteristics from variable speed inverter driven induction motors (VSIDIM). The overall projects??? aimed at providing a better understanding of the mechanisms of sound generation from electromagnetic origins and developing a numerical model to predict the sound power emitted from a VSIDIM. The scope of this thesis is to assess experimentally the effect of various controller strategies on the radiated sound power and to develop a finite element method for calculating the electromagnetic force distribution over the stator. Various sources of noise in induction motors and their behaviour with speed and load have been reviewed. Models of the electromagnetic field and vibro-acoustic character have been discussed. An outline of various techniques of reducing noise in induction motors through design of inverters and modifications to the motor structure has been given. Experiments were conducted to assess the effect of controller strategies on the radiated sound power. Three different supplies were tested: a dynamotor which produces an almost sinusoidal supply with very low harmonic content, an inverter with a low switching frequency (less than 1kHz) and an inverter with a high switching frequency (8kHz) and various levels of random modulation. Results indicate that the sound power level of the MSC drive is a lot higher than that of the VSC 2000 drive and the dynamotor drive. The sound power level of the VSC 2000 drive and the dynamotor drive increases almost linearly with motor speed, that for the MSC drive is almost independent of speed. The sound power level of the MSC drive is almost 28dB higher than that of the dynamotor drive at 450rpm and the difference is reduced to 14dB at 1500rpm where the aerodynamic noise becomes more dominant. It has been found that at the rated speed (1500rpm), the sound power level varies by less than 3dB from no load to full load for all three sources. Although increasing the switching frequency increases the cost of the inverters and switching losses, results from the MSC and VSC 2000 drives clearly show that it reduces the radiated sound power by shifting the harmonics into higher and inaudible frequency range. The tonal nature around the switching frequency has been reduced by increasing the levels of random modulation to spread the energy over a wider range of frequencies, although the sound power level has not varied by more than 0.2dB. A finite element model has been developed to calculate the electromagnetic force distribution. The quasi-static solution method has been implemented by stepping the rotor through the time domain using a fine regular mesh in the air gap. The stator currents were experimentally obtained while the rotor currents were obtained using a 4 parameter state space model of the motor. Results of the simulation indicate the influence of stator and rotor slots, saturation and time harmonics in the current. The calculated electromagnetic force distribution has been used in a FEM/BEM acoustic model and SEA acoustic model to predict the radiated sound power which agrees reasonably well with the measured sound, thus validating indirectly the electromagnetic force simulations.

Welding is used extensively in aerospace, automotive, chemical, manufacturing, electronic and power-generation industries. Thermally-induced residual stresses due to welding can significantly impair the performance and reliability of welded structures. Numerical simulation of weld pool dynamics is important as experimental measurements of velocities and temperature profiles are difficult due to the small size of the weld pool and the presence of the arc. From a structural integrity perspective of welded structures, it is necessary to have an accurate spatial and temporal thermal distribution in the welded structure before stress analysis is performed. Existing research on weld pool dynamics simulation has ignored the effect of fluid flow in the weld pool on the temperature field of the welded joint. Previous research has established that the weld pool depth/width (D/W) ratio and Heat Affected Zone (HAZ) are significantly altered by the weld pool dynamics. Hence, for a more accurate estimation of the thermally-induced stresses it is desired to incorporate the weld pool dynamics into the analysis. Moreover, the effects of microstructure evolution in the HAZ on the mechanical behavior of the structure need to be included in the analysis for better mechanical response prediction. In this study, a three-dimensional model for the thermo-mechanical analysis of Gas Tungsten Arc (GTA) welding of thin stainless steel butt-joint plates has been developed. The model incorporates the effects of thermal energy redistribution through weld pool dynamics into the structural behavior calculations. Through material modeling the effects of microstructure change/phase transformation are indirectly included in the model. The developed weld pool dynamics model includes the effects of current, arc length, and electrode angle on the heat flux and current density distributions. All the major weld pool driving forces are included, namely surface tension gradient, plasma drag force, electromagnetic force, and buoyancy. The weld D/W predictions are validated with experimental results. They agree well. The effects of welding parameters (like welding speed, current, arc length, etc.) on the weld D/W ratio are documented. The workpiece deformation and stress distributions are also highlighted. The transverse and longitudinal residual stress distribution plots across the weld bead and their variations with welding speed and current are also provided. The mathematical framework developed here serves as a robust tool for better prediction of weld D/W ratio and thermally-induced stress evolution and distribution in a welded structure by coupling the different fields in a welding process. / Ph. D.

Όταν ηλεκρομαγνητική (ΗΜ) ακτινοβολία, προερχόμενη από κάποια πηγή, προσπίπτει σε σύνολο από σωμάτια τότε λαμβάνουν χώρα δύο φαινόμενα. Πρώτον, ασκούνται δυνάμεις στα σωμάτια οι οποίες οφείλονται αποκλειστικά στην σκέδαση της ΗΜ ακτινοβολίας της πηγής από αυτά. Οι δυνάμεις αυτές ονομάζονται Optical Trapping Forces. Δεύτερον, τα ίδια τα σωμάτια σκεδάζοντας την ΗΜ ακτινοβολία της πηγής, λειτουργούν και αυτά ως πηγές ακτινοβολίας. Έτσι ασκούν δυνάμεις το ένα στο άλλο. Οι δυνάμεις αυτές ονομάζονται Optical Binding Forces. H παράλληλη δράση των δύο αυτών ειδών δυνάμεων έχει ως αποτέλεσμα την δημιουργία ευσταθών δομών από τα σωμάτια. Προκειμένου την θεωρητική πρόβλεψη των δομών που αναπτύσσονται, χρειαζόμαστε έναν ταχύτατο αλγόριθμο υπολογισμού των δυνάμεων. Ο πιο ταχύς αλγόριθμος θα είναι το αποτέλεσμα της εύρεσης ενός αναλυτικού τύπου υπολογισμού των δυνάμεων. Η κατασκευή και η παρουσίαση του αναλυτικού τύπου αυτού είναι και το περιεχόμενο της εργασίας που ακολουθεί. / When the electromagnetic radiation, originating from a source, meets an ensemble of particles, there are two phenomena which take place. First, there are forces acting on these particles due exclusively to the scattering of the electromagnetic radiation from the particles. These are the so-called “Optical Trapping Forces”. Second, particles themselves act as sources of radiation since they scatter the radiation, and they exert forces one to another. These are the so-called “Optical Binding Forces”. The coexistence of these two different forces results in the creation of stable structures where the particles are self-organized. To achieve the theoretical prediction of these structures, we need a very efficient algorithm to calculate the forces. The fastest possible and thus more efficient algorithm originates from the analytical formula of the forces. The construction and the solution of the forces analytical formula is the content of this research work.

Power transformers are quite costly and essential to provide reliable electrical power system operation. Besides their maintenance or substitution costs, transformer failures must be taken into account, since its will have a large impact on the utility financial health due to the temporary loss of power delivery capability. Concerning transformer failure statistics, investigations carried out in many utilities in the world reveal that the effect of electromechanical stress caused by short-circuit currents is a relevant cause of failure in such equipment and they cause onerous financial damage. Failures caused by mechanical stress due to external short-circuit and due to inrush currents are an important aspect to be considered. The excessive strength caused in transformer conductors/windings due to electromagnetic forces can reduce the transformer lifetime or even cause irreversible damages of them. Therefore, the investigation of the harmful effects caused by transient phenomena becomes imperative. With this in mind, this work aims at investigating the electromagnetic forces and mechanical stresses due to external short-circuit and inrush currents inside the transformer. The studies are carried out using a time domain transformer model based on magnetomotive forces and magnetic reluctances, which allows simulating the transformer transient and steady state behavior regarding the electric, magnetic and mechanical aspects. The methodology is applied in two transformer models operating under rated and short-circuit conditions. Due to the lack of mechanical stress experimental values, a comparative performance analysis is obtained by comparing the simulated results and the well accepted results from finite element program. The results obtained from simulations are evaluated through of the impacts provoked in the variables used to analyze the mechanical stresses which occur in the transformers due to short-circuit and inrush currents. From the mechanical stress calculated it is presented a methodology that establishes a correlation between the phenomena here investigated and the impact in the transformer lifetime. This can assist, previously, in the reduction of the number of unexpected failures and, consequently, in financial damages. / Transformadores de potência são dispositivos fundamentais para a operação de sistemas de potência e têm um peso significativo no custo total de uma instalação. Além dos custos de manutenção e substituição, as falhas nos transformadores devem ser levadas em consideração, no sentido de manter tanto a continuidade do fornecimento de energia como os padrões mínimos de qualidade estabelecidos para o insumo energia elétrico, aliado ao equilíbrio financeiro das empresas. Estudos realizados por concessionárias de diversos países deixam evidentes os enormes prejuízos financeiros das empresas do setor elétrico, devido às falhas mecânicas em transformadores. Defeitos provocados pelos esforços mecânicos decorrentes de correntes de curtos-circuitos passantes e correntes de inrush se constituem como importantes causadores de falhas em transformadores. Os esforços adicionais causados nos condutores/bobinas de transformadores, devido ao acréscimo das forças eletromagnéticas resultantes, podem, em alguns casos, vir a reduzir a vida útil de transformadores ou até mesmo provocar a sua perda total. A investigação dos efeitos danosos causados pelos fenômenos mencionados, portanto, torna-se imperativa. Nessa perspectiva, a presente tese tem por objetivo investigar as forças eletromagnéticas e o estresse mecânico resultantes de cor- rentes de curtos-circuitos passantes e correntes de energização que se estabelecem no interior de transformadores. Para alcançar tal propósito, é empregada uma modelagem computacional no domínio do tempo baseada em forças magnetomotrizes e relutâncias magnéticas. Este modelo permite simulações de fenômenos de regime transitório e per- manente, além de possibilitar o acesso às grandezas elétricas, magnéticas e mecânicas. A metodologia é aplicada a dois modelos de transformadores operando em condições nominais e em curto-circuito. Devido às dificuldades de se encontrar publicações que contenham valores de referência para validar a metodologia proposta, os resultados são comparados aos correspondentes obtidos de um tradicional e bem aceito pacote do Método dos Elementos Finitos. Os resultados oriundos das simulações são avaliados em termos do grau de impacto que é provocado nas grandezas utilizadas para aferir os esforços mecânicos a que fica submetido um transformador, quando de sua energização ou na ocorrência de curtos-circuitos passantes. A partir dos esforços mecânicos determinados é apresentada uma proposta de metodologia que estabelece uma correlação entre os fenômenos aqui estudados e o impacto sobre a vida útil de transformadores, que pode auxiliar, de maneira preditiva, na redução do número de falhas inesperadas e, em conseqüência, nos prejuízos financeiros decorrentes. / Doutor em Ciências

Gas metal arc is a high-efficiency and widely used heat source for metal processing applied predominantly in welding and additive manufacturing. In this study, it was applied to welding. It offers high productivity, low production and investment cost, as well as suffers from some drawbacks such as humping or undercut when welding large parts that are curved and impose changing the orientation of the welding torch along the joint path. Deeper process understanding was therefore sought to mitigate these drawbacks. The difficulty is then the non-lineardependence of the process to the welding parameters and material properties. Besides, visual observation of this process is also difficult. For instance, the elevated temperature and the intense radiative emission from the electric arc, smoke, spatter, as well as the non-transparency of the processed alloy can hinder in-process observation or limit it. Process simulation provides a complementary means to reach process knowledge. It was thus the approach used in this study. For this, a thermo-fluid melt pool model that can predict melting and solidification, track free surface deformation, metal transfer, and coalescence with the melt pool was developed. Two main research questions were identified and addressed.The first one led to studying the effect of the substrate orientation during multilayer welding of a V-groove joint with INVAR and gas metal arc. It was foundthat the force balance in the melt pool changes significantly when the workpieceorientation is changed, resulting in distinct melt flow patterns, melt pool and bead geometries, and in some conditions defect initiation such as humping, undercut, and lack of fusion. As a result, multi-layer welding with flat substrate and downhill welding of a 20◦ inclined substrate are recommended with these process conditions. On the contrary, welding of a side inclined substrate and uphill welding of a 20◦ inclined substrate are not recommended. The second question gave rise to the comparative investigation of the three electromagnetic force models commonly used when modelling a melt pool produced by an electric arc. The underlying modelling assumptions were retrieved and investigated. It was found that each of these three models predicts a different melt flow pattern, different heat convection, melt pool shape, free surface oscillation, and interaction with the transferred metal drops, and thus result in different bead geometry. All these models can be adjusted to predict the penetration depth, however, only the most complete of them is recommended for developing a predictive melt pool model. For this, it is proposed as a future work to improve this model through predicting an electromagnetic force that takes also into account the local deformation of the free surface. / Gasmetallbåge är en effektiv och allmänt använd värmekälla vid svetsning och additiv tillverkning. I denna studie tillämpas den på svetsning. Den erbjuder hög produktivitet, låg kostnad vid inköp och användning, såväl som vissa nackdelarsom ojämn "bucklig" svetssträng och smältdiken vid svetsning av stora komponenter som är krökta och medför att svetsbrännarens orientering ändras utmed fogen. Bättre processförståelse eftersträvas därför för att mildra dessa nackdelar. En utmaning är processens icke-linjära beroende av svetsparametrarna och materialegenskaperna. Dessutom är experimentell optisk övervakning svår. Till exempel kan den höga temperaturen och den intensiva elektromagnetiska strålningen från ljusbågen, rök, sprut, såväl som legeringens ogenomskinlighet, förhindra observation under processen eller begränsa den. Processimulering erbjuder en komplementär metod för att nå processkunskap. Det är alltså detta tillvägagångssätt som används i denna studie. För detta har en modell av värme och materialflödena i smältan utvecklats som kan prediktera smältning och stelning, spåra smältytans deformation, metallflöde och koalescens med smältan.Två huvudsakliga forskningsfrågor har identifierats och adresserats. Den första studerade gravitationens påverkan vid flersträngs-, gasmetallbågsvetsning av V-fogar i INVAR. Olika svetslägen har visat sig ha en betydande påverkan på kraftbalanserna i svetssmältan vilket resulterar i distinkta smältflöden, smält- och svetsförbandgeometrier, och under vissa förhållanden svetsdefekter såsom ojämn "bucklig" svetssträng, smältdiken och bindfel. Som ett resultat rekommenderas horisontellt och 20◦ fallande läge vid flersträngssvetsning, medan 20◦ stigande och sidolutande inte rekommenderas. Den andra frågan undersökte inverkan av de tre huvudsakliga modellerna för den elektromagnetiska kraften som idag används vid svetssimuleringar. För modelleringen har antaganden lagts fram och undersökts. Det visade sig att de tre modellerna predikterar olika flödesmönster i smältan, olika värmekonvektion, smältgeometri, ytvågor och interaktion med de överförda metalldropparna, och därmed också predikterar olika svetsstränggeometrier. Alla tre modeller kan justeras för att prediktera svetspenetrationen, men endast den mest kompletta av dessa rekommenderas för sant prediktiv modellering. Det föreslås också att ytterligare förbättra den mest kompletta modellen så att det elektromagnetiska kraftfältet följer deformationen av den fria smältytan. / <p>Submitted papers or manuscripts have been excluded from the fulltext file. </p>

科学研究費補助金 研究種目:一般研究(B) 課題番号:61470056 研究代表者:浅井 滋生 研究期間:1986-1987年度