The objective of this thesis work was to implement all the hardware and software necessary to simulate the functionality of a Vector Network Analyzer (VNA). With equipment that is already available, and is common in a measurement station, the most common functions of a VNA were implemented, using an Vector Signal Generator, that provide the signal for testing, and a Vector Signal Analyzer, to make all the amplitude and phase measurements. With these instruments and the appropriate software that control them, the basic functionality of a Vector Network Analyzer can be achieved with a reasonable accuracy. With this system, we can reduce costs, avoiding the need of a real VNA and take advantage off instruments that are already available in a laboratory. A Complete measurement system of all four scattering parameters is proposed at the end of the report for future implementation. With this implementation all the different S-parameter measurements were made with an acceptable accuracy that can be comparable to a commercial VNA.

This thesis is a project carried out at the “Centre for RF Measurements Technology of Gävle”. The first aim of this work was basically to develop an EMI measurement system, to that purpose, it has been used an EMI Tester receiver, Spectrum Analyzer and a broadband antenna. Tables and graphics are shown to provide the values of the different detectors utilized. Using this measurement system, an interference file was recorded and then inserted in a Bluetooth communication model. The interference file was simulated with Matlab Simulink, to check how the interference affected the communication; the effects of the signal degradation are presented in a graphic. Finally a real Bluetooth communication was established using two Bluetooth modules from Free2Move Company, to prove that the effect of microwave oven interferences produces the increase of transmission time and therefore decrease the Throughput.

No description available.

Tjockleksmätning av rör med ultraljud görs typiskt genom att mäta tiden mellan två efterföljande ekon av en utsänd puls. Detta är ofta en svår process som är känslig för störningar och påverkan utifrån. Denna rapport beskriver hur detta i stället kan göras i frekvensdomänen för att minska effekterna av dessa problem. För att göra detta härleds en signalmodell som beskriver de effekter som är nödvändiga för att utföra mätningarna. Utifrån signalmodellen togs metoder fram för att analysera och fastställa tjockleken på den uppmätta signalen. En av metoderna fungerar så bra att den skulle kunna användas. / Ultrasonic thickness gauging of steel tubes is typically performed by observing the time difference between two following echoes. This process is often connected to various problems regarding interference. This thesis describes how to avoid these problems by using signal processing and analyzing the signals in the frequency domain. To achieve these results a signal model that describes the necessary effects is derived. From this model different measurement methods to analyze and determine the thickness are developed. One of the methods proved to be useful.

<p>This master's thesis addresses two main problems. The first is how to suppress a common mode voltage that appears for current shunts, and the second how to let a voltage divider work under an unloaded condition to prevent loading errors and thereby a decreased measurement accuracy. Both these problems occurs during calibration of power meters, and verification of current shunts and voltage dividers. To the first problem three alternative solutions are presented; prototype a proposed instrumentation amplifier circuit, evaluate the commercial available instrumentation amplifier Analog Devices AD8130 or let the voltage measuring device suppress the common mode voltage. It is up to the researchers at SP to choose a solution. To address the second problem, a prototype buffer amplifier is built and verified. Measurements of the buffer amplifier show that it performs very well. At 100 kHz, the amplitude error is less than 20 μV/V, the phase error is less than 20 μrad, and the input R_p is over 10 MΩ. This is performance in line with the required to make accurate measurements possible at 100 kHz and over that.</p>

<p>ABB:s MACH2 system uses a number of currents to ignite thyristors for AC/DC-trassfformation and they are measured for control and protection. The measurement methods used today has major drawbacks. Two alternative techniques are investigated, one based on the Hall-Effect (HED) and the other based on Anisotropic Magnetoreistanse (AMR), both techniques sensing the magnetic field produced by currents in a conductor. The HED hawe low sensitivity so some kind of flux concentrators is needed. This adds volume, costs and complexity to the device. The AMR technique is much more sensitive than the HED. Unfortunately AMR are also much more sensitive for high over currents that may damage the devise, and they are not as common on te market. By testing linearity, step response and frequency dependency for some components, my conclusion is that HED components with toroidal flux concentrators utilizing magnetic feedback (Closed Loop, CL) may be used in this particular application. A drawback with CL are that they, when measuring sharp edged step signals, suffer from overshoots at the output that might activate the over current protection.</p>

<p>Optical encoders are being widely suggested for precise mobile navigation. Combining such sensor information with Global Positioning System (GPS) is a practical solution for reducing the accumulated errors from encoders and moving the navigational base into global coordinates with high accuracy.</p><p>This thesis presents integration methods of GPS and optical encoders for a mobile vehicle that is controlled by microcontroller. The system analyzed includes a commercial GPS receiver, dsPIC microcontroller and mobile vehicle with optical encoders. Extended kalman filtering (EKF), real time curve matching, GPS filtering methods are compared and contrasted which are used for integrating sensors data. Moreover, computer interface, encoder interface and motor control module of dsPIC microprocessor have been used and explained.</p><p>Navigation quality on low speeds highly depends greatly upon the processing of GPS data. Integration of sensor data is simulated for both EKF and real time curve matching technique and different behaviors are observed. Both methods have significantly improved the accuracy of the navigation. However, EKF has more advantages on solving the localization problem where it is also dealing with the uncertainties of the systems.</p>

<p>Spectrally pure signals are an indispensable requirement when the Signal Generator (SG) is to be used as part of a test bed. However, even sophisticated equipment may not comply with the needs imposed by certain applications. This work approaches the problem by using Digital Pre-Distortion (DPD) based on a polynomial memory-less model obtained for the SG.</p><p>Using the SG in arbitrary mode (ARB) an input signal is computer-generated and reproduced by the SG. Measurement accuracy is ensured using coherence sampling and grid matching to the Signal Analyzer (SA). Finally, careful time alignment is used to compare the transmitted and received three-tone signals to obtain the polynomials coefficients.</p><p>Results show that the accuracy of the model and the effectiveness of pre-distortion may vary depending on the amplitude of the three-tone signal. However, using polynomials of 5th and 9th degrees up to 15dB reduction of the 3rd order Inter-Modulation products can be obtained, and spurious powers may be lowered down to 70dBc.</p>

<p>The road traffic density is continuously increasing. By the intensive use of automobiles, it comes</p><p>to considerable difficulties and unpredictable events. The frequency of traffic obstructions, traffic</p><p>jams and accidents will also increase in future. A solution for this problem would be that</p><p>the driver would be supplied information when he is on the road. The information should be</p><p>including about road and traffic conditions and also information about other vehicles, which in</p><p>the near vicinity.</p><p>This kind of information sharing between vehicles is called C2C communication.Especially in</p><p>Europe there are many projects which are working for different C2C communcation applications,</p><p>like.</p><p>Objective of this thesis is based on former works, which optimized the antenna positions</p><p>for C2C communication by ray tracing simulation. The investigation of antennas for the C2C</p><p>communication, two different approches are taken in to account, a narrow band, and broad band.</p><p>Investigation of transparent material for broad band is also the part of this thesis.</p>

<p> </p><p>Denna examensrapport beskriver arbetet med att utveckla ett nytt övervaknings och maskinalarmsystem till utbildningsfartyget M/S Calmare Nyckel. Systemet som konstruerades är styrdatorbaserat med grafiskt presentation av driftsvärden.</p><p>Projektet drevs av tre sjöingenjörsstudenter på Sjöfartshögskolan i Kalmar.</p><p> </p> / <p>This graduate report describes the work relating to the development of a brand new monitoring and machinery alarm system onboard the training vessel M/S Calmare Nyckel. The system developed, is based on PLC automation technology, and allows graphical presentation of system data.</p><p>The project was managed by three marine engineering students at the Kalmar Maritime Academy.</p> / Klassning av alarmsystemet genomfördes 2009-05-18 av inspektör från transportstyrelsen. Systemet godkändes.