The density matrix elements and their polarization correlations have been measured for the reaction pp(--->)p(pi)('+)n with a polarized proton beam (both transverse and longitudinal) of 1.18, 1.47, 1.70, and 1.98 GeV/c incident upon a liquid hydrogen target. The scattered particles were detected by the Argonne Effective Mass Spectrometer, which consisted of spark chambers, a trigger hodoscope, a SCM-105 dipole magnet, two cylindrical multiwire proportional chambers surrounding the target and used as a vertex detector, and veto counters. The forward particle ((pi)('+) or p) was required to traverse the spectrometer, which measured its angles and momentum. The recoil particle ((pi)('+) or p) was usually detected by the vertex detector which measured its angles, but some recoils were forward enough so that they could be momentum analyzed by the spectrometer. The neutron was undetected. The p(pi)('+)n final states were separated from the significant background reactions (pp(--->)pp, pp(--->)d(pi)('+), and pp(--->)pp(pi)('0)). The two body final states were easily identified and eliminated by their distinctive kinematics. The three body final states were classified by a zero constraint fit (one constraint if both charged particles were momentum analyzed). All events which satisfied the pp(--->)pp(pi)('0) hypothesis were eliminated. The angular distributions of the pp(--->)p(pi)('+) events were fit by a maximum likelihood technique to the spherical harmonics (m (LESSTHEQ) 2, l (LESSTHEQ) 2), which are simply related to the density matrix elements. Since the reaction pp(--->)p(pi)('+)n proceeds predominantly via the intermediate reaction pp(--->)(DELTA)('++)n(--->)p(pi)('+)n, the density matrix formalism for (DELTA)('++) production (spin 3/2) was used. The data showed a remarkably smooth momentum dependence, with the exception of a striking change in the spin up/down (DELTA)('++) production asymmetry between 1.18 and 1.47 GeV/c. The asymmetry changes from a value of (TURN)0.4 in the central region (cos(THETA)(,(DELTA))(TURN)0) to a value near -0.1 between 1.18 and 1.47 GeV/c. At the present time, there are not any theoretical models for this data that are able to produce good fits. The data showed good agreement with other experiments that could be compared to ours. In addition, a preliminary analysis suggests that the value of the pp(--->)d(pi)('+) asymmetry is a manifestation of a final state interaction with pp(--->)p(pi)('+)n as the intermediate state.

The cloudy bag model introduces a fundamental scalar field taken to be the pion into the MIT bag Lagrangian so as to restore chiral invariance to the theory. One also acquires the capability of calculating pion-baryon interaction quantities such as decay widths and coupling constants. In this work we review the MIT and cloudy bag formalism. We calculate the (DELTA)(DELTA)(pi) coupling constant and show that it disagrees with the single experimental determination of f(,(DELTA)(DELTA)(pi)). We also investigate the N('*)(1470) in the context of the cloudy bag theory. We use gluonic and pionic self-energy terms to mix the two orthogonal SU(6) N('*) states. After correcting the masses for spurious center-of-mass motion we obtain excellent agreement with those found in Ayed's two level phase shift analysis of (pi)N scattering in the N('*) region. A calculation of N('*)(--->)N(pi) and N('*)(--->)(DELTA)(pi) partial widths is also in good agreement with those of Ayed. Finally, we show that the bag theory predicts the existence of 3 quark + 1 gluon bound states. There are two degenerate low-lying such states, with zeroth-order masses near those of the N('*) and with quantum numbers of the nucleon, which we call "gluonic nucleons" (N('G)). We discuss preliminary results of cloudy bag calculations of the N('G) decay widths into the N(pi) channel. These results indicate that after gluon and pion exchange effects split the two states, the lower mass N('G) would be invisible in a (pi)N scattering experiment while the higher state is a viable candidate for the P(,11)(1710) resonance.

The transverse spin dependence of the proton-proton total cross-section, (DELTA)(sigma)(,T), the difference between the proton-proton total cross-sections for protons in anti-parallel and parallel transverse spin states, was measured from 300 MeV to 800 MeV at LAMPF (Los Alamos Meson Physics Facility). The detectors, ionization chambers, had current- and position-dependent responses which resulted in large systematic dependences in the data. These dependences were removed by means of a multiple regression technique. In the course of a (DELTA)(sigma)(,T) measurement at a particular energy, radiation damage caused the target polarizability to decrease by as much as 30%. To correct for this effect, elastic scattering measurements were made before and after the (DELTA)(sigma)(,T) measurements at each energy to establish a calibration factor for the NMR target polarization monitor. Cancellation of systematic errors was also achieved through randomization. Randomization of the data with respect to systematic errors was achieved by periodically reversing the target polarity. Systematic errors due to causes such as single-spin asymmetry and varying beam and target polarizations cancel when the positive and negative target polarity data are averaged. A sharp peak, found at 2.14 GeV center of mass energy, the mass of the proposed ('1)D(,2) dibaryon resonance, is confirmed by data taken by other groups using substantially different types of equipment {AXE81, BYS81, DIT83}. Data taken previously at the Argonne ZGS (Zero Gradient Synchrotron) show a peak at 2.43 GeV center of mass energy, the mass of the proposed ('1)G(,4) dibaryon. When the data sets are combined with (DELTA)(sigma)(,L) data {AUE81} to form the triplet projector {LOC83} a third peak is revealed at 2.22 GeV center of mass energy, the mass of the proposed ('3)F(,3) dibaryon resonance. As no theory or phase-shift analysis completely describes the structure in (DELTA)(sigma)(,T), the data should provide theorists with a testing ground for candidate strong interaction theories.

A study of high transverse energy events resulting from 400 GeV protons scattering from targets of hydrogen, carbon, aluminum, copper, tin, and lead has been performed with the E609 apparatus at Fermilab. Wire chambers and a highly segmented calorimeter detect secondary particles. The use of efficient jet collecting triggers and of a beam jet calorimeter have been originally applied to nuclear target studies in this thesis. A('(alpha)) scaling with hydrogen deviations is observed for E(,T) and planarity. The data provide evidence that A('(alpha)) scaling results from multiple scattering. Evidence for hadron jets is seen with a large solid angle calorimeter for all the targets when triggers requiring two high E(,T) single particles are employed. Jet cross-sections for nuclei are approximately determined herein. Jet event angular distributions possibly indicate that low and high transverse energy particles in jets from nuclei may result, in part, from different types of interactions.

A novel technique for measuring the vector polarization of scattered deuterons using the stripping reaction was developed and investigated in an experiment at the Clinton P. Anderson Meson Physics Facility (Los Alamos) measuring the vector polarization transfer parameters in the reaction p(' )p (--->) d(' )(pi)('+) at 800 MeV. The parameters P, K(,NN), and combinations of K(,SS) and K(,SL) and of K(,LS) and K(,LL) were measured at 5 angles to a statistical precision of less than 0.08 and with systematic uncertainties less than 0.05.

The time dependence of Ar('+)Xe (--->) ArXe('+) + hv(328nm) heteronuclear ion emission in Ar-Xe mixtures was measured following pulsed excitation by a low intensity, high energy electron beam. The time dependence was obtained at pressures of 120 to 3500 Torr and at temperatures ranging from 0 to 80 degrees C. The population of the upper ionic state of the transition is found to be governed by a dissociation-recombination reaction and is strongly quenched by formation of an unknown triatomic molecular ion of Ar and Xe. The measured dissociation, recombination, and quenching rate constants for Ar('+)Xe are (1 (+OR-) 0.3) x 10('-12) cm('3)/sec, (1.5 (+OR-) 0.5) x 10('-31) cm('6)/sec, and (5 (+OR-) 0.8) x 10('-31) cm('6)/sec, respectively. The radiative lifetime was determined to be 200 ns. Least squares fitting of the temperature dependent data yields an apparent activation energy of (TURN)0.14 eV.

The production of high transverse energy events in 400 GeV/c pp collisions triggered with a full azimuthal, large solid angle calorimeter is studied. A detailed comparison is made between the experimental data and a QCD Monte-Carlo which includes initial and final state gluon bremsstrahlung. Results on cross sections, energy flows, and event structures are presented for two different types of geometrically unbiased triggers. The characteristics of two and three jet events in the data and Monte-Carlo are also compared. We find that gluon bremsstrahlung effects as implemented in the Field-Fox-Wolfram Monte-Carlo are not sufficient to describe many features of both jetlike and non-jetlike events.

A full azimuth large-acceptance segmented calorimeter ((THETA)(,cm) ranging from 20(DEGREES) to 110(DEGREES)) and a beam calorimeter (covering a range (THETA)(,cm) < 20(DEGREES)) were used to study the production of large transverse energy events from (pi)('+)p, (pi)('-)p and pp interactions at 200 GeV. The (pi)p induced dijets were found, in agreement with earlier experiments, to deposit more energy in the forward direction and were more copiously produced at large E(,t) than the pp induced dijets. No dominant two-jet structure was found in the globally triggered data. Evidence has also been found for pion induced dijets with little or no forward energy flow. The rate and characteristics of these events are compatible with the predictions of Berger and Brodsky for higher-twist processes. No corresponding signal was seen in pp collisions.

The narrow gap III-V semiconductors, InAs/AlSb/GaSb and InSb, exhibit an array of extreme physical properties, from the lightest effective mass and largest nonparabolicity of III-V semiconductors to heterostructure conduction band offsets ranging from -0.15 to +2.0 eV. In this work, I present three spectroscopic techniques which exploit these unusual properties to provide new insight into the physics of these materials. First, my measurement of cyclotron resonance in InAs/AlSb and InSb/AlInSb quantum wells was the first spectroscopic application of a new laser, the THz quantum cascade laser. The physical properties mentioned above put these materials into an experimentally accessible range, and InAs's high room temperature mobility and low temperature carrier density enabled us to explore a large temperature range. Previous investigations of other materials in limited temperature ranges had suggested what we confirmed: the cyclotron resonance effective mass increases with temperature, contrary to theoretical expectations. Second, we applied time resolved cyclotron resonance to InSb quantum wells for the first time. Because of InSb's large effective g-factor and nonparabolicity, time resolved cyclotron resonance enabled us to monitor the carrier relaxation and recombination from each Landau- and Zeeman-quantized state directly in time. This unprecedented level of detail could be extended to longer times to probe spin-flip relaxation, a significant parasitic process in quantum computation. Finally, I measured intersubband absorption in narrow InAs/AlSb quantum wells with widths from 10.5 to 1.8 nm. I observed the highest energy intersubband resonance in InAs/AlSb quantum wells: 650 meV at 77 K in a 1.8 nm well. I also performed detailed measurements of the temperature dependence of intersubband absorption and confirmed the correlation between the integrated intensity of intersubband absorption and the carrier distribution inferred from Shubnikov-de Haas and Hall measurements. Because of InAs/AlSb intersubband transitions' large accessible energy and temperature robustness, they are ideal candidates for resonant nonlinear optics. In particular, I discuss the potential of InAs/AlSb double quantum wells as a compact, room temperature, and coherent THz source. Such a source could revolutionize chemical sensing by providing convenient access to the strong fundamental vibrational fingerprints which all molecules have in the THz, potentially transforming applications from medicine to the military.

The production of charmonium states J/$ Psi$ and $ Psi sp prime$ was measured at 300 GeV/c with $ pi sp{ pm}$, p, and p beams on a lithium target. The cross sections were determined by analyzing a fraction (10%) of the data recorded by the experiment E705 at Fermilab. The data acquisition took place at the High Intensity Laboratory located on the "Proton West" beam line, and extended over a period of nine month during 1987-1988. / The efficiencies for the different detector components of the E705 spectrometer were measured, and the global acceptance was determined. The measured absolute cross sections for J/$ Psi$ and $ Psi sp prime$ are consistent with the measurements obtained in other experiments. The differential cross section for J/$ Psi$ production was measured for the kinematical variables X$ sb{ rm f}$, P$ sb{ rm t}$, and for the J/$ Psi$ decay angles. The distributions obtained are compared with the distributions measured at other energies by previous experiments.