Submitted by Elesbão Santiago Neto (neto10uepb@cche.uepb.edu.br) on 2018-07-20T15:12:43Z No. of bitstreams: 1 PDF - Mércia Cristina Gomes de Araújo.pdf: 42778900 bytes, checksum: 764a758752feb6241606714855583cc6 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-07-20T15:12:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 PDF - Mércia Cristina Gomes de Araújo.pdf: 42778900 bytes, checksum: 764a758752feb6241606714855583cc6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-05-22 / CAPES / In the last decades, China has simultaneously aligned its interests in domestic and international environments. At the outset, the dissertation discusses an object inserted in the great area of International Political Economy (IPE). It is intended to answer the following question: what is China's interest in gaining control over the Rare Earth Elements (RAE) productive chain? The hypothesis supported in the dissertation is that the monopoly of the productive chain of strategic natural resources of RAE influences Chinese economic power. It should be noted that such inputs are not land and are not rare. They are a set of 17 chemical elements which include scandium (Sc), yttrium (Y) and 15 elements of the lanthanide series - from lanthanum (La) to lutetium (Lu). Very similar to each other in terms of malleability and resistance, RAE are an important input in the global commercial production chain, with a predominance of missile control, defense and communication systems. Currently, China is in a privileged position in the sector, being the largest exporter of these elements. In advance, it should be pointed out that the definition of power used in this dissertation will be largely conditioned to the State's control over strategic natural resources, specifically on the RAE. The methodology used will be a case study, qualitative and inductive, working with the variables: monopoly power (by the domination of supply and demand), production power, industrial policy and commercial policy. / Nas últimas décadas, a China tem alinhado, simultaneamente, seus interesses nos ambientes doméstico e internacional. À partida, a dissertação discute acerca de um objeto inserido na grande área da Economia Política Internacional (EPI). Busca-se responder a seguinte questão: qual o interesse da China em obter o controle sobre a cadeia produtiva dos Elementos de Terras Raras (ETR)? A hipótese testada na dissertação é a de que o monopólio da cadeia produtiva dos recursos naturais estratégicos de ETR influencia o poder econômico chinês. Ressalta-se que tais insumos não são terras e tampouco raras. Constituem um conjunto de 17 elementos químicos nos quais estão incluídos o escândio (Sc), o ítrio (Y) e os 15 elementos da série dos lantanídeos - do lantânio (La) ao lutécio (Lu). Muito similares entre si em termos de maleabilidade e resistência, os ETR caracterizam um importante insumo da cadeia produtiva comercial global, destacando-se, majoritariamente, nos sistemas de controle de mísseis, de defesa e de comunicação. Atualmente, a China encontra-se em uma posição privilegiada no setor, sendo o maior exportador destes elementos. De antemão, salienta-se que a definição de poder utilizada nessa dissertação será, majoritariamente, condicionada ao controle do Estado sobre recursos naturais estratégicos, especificamente sobre os ETR. A metodologia utilizada no trabalho será um estudo de caso, qualitativo e de caráter indutivo, trabalhando com as variáveis: poder de monopólio (pela dominação de oferta e demanda), poder de produção, política industrial e política comercial.

Loin d’être des produits immatériels, les technologies de l’information et de la communication (TIC) ont un réel impact environnemental tout au long de leur cycle de vie. L’Éco-TIC est le point de rencontre entre le développement durable et les TIC. Le droit de l'Éco-TIC est l’ensemble des règles de droit régissant les rapports entre les technologies de l’information et le domaine environnemental. Ce mémoire a pour objectif d’examiner les normes juridiques, notamment en Europe et en Amérique du Nord, qui permettent de limiter l’impact environnemental des technologies de l’information lors des trois phases du cycle de vie des TIC. Tout d’abord, nous nous penchons sur l’étape de la conception des TIC. À cette étape, les réglementations en matière d’écoconception, l’utilisation des terres rares et l’interdiction de l’obsolescence programmée sont particulièrement pertinentes. Ensuite, nous examinons comment les entreprises tentent de réduire la consommation énergétique des TIC lors de la phase d’utilisation, notamment par le biais de la responsabilité sociétale de l’entreprise (RSE). Nous verrons également que les centres de données se multiplient afin de répondre à une demande toujours plus forte. Enfin, nous traitons de la fin de vie des TIC, phase pour laquelle l’Union européenne a créé des directives en matière de réutilisation, réduction et recyclage qui influent sur le plan international. / Information and communication technologies (ICT) are far from being intangible goods and do have an environmental impact during their entire life cycle. Green IT stands at the crossroads of sustainable development and ICT. Green IT law consists of a set of rules governing the relations between information technologies and environment. The purpose of this thesis is to investigate the European and North American legal standards regulating the environment impacts of ICT throughout the three phases of their life cycle. In the first part, the design phase of ICT is examined. At this stage, existing regulations on eco-design, the use of rare earth elements, and the interdiction of planned obsolescence are of particular relevance. The thesis then studies how companies are trying to reduce the use-phase energy consumption of ICT, notably through the Corporate Social Responsability. The issue of the multiplication of data centres, due to an ever-growing demand, is also discussed. In the end, the thesis considers the end-of-life phase of ICT and the directives created by the European Union that affect recycling and waste reduction management at an international level.