The embedment strength of timber with respect to exposure temperature has not been widely studied. Some studies have suggested that the timber totally loses its embedment strength when the timber temperature reaches 300℃. This research concentrates on the embedment strength study of Laminated Veneer Lumber (LVL) timber product exposed to elevated temperatures up to 250℃ using singly bolted connections. Experiments showed that the embedment strength of LVL decreased at a constant rate from 0.08 kN/mm² to 0.025 kN/mm² once the bolt temperature increased from ambient conditions. The embedment strength was then assumed to remain at strength of 0.025 kN/mm² as the bolt temperature continues to increase from 120℃. The difference between the estimated failure load based on Johansen's Equations and the experimental failure load for the connections tested under fire conditions was less than 30%. The estimation was based on bolt strength reduction using NZS 3404, the experimental charring rate and the experimental embedment strength. The predicted failure mode agreed with experimental for all types of connection.

No description available.

Timber is becoming an increasingly popular construction material particularly due to its great environmental properties. Just alone around Linnaeus University in Växjö city, dozens of multistory buildings in timber have risen. As the demand for more timber construction is becoming popular, the understanding of timber design must evolve at the same pace. One of the most important parts of timber construction are the connections that hold everything together. One variable that is used to design connections is the embedment behavior. This thesis examined how the embedment behavior of a steel dowel in wood is influenced by moisture content, assembly history, and artificial cracks. In this case the assembly history refers to if the drilling and insertion of the steel dowel was done before or after drying or wetting the specimen. The idea behind the artificial crack was to achieve something similar to a real crack where the crack was created with a precision saw to separate the fibers parallel to the grain. The embedment behavior was studied by means of embedment strength, elastic- and plastic embedment stiffness. In total, 140 embedment experiments were conducted to study the embedment behavior of the dowel in wood. All embedment experiments were carried out parallel to the fiber direction using two species of wood, spruce and birch. Each experimental series had its own attributes to allow a comparison of how the embedment behavior is influenced by moisture content, assembly history, and artificial cracks. The data from the experiments was then used as input to create computer models where the beam on foundation modeling approach was used in conjunction with the finite element computer program Abaqus. A timber-steel-timber connection was modeled to study the influence of the side timber member thickness on the overall strength. The results of the experiments showed that the moisture content and the assembly history can potentially affect the embedment strength and the elastic, and the plastic embedment stiffness. The series that studied the influence of artificial cracks showed that mostly the embedment strength and elastic embedment stiffness are affected by artificial cracks. The numerical simulations indicated that the moisture profile from the experimental data had less influence on the strength for thicker timber side members than it did on thinner. In general, this thesis provides new insights and a better understanding of how the embedment behavior is influenced by moisture content, assembly history, and artificial cracks.

Drag embedment anchors (DEAs, or anchors) are used as foundations to secure mobile offshore drilling units (MODUs) in soft clay soils on the sea floor. In 2004 and 2005, Hurricanes Ivan, Katrina, and Rita caused the mooring failures of 17 mobile offshore drilling units moored with anchors. Since then, a great deal of research has been conducted regarding anchor performance and reliability. This report provides an overview of anchor research and industry practice to date, and discusses the results of two research experiments to assess anchor performance. One experiment investigated the effect that embedding anchors in the same soil path several times had on bearing force. The second experiment investigated what effect changing the direction of the horizontal load vector relative to the anchor shank had on embedded anchor bearing force. The results of these experiments suggest that remolding clay may have an effect on anchor bearing force capacity, and that repeatable results are obtainable when testing the effect of changing the direction of applied horizontal load. / text

A utilização da madeira compensada como componente de estruturas permanentes ainda é pouco difundida no Brasil, apesar de ser bastante utilizada em diversos países, onde tem se mostrado bastante eficiente como solução competitiva, segura e durável. O estudo do embutimento de pinos metálicos no compensado visa fornecer subsídios técnicos para o desenvolvimento desta tecnologia no país. Foram realizados ensaios de embutimento com os três diâmetros de prego e três de parafuso mais recomendados para estruturas de madeira, em oito chapas de madeira compensada, caracterizadas em ensaios especificados por normas brasileiras, avaliando a aplicação, para o compensado, do método de ensaio de embutimento em madeira maciça proposto pela NBR 7190/97, \"Projeto de estruturas de madeira\", concluindo que este é aplicável quando se utiliza espessuras comerciais do compensado como espessura do corpo de prova. Foram também realizados ensaios para análise dos efeitos da pré-furação no comportamento do compensado no embutimento. Um modelo numérico foi desenvolvido, utilizando o programa ANSYS v.5.2, para simular o comportamento do compensado no embutimento, encontrando resultados satisfatórios para elementos compostos por camadas e considerando comportamento elasto-plástico do compensado. Os resultados mostraram a viabilidade técnica da utilização do compensado em estruturas de madeira. / The use of plywood as a component of permanent structures is still not very diffused in Brazil, although it has been used in several countries, where it has been considered efficient as a competitive, safe and durable solution. The study of the embedment of steel dowels in plywood aims to supply parameters for the development of this technology in the country. Embedment tests were carried out with six different nail and bolt diameters recommended for timber structures, in eight types of plywood, characterized in tests specified by Brazilian norms. Such tests evaluated the application of the method of embedment tests in massive timber proposed by the Brazilian Association of Technical Norms (ABNT), NBR 7190/97, \"Design of timber structures\", concluding that it was applicable when the commercial thickness of plywood was used as thickness of the specimen. Tests were realized for the analysis of the pre-hole effects on the behavior of the plywood in the embedment. A numerical model was developed, using the ANSYS v.5.2 program, to simulate the behavior of the plywood in the embedment, finding satisfactory results for composed elements for layers and considering the elasto-plastic behavior of plywood. The results showed the technical viability of the use of plywood in the construction of timber structures.

In this study, the holding capacity of anchors and their design methodology are investigated. In general, three kinds of anchors have been used in cage aquaculture engineering, including embedment anchors, deadweight anchors, and pile anchors. The maximum holding capacity of embedment anchors was analyzed via the results of experiments by increasing the weight of anchors, while the best holding capacity of deadweight anchors was investigated by changing the types of shear keys. Moreover, the designs and considerations of pile anchors were also discussed in Appendix A. From the results of experiments, the maximum holding capacity of embedment anchors varies 12~19 times of their self-weight, and has the trend such as the holding capacity is in proportion to the weight of anchor. In the case of deadweight anchors, two methods were used to analyze the holding capacity, one is to consider the passive earth pressure behind each shear key of anchor block, and the other is to consider the net weight including the confined sand trapped inside of shear keys and its passive earth pressure at the outmost skirt key. It seems that the first method has more accurate than the second method until the number of keys equals 5 based on the experimental results. And, when the number of keys is greater and equal 6, the second method has better predictions than the first one. The main reason is that it is unable to fully develop the passive earth pressure in such a narrow space between the keys. Therefore, the interval between shear keys should at least equal 1 time of the key¡¦s penetration depth according to this study.

No description available.

A utilização da madeira compensada como componente de estruturas permanentes ainda é pouco difundida no Brasil, apesar de ser bastante utilizada em diversos países, onde tem se mostrado bastante eficiente como solução competitiva, segura e durável. O estudo do embutimento de pinos metálicos no compensado visa fornecer subsídios técnicos para o desenvolvimento desta tecnologia no país. Foram realizados ensaios de embutimento com os três diâmetros de prego e três de parafuso mais recomendados para estruturas de madeira, em oito chapas de madeira compensada, caracterizadas em ensaios especificados por normas brasileiras, avaliando a aplicação, para o compensado, do método de ensaio de embutimento em madeira maciça proposto pela NBR 7190/97, \"Projeto de estruturas de madeira\", concluindo que este é aplicável quando se utiliza espessuras comerciais do compensado como espessura do corpo de prova. Foram também realizados ensaios para análise dos efeitos da pré-furação no comportamento do compensado no embutimento. Um modelo numérico foi desenvolvido, utilizando o programa ANSYS v.5.2, para simular o comportamento do compensado no embutimento, encontrando resultados satisfatórios para elementos compostos por camadas e considerando comportamento elasto-plástico do compensado. Os resultados mostraram a viabilidade técnica da utilização do compensado em estruturas de madeira. / The use of plywood as a component of permanent structures is still not very diffused in Brazil, although it has been used in several countries, where it has been considered efficient as a competitive, safe and durable solution. The study of the embedment of steel dowels in plywood aims to supply parameters for the development of this technology in the country. Embedment tests were carried out with six different nail and bolt diameters recommended for timber structures, in eight types of plywood, characterized in tests specified by Brazilian norms. Such tests evaluated the application of the method of embedment tests in massive timber proposed by the Brazilian Association of Technical Norms (ABNT), NBR 7190/97, \"Design of timber structures\", concluding that it was applicable when the commercial thickness of plywood was used as thickness of the specimen. Tests were realized for the analysis of the pre-hole effects on the behavior of the plywood in the embedment. A numerical model was developed, using the ANSYS v.5.2 program, to simulate the behavior of the plywood in the embedment, finding satisfactory results for composed elements for layers and considering the elasto-plastic behavior of plywood. The results showed the technical viability of the use of plywood in the construction of timber structures.

Piles are often used to resist vertical and lateral loads when shallow foundations are inadequate or uneconomical. A critical part in designing pile foundations is the pile-to-cap connection. When a moment resisting connection is desired, reinforcement is typically used between the pile and the cap. A pile-to-cap connection with sufficient pile embedment depth, however, may provide similar results. One model that is currently used to determine the capacity of a pile-to-cap connection was developed by Marcakis and Mitchell for steel members embedded in concrete. This model considers an embedment mechanism that resists rotation at the connection. Recent testing has shown, however, that this model is conservative and that additional mechanisms contribute to the strength of the connection. An experimental study was conducted to investigate pile-to-cap connections for pipe piles without reinforcement. Three pile-to-cap specimens with varying pile embedment depth were loaded laterally to failure. The results from the testing confirm that pile-to-cap connections with shallow pile embedment depth have significant stiffness. An improved model was developed to estimate elastic and ultimate capacities of embedded connections. In addition to the embedment mechanism used by Marcakis and Mitchell, this model includes a bearing mechanism at the end of the pile. For pile-to-cap connections with a large pile bearing area to pile embedment depth ratio, this bearing mechanism provides more strength than the embedment mechanism. For pile-to-cap connections with a small pile bearing area to pile embedment depth ratio, this bearing mechanism has little contribution to the strength of the connection.

The embedment behavior of dowels in timber structures, as an essential parameter in the design of connections, is the subject of this thesis. There are numerous advantages using timber structures, including sustainability, energy efficiency, and aesthetic appeal. The mechanical performance of connections in timber structures can be affected by environmental variables, such as moisture content. Thus, in the thesis the embedment behavior of dowels in timber, including the embedment strength and elastic and plastic stiffness at various moisture levels was investigated. In addition to different moisture contents, the effects coming along with changing the moisture content, like swelling and shrinkage, in combination with the assembly history were studied. The study investigated the effects of moisture content variations on the embedment behavior of dowels in timber loaded perpendicular to the grain at relative humidity levels of 38%, 65%, and 85% at a temperature of 20◦C. The study also explored the impact of assembly history of the steel dowels on the embedment behavior. The expression ”assembly history” refers the effects of drilling and assembling steel dowels at different times, i.e. if drilling the timber occurs before changing the moisture content or after changing the moisture content.  Full-hole embedment tests were conducted in five different series to cover all three levels of moisture content while taking the assembly history into account. In total, 100 embedment experiments were carried out, with 50 samples of spruce and 50 samples of birch being assessed perpendicular to the grain. In addition, 20 solid timber specimens were exposed to cyclic loading to evaluate the embedment behavior under these conditions. To evaluate the stress on the timber around the dowel, finite-element simulations, using linear-elastic material behavior in combination with volumetric changes due to moisture variation were conducted. Corresponding to the assembly history in the experiments, the situations of moisture variation in presence and absence of the steel dowel for the swelling and shrinkage case were investigated. The experimental results showed that while the elastic and plastic embedment stiffness can be impacted by moisture content only in low MC situations, it can potentially affect embedment strength in both dry and wet conditions. Additionally, the assembly history influences only the plastic stiffness in a low MC condition. Results from cyclic loading have shown no significant difference to embedment strength and stiffness gained from monotonic loading. According to numerical simulations, the tensile normal stress in the direction perpendicular to the load direction is higher than the tension strength for the shrinkage case with the dowel present. This might be explained by using a simple linear elastic material model in the FEM simulation, which causes an overestimation in the stiffness properties. In conclusion, this thesis offers new perspectives and a deeper knowledge of how moisture content, assembly history, and cyclic loading perpendicular to the grain affect the embedment behavior of dowels in timber connections.