Within many communities and religions, including the LDS community, there is some controversy surrounding the use of stem cells – particularly embryonic stem cells (ESC). Much of this controversy arises from confusion and misconceptions about what stem cells actually are, where they come from , and when life begins. The theology of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints has interesting implications for the last of these considerations, and it becomes less a question of “when does life begin” and more an exploration of “when does personhood begin” or “when does the spirit enter the body.” With no official Church stance, statements from Church leaders vary on this topic, and this first section of the thesis explores the philosophical and practical meaning of personhood with a biological background intended for those not familiar with the origin or uses of stem cells.The second portion of the thesis explores possible cloning technologies. Recent events and advances address the possibility of cloning endangered and extinct species. The ethics of these types of cloning have considerations uniquely different from the type of cloning commonly practiced. Cloning of cheetahs (and other endangered or vulnerable species) may be ethically appropriate, given certain constraints. However, the ethics of cloning extinct species varies; for example, cloning mammoths and Neanderthals is more ethically problematic than conservation cloning, and requires more attention. Cloning Neanderthals in particular is likely unethical and such a project should not be undertaken. It is important to discuss and plan for the constraints necessary to mitigate the harms of conservation and extinct cloning, and it is imperative that scientific and public discourse enlighten and guide actions in the sphere of cloning.

Les cellules souches embryonnaires (cellules ES) sont pluripotentes et ont donc le potentiel de se différencier en cellules des trois feuillets embryonnaires, ainsi qu’en cellules de la lignée germinale. Ces propriétés en font un modèle pour l’étude des mécanismes de prolifération et de différenciation. Le facteur de transcription Lmx1b est impliqué dans la maintenance du phénotype différencié des neurones dopaminergiques mésencéphaliques. Et il a aussi été montré comme un facteur clef dans la différenciation et la maintenance des neurones sérotoninergiques du rhombencéphale générés dans les noyaux du Raphé. Dans ce travail, nous nous sommes intéressés aux capacités de Lmx1b d’influencer la différenciation des cellules ES de souris en neurones sérotoninergiques. La première stratégie adoptée a résulté en une expression ectopique stable de Lmx1b dans les cellules ES et leurs dérivés. Le niveau d’expression de Lmx1b a fortement influencé les capacités de différenciation neuronale des cellules. Puis, l’analyse de marqueurs de différenciation spécifiques a montré une augmentation de l’expression des marqueurs sérotoninergiques, au contraire des marqueurs dopaminergiques ou de neurones moteur. La seconde stratégie a consisté en une surexpression inductible de Lmx1b dans les précurseurs neuraux dérivés de cellules ES pour mimer l’expression physiologique de Lmx1b. Après induction, Lmx1b était bien exprimé dans les cellules durant toutes les étapes de différenciation neuronale. L’activation de l’expression de Lmx1b au stade des colonies neuroépithéliales a aussi résulté en une amélioration de la différenciation sérotoninergique. Les résultats de ce travail soulignent les capacités de Lmx1b à diriger la différenciation des précurseurs neuraux dérivés de cellules ES vers la voie sérotoninergique in vitro. / Pluripotent Embryonic Stem Cells (ESC) have the potential to develop into cells of the three germ layers and of the germ line. Therefore, they are used as a model to study the proliferation and differentiation mechanisms. The LIM homeodomain transcription factor Lmx1b is involved in the maintenance of the differentiated phenotype of midbrain dopaminergic neurons. And it has been also demonstrated to be a key factor in differentiation and maintenance of hindbrain serotonergic neurons generated in the Raphe Nuclei. Here, we explored the capacity of Lmx1b to direct differentiation of mouse ESC (mESC) into serotonergic neurons. In the first approach, stable ectopic expression of Lmx1b was achieved. First, the level of Lmx1b expression was found to strongly influence the capacity of mESC to accomplish neuronal differentiation. Then, analysis of lineage-specific differentiation markers showed an increase in serotonergic markers’ expression by contrast to dopaminergic or motor neurons markers. In the second approach, Lmx1b was over-expressed in mESC-derived neural precursors by an inducible system in order to mimic the physiological onset of Lmx1b expression. After induction, Lmx1b was found to be stably expressed throughout neuronal differentiation. Activation of Lmx1b expression in neuroepithelial colonies resulted in enhancement of serotonergic differentiation, consistently with the stable system results. The results of this work highlight the capacity of Lmx1b to promote the shift of mESC-derived neural precursors toward a serotonergic fate in vitro.