The objectives of this study are to measure the non-methane volatile organic carbon (NMVOC&#039 / s) emissions from passenger cars in Turkey having gasoline engines, to determine emission factors of these vehicles for BTEX compounds and comparison of emission factors obtained in this study with the emission factors of the other countries. This study was conducted in two parts: The first part was to determine the categories of passenger cars widely used in Turkey, and also to determine the average carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrocarbon (HC) emissions at idle condition for these car types based on the exhaust emission measurements of Ankara &Ccedil / evre Koruma Vakfi (AN&Ccedil / EVA). The second part of the study was to analyze the gas composition of exhaust gasses at different road conditions for BTEX components by using gas chromatography. The results of the study have shown that the cars named under &lsquo / &lsquo / Tofas&rsquo / &rsquo / constitute 31.5% and &lsquo / &lsquo / Fiat&rsquo / &rsquo / 13.1% of the total cars in Turkey and they are manufactured by the same company. Therefore, studies have been performed with &lsquo / &lsquo / Tofas/Fiat&rsquo / &rsquo / cars. The highest emission factors among hydrocarbons investigated in this study were found for toluene and m-xylene. Generally, as driving speed increases the emissions of HC&rsquo / s are found to decrease in concentration. It was interesting to note that the highest emissions occur at 30 km/hr speed which is the mostly used speed in crowded streets and busy intersections. Therefore, it was concluded that it is very important to take measures for emissions in the city traffic. Cold start emissions were also found to be higher than the hot start emissions.

Doctor of Philosophy(PhD) / Abstract This thesis employs a statistical regression method to estimate models for testing the hypothesis of the thesis of vehicle emissions interdependencies. The thesis at the beginnings, reviews critically the formation of emissions in gasoline-fuelled engines, and also reviews existing and emerging models of automotive emissions. The thesis then, presents the relationships between the urban transport system and vehicle emissions. Particularly, it summarises different types of emissions and the contributory factors of the urban transport system to such emissions. Subsequently, the thesis presents the theory of vehicle emissions interdependencies and the empirical framework for testing the hypothesis of the thesis. The scope of testing the hypothesis of the thesis is only limited to gasoline-fuelled conventional vehicles in the urban transport environment. We use already available laboratory-based testing dataset of 542 passenger vehicles, to investigate the hypothesis of the thesis of vehicle emissions interdependencies. HC, CO, and NOX emissions were collected under six test drive-cycles, for each vehicle before and after vehicles were tuned. Prior to using any application, we transform the raw dataset into actionable information. We use three steps, namely conversion, cleaning, and screening, to process the data. We use classification and regression trees (CART) to narrow down the input number of variables in the models formulated for investigating the hypothesis of the thesis. We then, utilise initial results of the analysis to fix any remaining problems in the data. We employ three stage least squares (3SLS) regression to test the hypothesis of the thesis, and to estimate the maximum likelihood of vehicle variables and other emissions to influence HC, CO, and NOX emissions simultaneously. We estimate twelve models, each of which consists of a system of three simulations equations that accounts for the endogenous relations between HC, CO and NOX emissions when estimating vehicle emissions simultaneously under each test drive-cycle. The major contribution of the thesis is to investigate the inter-correlations between vehicle emissions within a well controlled data set, and to test the hypothesis of vehicle emissions interdependencies. We find that HC, CO, and NOX are endogenously or jointly dependent in a system of simultaneous-equations. The results of the analysis demonstrate that there is strong evidence against the null hypothesis (H0) in favour of the alternative hypothesis (H1) that HC, CO, and NOX are statistically significantly interdependent. We find, for the thesis sample, that NOX and CO are negatively related, whereas HC and CO emissions are positively related, and HC and NOX are positively related. The results of the thesis yield new insights. They bridge a very important gap in the current knowledge on vehicle emissions. They advance not only our current knowledge that HC, CO, and NOX should be predicted jointly since they are produced jointly, but also acknowledge the appropriateness of using 3SLS regression for estimating vehicle emissions simultaneously. The thesis measures the responses of emissions to changes with respect to changes in the other emissions. We investigate emission responses to a one percent increase in an emission with respect to the other emissions. We find the relationship between CO and NOX is of special interest. After vehicles were tuned, we find those vehicles that exhibit a one percent increase in NOX exhibit simultaneously a 0.35 percent average decrease in CO. Similarly, we find that vehicles which exhibit a one percent increase in CO exhibit simultaneously a 0.22 percent average decrease in NOX. We find that the responses of emission to changes with respect to other emissions vary with various test drive-cycles. Nonetheless, a band of upper and lower limits contains these variations. After vehicle tuning, a one percent increase in HC is associated with an increase in NOX between 0.5 percent and 0.8 percent, and an increase in CO between 0.5 percent and one percent Also, for post-tuning vehicles, a one percent increase in CO is associated with an increase in HC between 0.4 percent and 0.9 percent, and a decrease in NOX between 0.07 percent and 0.32 percent. Moreover, a one percent increase in NOX is associated with increase in HC between 0.8 percent and 1.3 percent, and a decrease in CO between 0.02 percent and 0.7 percent. These measures of the responses are very important derivatives of the hypothesis investigated in the thesis. They estimate the impacts of traffic management schemes and vehicle operations that target reducing one emission, on the other non-targeted emissions. However, we must be cautious in extending the results of the thesis to the modern vehicles fleet. The modern fleet differs significantly in technology from the dataset that we use in this thesis. The dataset consists of measurements of HC, CO, and NOX emissions for 542 gasoline-fuelled passenger vehicles, under six test drive-cycles, before and after the vehicles were tuned. Nevertheless, the dataset has a number of limitations such as limited model year range, limited representations of modal operations, and limitations of the measurements of emissions based only on averages of test drive-cycles, in addition to the exclusion of high-emitter emission measurements from the dataset. The dataset has a limited model year range, i.e., between 1980 and 1991. We highlight the age of the dataset, and acknowledge that the present vehicle fleet varies technologically from the vehicles in the dataset used in this thesis. Furthermore, the dataset has a limited number of makes - Holden, Ford, Toyota, Nissan, and Mitsubishi. There are also a limited number of modal operations. The model operations presented in the dataset are cold start, warming-up, and hot stabilised driving conditions. However, enrichment episodes are not adequately presented in the test-drive cycles of the dataset. Moreover, the dataset does not take into account driving behaviour influences, and all measurements are cycle-based averages. The emission measurements of laboratory-based testings are aggregated over a test drive cycle, and the test drive-cycle represents an average trip over an average speed. The exclusion of the measurements of high emitting vehicles from the dataset introduces further limitations. Remote sensing studies show that 20 percent of the on-road vehicle fleet is responsible for 80 percent of HC and CO emissions. The findings of the thesis assist in the identification of the best strategies to mitigate the most adverse effects of air-pollution, such as the most severe pollution that have the most undesirable pollution effects. Also, they provide decision-makers with valuable information on how changes in the operation of the transport system influence the urban air-quality. Moreover, the thesis provides information on how vehicle emissions affect the chemistry of the atmosphere and degrade the urban air-quality.

Agricultural greenhouse gas emissions within New Zealand account for 48 percent of all national greenhouse gas emissions. With the introduction of the emissions trading scheme farmers will soon be liable for their emissions, introducing additional physical constraints and financial costs. Farmers that still operate within the sector will have two options to meet emissions targets; to purchase carbon credits from the open market, or mitigate farm level emissions at added costs to the farmer. This study examines the latter case of assessing farm level options for mitigating greenhouse gas emissions, and quantifying the physical and financial costs associated with mitigation strategies. Results show that, based on the assumptions in the study, there are available options for dairy farmers to profitably meet Kyoto protocol emissions targets. Sheep and beef farmers can increase profit, but cannot meet Kyoto protocol emissions targets, through examined scenarios.

Doctor of Philosophy(PhD) / Abstract This thesis employs a statistical regression method to estimate models for testing the hypothesis of the thesis of vehicle emissions interdependencies. The thesis at the beginnings, reviews critically the formation of emissions in gasoline-fuelled engines, and also reviews existing and emerging models of automotive emissions. The thesis then, presents the relationships between the urban transport system and vehicle emissions. Particularly, it summarises different types of emissions and the contributory factors of the urban transport system to such emissions. Subsequently, the thesis presents the theory of vehicle emissions interdependencies and the empirical framework for testing the hypothesis of the thesis. The scope of testing the hypothesis of the thesis is only limited to gasoline-fuelled conventional vehicles in the urban transport environment. We use already available laboratory-based testing dataset of 542 passenger vehicles, to investigate the hypothesis of the thesis of vehicle emissions interdependencies. HC, CO, and NOX emissions were collected under six test drive-cycles, for each vehicle before and after vehicles were tuned. Prior to using any application, we transform the raw dataset into actionable information. We use three steps, namely conversion, cleaning, and screening, to process the data. We use classification and regression trees (CART) to narrow down the input number of variables in the models formulated for investigating the hypothesis of the thesis. We then, utilise initial results of the analysis to fix any remaining problems in the data. We employ three stage least squares (3SLS) regression to test the hypothesis of the thesis, and to estimate the maximum likelihood of vehicle variables and other emissions to influence HC, CO, and NOX emissions simultaneously. We estimate twelve models, each of which consists of a system of three simulations equations that accounts for the endogenous relations between HC, CO and NOX emissions when estimating vehicle emissions simultaneously under each test drive-cycle. The major contribution of the thesis is to investigate the inter-correlations between vehicle emissions within a well controlled data set, and to test the hypothesis of vehicle emissions interdependencies. We find that HC, CO, and NOX are endogenously or jointly dependent in a system of simultaneous-equations. The results of the analysis demonstrate that there is strong evidence against the null hypothesis (H0) in favour of the alternative hypothesis (H1) that HC, CO, and NOX are statistically significantly interdependent. We find, for the thesis sample, that NOX and CO are negatively related, whereas HC and CO emissions are positively related, and HC and NOX are positively related. The results of the thesis yield new insights. They bridge a very important gap in the current knowledge on vehicle emissions. They advance not only our current knowledge that HC, CO, and NOX should be predicted jointly since they are produced jointly, but also acknowledge the appropriateness of using 3SLS regression for estimating vehicle emissions simultaneously. The thesis measures the responses of emissions to changes with respect to changes in the other emissions. We investigate emission responses to a one percent increase in an emission with respect to the other emissions. We find the relationship between CO and NOX is of special interest. After vehicles were tuned, we find those vehicles that exhibit a one percent increase in NOX exhibit simultaneously a 0.35 percent average decrease in CO. Similarly, we find that vehicles which exhibit a one percent increase in CO exhibit simultaneously a 0.22 percent average decrease in NOX. We find that the responses of emission to changes with respect to other emissions vary with various test drive-cycles. Nonetheless, a band of upper and lower limits contains these variations. After vehicle tuning, a one percent increase in HC is associated with an increase in NOX between 0.5 percent and 0.8 percent, and an increase in CO between 0.5 percent and one percent Also, for post-tuning vehicles, a one percent increase in CO is associated with an increase in HC between 0.4 percent and 0.9 percent, and a decrease in NOX between 0.07 percent and 0.32 percent. Moreover, a one percent increase in NOX is associated with increase in HC between 0.8 percent and 1.3 percent, and a decrease in CO between 0.02 percent and 0.7 percent. These measures of the responses are very important derivatives of the hypothesis investigated in the thesis. They estimate the impacts of traffic management schemes and vehicle operations that target reducing one emission, on the other non-targeted emissions. However, we must be cautious in extending the results of the thesis to the modern vehicles fleet. The modern fleet differs significantly in technology from the dataset that we use in this thesis. The dataset consists of measurements of HC, CO, and NOX emissions for 542 gasoline-fuelled passenger vehicles, under six test drive-cycles, before and after the vehicles were tuned. Nevertheless, the dataset has a number of limitations such as limited model year range, limited representations of modal operations, and limitations of the measurements of emissions based only on averages of test drive-cycles, in addition to the exclusion of high-emitter emission measurements from the dataset. The dataset has a limited model year range, i.e., between 1980 and 1991. We highlight the age of the dataset, and acknowledge that the present vehicle fleet varies technologically from the vehicles in the dataset used in this thesis. Furthermore, the dataset has a limited number of makes - Holden, Ford, Toyota, Nissan, and Mitsubishi. There are also a limited number of modal operations. The model operations presented in the dataset are cold start, warming-up, and hot stabilised driving conditions. However, enrichment episodes are not adequately presented in the test-drive cycles of the dataset. Moreover, the dataset does not take into account driving behaviour influences, and all measurements are cycle-based averages. The emission measurements of laboratory-based testings are aggregated over a test drive cycle, and the test drive-cycle represents an average trip over an average speed. The exclusion of the measurements of high emitting vehicles from the dataset introduces further limitations. Remote sensing studies show that 20 percent of the on-road vehicle fleet is responsible for 80 percent of HC and CO emissions. The findings of the thesis assist in the identification of the best strategies to mitigate the most adverse effects of air-pollution, such as the most severe pollution that have the most undesirable pollution effects. Also, they provide decision-makers with valuable information on how changes in the operation of the transport system influence the urban air-quality. Moreover, the thesis provides information on how vehicle emissions affect the chemistry of the atmosphere and degrade the urban air-quality.

Para a maioria dos municípios brasileiros, a instalação de um aterro sanitário é um desafio, sendo uma das dificuldades o custo elevado. Existem algumas formas de mitigar estes custos e uma delas é através do mercado de emissões. Com planejamento prévio suficiente, é possível queimar o metano gerado através da degradação do resíduo, podendo resultar em benefícios para o aterro tanto através do aproveitamento (geração de energia ou venda direta) quanto recebimento de algum tipo de certificado de emissões negociável. Incluído neste planejamento prévio suficiente está a realização da estimativa ex-ante de emissão de metano para saber previamente qual será o aproveitamento mais indicado e a eventual receita oriunda da queima. Quando analisados os projetos de MDL feitos em aterros sanitários, pode ser notado que estas estimativas são muitas vezes mal feitas, gerando valores estimados muito acima do realmente observado durante a operação. Este erro acarreta uma perda de credibilidade deste tipo de projeto, já que o número esperado é raramente alcançado. Existem alguns fatores que contribuem para esta discrepância de valores, sendo problemas operacionais (como exemplo podem ser citados deficiência no sistema de captura do biogás e problemas na captação e recirculação de lixiviado) e de modelagem (utilização de valores de entrada experimentais obtidos sob situações muito diferentes das encontradas nos aterros brasileiros, por exemplo) os possíveis principais vilões. Este trabalho visa apresentar e discutir os principais problemas na realização de estimativas prévias de emissão de metano em aterros sanitários utilizando projetos brasileiros de MDL registrados e que estejam atualmente emitindo créditos de carbono como base para analisar a qualidade das estimativas feitas atualmente. Além disto, busca-se também entrevistar profissionais da área para tentar obter diferentes pontos de vista sobre esta questão. Fica claro que os valores estimados, de um modo geral, são entre 40 e 50% superiores aos observados. Metade dos especialistas aponta problemas operacionais diversos como os principais contribuintes desta diferença, mas problemas na modelagem parecem influenciar decisivamente na realização das estimativas. A utilização de valores de entrada no modelo precisa ser criteriosamente analisada e devem ser utilizados números obtidos através de pesquisas que representem a realidade do aterro em questão. / Most of the Brazilian municipalities find the installation of a Solid Waste Disposal Site a challenge due to the high investment needed. There are some ways to mitigate these costs, including emissions trading. With previous planning, it is possible to burn the methane produced by the decomposition of the waste, resulting in benefits for the landfill by either the simple use of the gas (generating electricity or directly selling the gas) or the revenues from negotiations of emissions certificates. Included in previous planning is the ex-ante estimation of the methane produced by the landfill in order to know beforehand how to make the best use of the biogas and the amount of revenues that can be obtained from this use. When the CDM projects developed in landfills are analyzed, it can be noticed that these estimations generally are poorly made, resulting in estimated values far above the real methane production. This mistake results in a credibility loss by this type of project, since the expected number is rarely achieved. There are some factors that contribute to this difference in values, being operational problems (such as deficiency in the biogas capture and problems in the collection and recirculation of the leachate) and modeling problems (such as the use of input values obtained from experiments in laboratories under different situations from the ones found in Brazilian landfills) the major issues. The present work aims to present and discuss the main problems in estimating ex-ante the methane produced by landfills, using Brazilian CDM projects that are registered and issuing carbon credits as sources to analyze the quality of estimations currently being made. Additionally, experts in landfills and estimations are interviewed in order to obtain different points of view. It is clear that the estimated values, in general, are between 40 and 50% higher than observed during the operation of the landfill. Half of the experts point operational problems as the main contributors, however modeling problems seems to have a decisive influence in estimations. The use of input values must be carefully analyzed and must be used numbers obtained through researches that represent the reality of the landfill in question.

La lutte contre le changement climatique implique de modifier les modes de production et de consommation actuels pour réduire de façon drastique les émissions de gaz à effet de serre dont la grande majorité est liée à la combustion d’énergies fossiles. Face à ces enjeux, de nombreux pays se sont engagés dans une transition énergétique pour faire évoluer leur système énergétique, notamment électrique de façon à répondre en partie aux exigences d’une économie bas carbone. Pour guider les acteurs dans leurs choix stratégiques, des outils d’aide à la décision s’avèrent efficaces pour identifier les leviers potentiels de réduction des impacts environnementaux, notamment par la méthode d’Analyse du Cycle de Vie (ACV) qui évalue les impacts d’un produit sur tout son cycle de vie. L’un de ses développements, l’ACV conséquentielle, vise à analyser les impacts d’un changement, et prend donc en compte ses effets directs et indirects sur l’environnement. Cette méthode reste encore peu utilisée par les praticiens en raison du manque d’inventaires génériques pour ACV conséquentielle. Ce constat est d’autant plus marquant pour l’électricité, largement utilisée dans la technosphère, dont la production évolue significativement pour s’engager dans la transition énergétique. Les travaux présentés ici visent à proposer une méthode d’élaboration d’inventaires électricité génériques pour ACV conséquentielle, qui intègrent les spécificités techniques du produit électricité, à travers le bouquet énergétique ou mix qui combine les différents moyens de production, variables selon le pays considéré. Afin de parvenir à simplifier les mix de production d’électricité, une typologie est établie à partir de l’étude des émissions de Gaz à Effet de Serre (GES), des mix et de leur décomposition en moyens de production. Elle identifie 4 groupes de pays, classés par émissions GES croissantes, i.e., 0-37 gCO2eq/kWh, 37-300 gCO2eq/kWh, 300-600 gCO2eq/kWh et >600gCO2eq/kWh, et qui possèdent des caractéristiques de composition spécifiques. Afin de se positionner dans une perspective conséquentielle, l’évolution de douze mix électriques de 1960 à 2010 est analysée. L’analyse historique des phénomènes de transition, c’est-à-dire le passage d’un groupe à un autre de la typologie, est ensuite proposée. Un modèle basé sur une optimisation mono-objectif impliquant, dans un premier temps, un critère de minimisation des émissions GES, et puis dans un second temps, un critère de maximisation de la production d’origine renouvelable est développé. Les résultats sont discutés sur la base des données historiques. La méthode développée reste cependant suffisamment générique pour s’appliquer à des évolutions futures de mix. Enfin, une méthode d’élaboration des inventaires génériques est proposée. Prenant en compte les différentes situations auxquelles le praticien pourrait être confronté lors de la réalisation d’une ACV conséquentielle d’un produit, elle rend possible l’élaboration des inventaires électricité génériques pour ACV conséquentielle. L’établissement de données génériques quantifiées nécessiterait l’intégration d’un critère qualitatif d’inertie au changement et la validation de plusieurs cas d’étude à travers une étude statistique pour consolider les résultats / Climate change mitigation involves changes in production and consumption ways to boost a radical decrease in Greenhouse Gases (GHG) emissions, which come mostly from fossil fuels combustion. To meet these challenges, a lot of countries initiated an energy transition to switch to new energy system, especially concerning electricity production, in such a way that they partly fulfil low carbon economy requirements. To provide decision-makers guidance in their strategic choices, decision-aid tools are useful to identify and reduce environmental impacts burdens. In particular, Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) which assesses environmental impacts throughout a product's life cycle is now a recognized and standard approach. Consequential LCA (cLCA), one of its most recent developments, assesses changes consequences considering either direct or indirect effects on environment. Currently, due to the lack of generic consequential Life Cycle Inventories (LCI), cLCA is scarcely used by practicioners. This situation is emphasized for electricity, due to its large involvement in technosphere and its shifts to production modes in the context of energy transition. This work aims at the development of a design methodology for generic inventories for consequential LCA, taking in account electricity technical specificities. Electricity is defined here as a different production means combination (a “mix”) which varies from country to country. To simplify electricity production mix, a typology is set using a GHG emissions study and electricity mix separation in production means. The typology identifies four groups, ranked by increasing GHG emissions, i.e, 0-37 gCO2eq/kWh, 37-300 gCO2eq/kWh, 300-600 gCO2eq/kWh and >600 gCO2eq/kWh, and specific compositions. Considering a consequential perspective, an evolution analysis of twelve selected countries from 1960 to 2010 is then conducted. Thus, an analysis of past transitions, i.e., shifting from a group to another, is given. Amono-objective optimisation model is developed, involving, first, the minimisation of GHG emissions, and secondly, the maximisation of renewable sources contribution. Significant results are then discussed based on historical data. The model is yet generic enough and can be applied to future mixes. Finally, a generic inventory development method for consequential LCA is proposed. Taking into account the different situations that practitioners may potentially meet when performing a consequential LCA of a product, the method makes generic inventory development for consequential LCA possible. The establishment of generic data would yet require the addition of a qualitative inertia-tochange criteria and the validation of various cases using a statistical analysis to strengthen the obtained results.

O Painel Intergovernamental de Mudanças Climáticas da ONU (IPCC) tem comprovado com nível de confiança cada vez maior, ao longo dos últimos anos, a forte relação entre o aumento da temperatura média global e o aumento dos gases de efeito estufa (GEEs) principalmente quanto ao gás que mais contribui para a composição desses gases: o gás carbônico ou CO2. O Brasil se insere no rol dos emissores desse gás, principalmente devido ao desmatamento das reservas florestais que possui. Assim, assumiu o compromisso na Convenção Quadro das Nações Unidas sobre Mudanças Climáticas (United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change UNFCCC) de estabilizar suas emissões e inventariar periodicamente os seus GEEs. Dentro deste contexto, cabe também à indústria levantar sua parcela de responsabilidade significativa neste processo ameaçador para a vida no planeta terra. Desta forma, o principal objetivo do presente trabalho foi o de levantar e contabilizar o Inventário dos GEEs emitidos em 2006 por uma empresa que produz importantes insumos para a indústria de petróleo. A pesquisa bibliográfica sobre a metodologia mais adequada e sua aplicação para a empresa em estudo foram os principais objetivos específicos. A autora não encontrou fatores de emissão de CO2 (kg CO2/TJ do combustível, detalhado no decorrer deste trabalho) desenvolvidos no Brasil para levantar o inventário, com um nível razoável de confiança, que reflita a situação real e local. Toda a pesquisa bibliográfica feita mostrou que os trabalhos realizados mesmo por órgãos governamentais brasileiros usaram a metodologia do IPCC (versão anterior à usada neste trabalho) que foi elaborada por países desenvolvidos, que não é o nosso caso ou realidade. Foram feitas diversas visitas à empresa, levantadas todas as fontes potenciais de emissão, consumos e características de todos os combustíveis usados, bem como o levantamento do trabalho desenvolvido sobre geração de mudas de plantas no seu horto. Através de cálculos por essa metodologia reconhecida mundialmente (IPCC) a autora encontrou um valor em torno de 76.000 toneladas de CO2 emitidos pela empresa em 2006. A empresa neutralizou cerca de 80 toneladas de CO2, através da produção de mudas (para doação e plantio em torno de uma área que é um passivo ambiental) em seu horto e o que plantou na área desse passivo em 2006. Isso significou cerca de 0,1% do que emitiu / The Intergovernamental Panel Climate Change - IPCC from ONU has proved with higher level of confidence, along last years, a strong relation between the global average temperature increasing and the Greenhouse Gases increasing mainly about the biggest contributor to the composition in these gases: the carbonic gas or CO2. Brazil is included in the list of these gas polluters, mainly because of its deforestation. Then, it assumed the commitment with United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change UNFCCC of stabilize and calculate his Greenhouse Gases (GHG) Inventory. In this context, the industries must to survey their part of responsibility in this threatening process for the life in this planet. For the reasons above, the main purpose from the present work is to calculate the Greenhouse Gases emissions inventory in 2006 from a enterprise that produces important inputs for a petroleum industry. The specific purposes were to research the bibliography about the most suitable methodology and its application for this enterprise. The author of this work didnt find any emission factors for CO2 developed in Brazil for calculate the inventory, with a reasonable level of confidence, which can show the real and local situation about this subject. Then, the entire bibliographic search done showed that the works found even in governmental institutions used the IPCC methodology, done by developed countries, that isnt our reality. For this study, it was done several visits to that enterprise and identified all the sources from these GHG, fuel uses and their quantities and intensive bibliographic searches about several national and international methodologies. It was seen the developed work done by this enterprise about generation of seedling (plants) in its market garden. It was chosen the IPCC methodology that was the tool to calculate about 76.000 t of CO2 emitted by the enterprise in 2006. This studied enterprise neutralized 80 t of CO2, through the production of plants cuttings (for donation to people and to plant in around an area that is an environmental passive) in its market garden and what it planted in that passive area in 2006. This was about 0,1% on that it emitted

As emissões atmosféricas têm sido consideradas por especialistas, poder público, iniciativa privada e organizações ambientalistas, um dos maiores impactos ambientais que o planeta vem enfrentando. Neste contexto estão tanto as fontes estacionárias quanto as fontes móveis. Ao mesmo tempo em que se lançam na atmosfera milhões de toneladas de poluentes a cada ano através da indústria, o homem procura soluções alternativas através de fontes de energia limpa. Adicionalmente, procura-se ao diminuir as emissões das fontes fixas exercer melhor controle e tratamento. Apresenta-se nesse trabalho, a possibilidade da implementação de ações que visem minimizar o impacto causado pelas caldeiras geradoras de energia, em especial as que operam com queimadores convencionais. Experimentou-se um procedimento capaz de ser utilizado de imediato pelas indústrias, antes mesmo de se implementar inovações tecnológicas, que demandam tempo e recursos. Desta forma, pode-se reduzir, de maneira imediata, o volume de poluentes lançados diariamente na atmosfera, em especial o monóxido de carbono, CO, os óxidos de nitrogênio, NOx, e o material particulado, MP. Objetivou-se atingir um nível de emissões capaz de minimizar o custo do dano, sem perder a eficiência da combustão. Apresenta-se ainda a base metodológica de um modelo, utilizando-se a lógica difusa, como forma de se obter um controle e confiabilidade na gestão das emissões. / Atmospheric emissions are considered by specialists, government, private organizations and environmental organizations as one of the main causes of all weather changes that our planet has been facing. This work focuses mainly on stationary sources, especially the large ordinary high pressure steam generators. While millions of tons of pollutants are released in the atmosphere by industrial sources annually, human beings are searching for alternative solutions to estabilish clean energy sources. Besides this search, there is growing interest in concentration the generation of emissions on stationary sources, so as to establish an easier way of controlling and treating emissions. A procedure that can be immediately adopted by industries. It has been tested, without the necessity of implementing expensive and time consuming technological changes. Thus, it is possible to immediately reduce the amount of pollutants released in the atmosphere. Besides reducing nitrogen oxides, particulate matter and carbon monoxide, it aimed at reaching a level of them which permitted the establishment of the ideal value between emission and cost of the damage, to obtain the lowest cost of damage. It also presents the methodological base of a model, using Fuzzy logic as a way of obtaining control and reliability on the management of emissions.

Para a maioria dos municípios brasileiros, a instalação de um aterro sanitário é um desafio, sendo uma das dificuldades o custo elevado. Existem algumas formas de mitigar estes custos e uma delas é através do mercado de emissões. Com planejamento prévio suficiente, é possível queimar o metano gerado através da degradação do resíduo, podendo resultar em benefícios para o aterro tanto através do aproveitamento (geração de energia ou venda direta) quanto recebimento de algum tipo de certificado de emissões negociável. Incluído neste planejamento prévio suficiente está a realização da estimativa ex-ante de emissão de metano para saber previamente qual será o aproveitamento mais indicado e a eventual receita oriunda da queima. Quando analisados os projetos de MDL feitos em aterros sanitários, pode ser notado que estas estimativas são muitas vezes mal feitas, gerando valores estimados muito acima do realmente observado durante a operação. Este erro acarreta uma perda de credibilidade deste tipo de projeto, já que o número esperado é raramente alcançado. Existem alguns fatores que contribuem para esta discrepância de valores, sendo problemas operacionais (como exemplo podem ser citados deficiência no sistema de captura do biogás e problemas na captação e recirculação de lixiviado) e de modelagem (utilização de valores de entrada experimentais obtidos sob situações muito diferentes das encontradas nos aterros brasileiros, por exemplo) os possíveis principais vilões. Este trabalho visa apresentar e discutir os principais problemas na realização de estimativas prévias de emissão de metano em aterros sanitários utilizando projetos brasileiros de MDL registrados e que estejam atualmente emitindo créditos de carbono como base para analisar a qualidade das estimativas feitas atualmente. Além disto, busca-se também entrevistar profissionais da área para tentar obter diferentes pontos de vista sobre esta questão. Fica claro que os valores estimados, de um modo geral, são entre 40 e 50% superiores aos observados. Metade dos especialistas aponta problemas operacionais diversos como os principais contribuintes desta diferença, mas problemas na modelagem parecem influenciar decisivamente na realização das estimativas. A utilização de valores de entrada no modelo precisa ser criteriosamente analisada e devem ser utilizados números obtidos através de pesquisas que representem a realidade do aterro em questão. / Most of the Brazilian municipalities find the installation of a Solid Waste Disposal Site a challenge due to the high investment needed. There are some ways to mitigate these costs, including emissions trading. With previous planning, it is possible to burn the methane produced by the decomposition of the waste, resulting in benefits for the landfill by either the simple use of the gas (generating electricity or directly selling the gas) or the revenues from negotiations of emissions certificates. Included in previous planning is the ex-ante estimation of the methane produced by the landfill in order to know beforehand how to make the best use of the biogas and the amount of revenues that can be obtained from this use. When the CDM projects developed in landfills are analyzed, it can be noticed that these estimations generally are poorly made, resulting in estimated values far above the real methane production. This mistake results in a credibility loss by this type of project, since the expected number is rarely achieved. There are some factors that contribute to this difference in values, being operational problems (such as deficiency in the biogas capture and problems in the collection and recirculation of the leachate) and modeling problems (such as the use of input values obtained from experiments in laboratories under different situations from the ones found in Brazilian landfills) the major issues. The present work aims to present and discuss the main problems in estimating ex-ante the methane produced by landfills, using Brazilian CDM projects that are registered and issuing carbon credits as sources to analyze the quality of estimations currently being made. Additionally, experts in landfills and estimations are interviewed in order to obtain different points of view. It is clear that the estimated values, in general, are between 40 and 50% higher than observed during the operation of the landfill. Half of the experts point operational problems as the main contributors, however modeling problems seems to have a decisive influence in estimations. The use of input values must be carefully analyzed and must be used numbers obtained through researches that represent the reality of the landfill in question.

As emissões atmosféricas têm sido consideradas por especialistas, poder público, iniciativa privada e organizações ambientalistas, um dos maiores impactos ambientais que o planeta vem enfrentando. Neste contexto estão tanto as fontes estacionárias quanto as fontes móveis. Ao mesmo tempo em que se lançam na atmosfera milhões de toneladas de poluentes a cada ano através da indústria, o homem procura soluções alternativas através de fontes de energia limpa. Adicionalmente, procura-se ao diminuir as emissões das fontes fixas exercer melhor controle e tratamento. Apresenta-se nesse trabalho, a possibilidade da implementação de ações que visem minimizar o impacto causado pelas caldeiras geradoras de energia, em especial as que operam com queimadores convencionais. Experimentou-se um procedimento capaz de ser utilizado de imediato pelas indústrias, antes mesmo de se implementar inovações tecnológicas, que demandam tempo e recursos. Desta forma, pode-se reduzir, de maneira imediata, o volume de poluentes lançados diariamente na atmosfera, em especial o monóxido de carbono, CO, os óxidos de nitrogênio, NOx, e o material particulado, MP. Objetivou-se atingir um nível de emissões capaz de minimizar o custo do dano, sem perder a eficiência da combustão. Apresenta-se ainda a base metodológica de um modelo, utilizando-se a lógica difusa, como forma de se obter um controle e confiabilidade na gestão das emissões. / Atmospheric emissions are considered by specialists, government, private organizations and environmental organizations as one of the main causes of all weather changes that our planet has been facing. This work focuses mainly on stationary sources, especially the large ordinary high pressure steam generators. While millions of tons of pollutants are released in the atmosphere by industrial sources annually, human beings are searching for alternative solutions to estabilish clean energy sources. Besides this search, there is growing interest in concentration the generation of emissions on stationary sources, so as to establish an easier way of controlling and treating emissions. A procedure that can be immediately adopted by industries. It has been tested, without the necessity of implementing expensive and time consuming technological changes. Thus, it is possible to immediately reduce the amount of pollutants released in the atmosphere. Besides reducing nitrogen oxides, particulate matter and carbon monoxide, it aimed at reaching a level of them which permitted the establishment of the ideal value between emission and cost of the damage, to obtain the lowest cost of damage. It also presents the methodological base of a model, using Fuzzy logic as a way of obtaining control and reliability on the management of emissions.