Flying can constitute as much as a third of an academic institution’s total emissions and there’s a growing concern among researchers around their academic travel contributing to global warming. This paper is part of KTH FLIGHT, a research project for decreased CO2-emissions in flight-intensive organizations through creation and testing of practical tools. It is a Research through Design work that provides new knowledge about a previously largely unexplored implementation area of emission trading systems like Cap and Trade. These have previously helped reduce emissions at lower costs than tax based systems in various settings but little research exists in terms of design and important factors for a university to promote more sustainable travel patterns. This paper reveals challenges and opportunities regarding implementation and shows current feasibility in implementing in a Swedish university (KTH), and provides suggestions for choosing suitable users and direction of future research. / Flygresor kan utgöra upp till en tredjedel av en akademisk institutions totala utsläpp och det finns en växande oro bland forskare kring att deras resande bidrar till den globala uppvärmningen. Denna rapport är en del av KTH FLIGHT, ett forskningsprojekt med syfte att minska CO2 -utsläpp i flygintensiva organisationer genom att skapa och testa praktiska verktyg. Detta är ett Research through Design-arbete som bidrar med ny kunskap om ett tidigare till stor del outforskat område för implementeringar av utsläppshandelssystem såsom Cap and Trade. Dessa har i olika sammanhang tidigare bidragit till minskade utsläpp med lägre kostnader än skattebaserade system. Men i dagsläget finns det lite forskning gällande dess design och viktiga faktorer för att främja mer hållbara resvanor på ett universitet. Denna uppsats visar på utmaningar och möjligheter vid en implementering och visar aktuell genomförbarhet i ett svenskt universitet (KTH), samt ger förslag på val av lämpliga användare samt inriktning för framtida forskning.

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Resumo: Estudos têm sido realizados em relação à utilização de biodiesel em motores alternativos de ciclo Diesel, porém pouco material é encontrado quando se utiliza este combustível em turbinas a gás. Este trabalho analisou os parâmetros de desempenho e emissões de poluentes para várias misturas de biodiesel/querosene de aviação em um turboeixo Rover 1/S60. Os testes mostraram que não houve alterações significativas na operação do turboeixo. O estudo mostrou, também, que houve decréscimo de eficiência térmica e aumento de consumo de combustível com a utilização de misturas mais ricas em biodiesel. As emissões de poluentes também decresceram com o aumento de teor de biodiesel na mistura. / Abstract: Several tests have been performed comparing diesel and several kinds of esthers (biodiesel), most in reciprocating engines but also in micro-gas-turbines. This work studies a stationary turboshaft Rover 1/S60 performance and pollution emissions in the utilization of several blends of aviation kerosene and biodiesel. The tests also show that no significative changes occurred in turboshaft operation. This study also shows an increase of fuel consumption and a decrease in thermal efficiency and a decrease of pollutant species emission as the higher biodiesel proportion at blends are used at turboshaft operation. / Orientador: João Andrade de Carvalho Junior / Coorientador: Pedro Teixeira Lacava / Banca: Petronio Masanobu Tanisho / Banca: Luiz Daré Neto / Mestre

Environmental issues are of increasing concern to citizens, governmental personnel and corporate leaders in most countries all around the world. There is a growing consensus that conventional accounting practices simply do not provide adequate information to support decisionmaking in environmental management. Simply defined, environmental management accounting is management accounting with a focus on physical information on the flow of energy, water, products and materials as well as monetary information on environmental costs and revenues, and projects related to environmental protection. It is not a different method, but simply a mechanism of doing management accounting in an improved manner. When environmental management accounting is well designed and implement it should ensure better internal management and value-added decisionmaking. Ultimately, environmental management accounting is simply doing better comprehensive management accounting while wearing an environmental hat. This study evaluates the awareness of environmental management accounting in the chemical industry. A questionnaire was administrated to a selected group of par-ticipants. All participants in the study are employees from the chemical industry in South Africa. The selection of participants was based on their knowledge, expertise and understanding of environmental practices, challenges and problems in their respective organisations. Different functional roles from different types of chemical companies were identified to participate. The findings of this study indicated that there is a good level of awareness of environ-mental management accounting in the South African chemical industry. Most orga-nisations are applying sound environmental practices and are adopting environ-mental strategies and different tools to improve their current status. Different levels of awareness exist between different types of chemical industries and between different functional roles in the respective organisations. Operational and capital environ-mental information are disclosed and organisations do generate and record information on physical and monetary environmental management accounting. / MBA, North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2015

Environmental issues are of increasing concern to citizens, governmental personnel and corporate leaders in most countries all around the world. There is a growing consensus that conventional accounting practices simply do not provide adequate information to support decisionmaking in environmental management. Simply defined, environmental management accounting is management accounting with a focus on physical information on the flow of energy, water, products and materials as well as monetary information on environmental costs and revenues, and projects related to environmental protection. It is not a different method, but simply a mechanism of doing management accounting in an improved manner. When environmental management accounting is well designed and implement it should ensure better internal management and value-added decisionmaking. Ultimately, environmental management accounting is simply doing better comprehensive management accounting while wearing an environmental hat. This study evaluates the awareness of environmental management accounting in the chemical industry. A questionnaire was administrated to a selected group of par-ticipants. All participants in the study are employees from the chemical industry in South Africa. The selection of participants was based on their knowledge, expertise and understanding of environmental practices, challenges and problems in their respective organisations. Different functional roles from different types of chemical companies were identified to participate. The findings of this study indicated that there is a good level of awareness of environ-mental management accounting in the South African chemical industry. Most orga-nisations are applying sound environmental practices and are adopting environ-mental strategies and different tools to improve their current status. Different levels of awareness exist between different types of chemical industries and between different functional roles in the respective organisations. Operational and capital environ-mental information are disclosed and organisations do generate and record information on physical and monetary environmental management accounting. / MBA, North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2015

Research report, presented to the SBL Unisa, Midrand. / The current and future anticipated changes in the earth’s climate are a concern that has captured business’s and governments’ global attention. Climate change and its potential impacts cannot be ignored as there is ample evidence that global warming is indeed the result of anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions. The mobile operator in Africa and the Middle East (ME) operates on continents and in parts of the world, predicted by scientists as the most vulnerable to the effects of climate change. The mobile operator in Africa and the Middle East is moreover an emitter of significant amounts of CO2 and this exacerbates the serious environmental climate change problem that humankind faces. This research paper addresses the Corporate Social Responsibility of African and Middle East (ME) mobile operators, and its Carbon Footprint. The main objectives of the research are to identify strategic risks and opportunities and the implications for the mobile operator and to determine its Greenhouse Gas emissions. The performance against targets and plans to reduce GHG emissions are also reviewed. The research is based on the questionnaire of the Carbon Disclosure Project (CDP) initiative. A shortened and modified version of the CDP was designed and emailed to two major mobile telecom operators both operating in Africa and the Middle East. It is postulated that the telecommunications industry is at an inflection point where significant changes must take place in the way energy requirements are managed. This in turn could have a positive effect on reducing its carbon footprint, benefit corporate reputation and at the same time earn “green miles” in the subscriber’s minds. The research reached the main conclusion that the mobile operators’ investigated do not yet have strategies, systems and reporting in place to be counted as “good corporate citizens” concerning their environmental responsibility. The research further concluded that a proactive strategic intent is a necessity to achieve this goal. In short: The Corporate Social Responsibility of African and Middle East mobile operators indeed has a positive effect on its Carbon Footprint.

Indigenous Peoples and REDD+: A Critical Perspective / Indigenous Peoples' Biocultural Climate Change Assessment Initiative (IPCCA) / November 2014 / Public Political Ecology Lab / Executive Summary: REDD+ stands for Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and forest Degradation in developing countries (REDD) and includes conservation, sustainable forest management and the enhancement of carbon stocks (the +). An international initiative negotiated under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), REDD+ has been proposed as a central strategy for mitigating climate change in forests. While advocates highlight the cost effectiveness and social and ecological co-benefits that can be generated through REDD+, many indigenous and forest dependent groups have expressed concerns about the potential effects of projects on their access to land and resources. This report identifies key issues facing indigenous and forest-dependent communities with respect to REDD, and is based on existing academic literature and more current reports by NGOs and indigenous organizations. We first lay out a brief history of REDD+, interrogate its key assumptions, and discuss major issues of concern. We then discuss REDD+ as it relates to indigenous peoples and forest-dependent communities. This is followed by a series of case studies of developing countries participating in REDD+. We conclude with a discussion of the principal elements for an alternative vision for REDD+ that takes seriously the rights of indigenous peoples. / / Resumen Ejecutivo REDD+ es acrónimo para Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and forest Degradation (Reducir las Emisiones por Deforestación y Degradación de bosques) (en países en desarrollo). Incluye acciones para la conservación, el manejo sustentable de bosques y el aumento en los suministros de carbono (el +). Como una iniciativa internacional negociada bajo el United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) (Convención Marco de Naciones Unidas sobre el Cambio Climático), REDD+ ha sido propuesto como una estrategia principal para mitigar el cambio climático en bosques. Aunque sus defensores enfatizan la eficacia financiera y los co-beneficios sociales y ecológicos que se pueden generar a través del REDD+, muchos grupos indígenas y de gente quien depende de bosques para su sustento tienen preocupaciones acerca de los posibles efectos de los proyectos sobre el acceso a la tierra y los recursos forestales. Este informe identifica los problemas principales que enfrentan las comunidades indígenas y gente dependiente de bosques con REDD. Está basado en la literatura académica existente y otros reportes actuales escritos por organizaciones no gubernamentales (ONGs) y organizaciones indígenas. Primero proveeremos una historia breve de REDD+, evaluaremos las suposiciones principales y discutiremos los problemas de mayor preocupación. Luego describiremos la relación entre REDD+ y los pueblos indígenas y comunidades dependientes de bosques. Esto será seguido por una colección de casos de estudio en los países en desarrollo que participan en REDD+. Concluiremos con una discusión de los elementos principales para una visión alternativa de REDD+ que toma en cuenta los derechos de los pueblos indígenas.

The UK is required to reduce its greenhouse gas emissions by 80 per cent from 1990 levels, by 2050. Greenhouse gas emissions attributed to the UK higher education sector have increased by 34.5 per cent from 1990 to 2005. Higher education institutions have a unique role in the UK greenhouse gas emissions inventory, beyond management of their own estates and compliance with policy and legislation, higher education institutions have responsibilities as innovators and educators, inspiring students and employees through example and best practice. This study sought to understand acceptability of greenhouse gas emissions reduction policies among employees of a higher education institution. The value-belief-norm theory was used in a questionnaire to understand individual attitudinal factors thought to influence policy acceptability (N=405). Recognising that an employee's attitudinal factors may be influenced by their work colleagues, this study used social network analysis to understand the social context within which individual attitudinal factors sit. Support was found for higher education institutions to reduce their greenhouse gas emissions. Employees found policies that encouraged desired behaviours, such as assistance with train travel costs and working from home, to be more acceptable than policies that discouraged undesired behaviours, such as doubling the price of a car-parking permit. Support was found for the structure and content of the value-belief-norm theory, but logistic regression suggested that it provided a weak explanation of employee policy acceptability, indicating that other factors may have a greater role. Analysis of workplace social networks suggested that employees have small social groups (x̄=8) and do not select to be close to colleagues that reflect their own perspectives. Practitioners and policymakers should seek to address this void in environmental social norms through recruitment of more environmental champions to deliver strong and persuasive pro-environmental messages.

Today, the air transport industry has become an essential element of global society by its great contributions to the wide exchanges of cultures/people and to the rapid growth in the world economy. However, on the other hand, the adverse impacts on the environment caused by air transport, such as air pollution, noise and climate change, are drawing, increasingly, growing public concern. In order to address the steady growth in air-travel demand in the next decades through an environmentally-friendly way and realise the ACARE 2020 environmental goals, The Clean Sky programme has been launched by European Union over the period 2008 – 2013. The project research, described in this thesis and sponsored by the Clean Sky programme, aims at evaluating the feasibility of reducing the environmental impact of commercial aviation through the introduction of changes in the aircraft operational rules and procedures, as well as the application of the new-generation propfan (open rotor) engine, based on flight trajectory multidisciplinary optimisation and analysis of commercial aircraft. In order to accomplish the above research objectives, a complete methodology to achieve and realise optimum flight trajectories has been initially proposed. Then, 12 component-level models which function as simulating different disciplines, such as aircraft performance, engine performance, engine gaseous emission, and flight noise, have been developed or selected/adopted. Further, nine system-level integration and optimisation models were built. These system-level models simulate flights from Amsterdam Schiphol airport in the Netherlands to Munich airport in Germany flown by different types of aircraft through different flight phases with different optimisation objectives. Finally, detailed investigations into the flight trajectory optimisations were performed, extensive optimisation results were achieved and corresponding description, analysis and comparisons were provided. The main contributions of this work to knowledge broadly comprise the following: 1) the further development regarding the methodology of flight trajectory multidisciplinary optimisation; 2) previous work on aircraft trajectory optimisation has often considered fixed objectives over the complete flight trajectory. This research focused on representative flight phases of a flight mission with different optimisation objectives, namely, noise impact and fuel burn during the departure phase; fuel burn and flight time during en route phase; and noise impact and NOx emission during the arrival phase; 3) this research has extended the current flight trajectory optimisations to turboprop and propfan equipped aircraft. As a result, a relative complete 2D flight trajectory multidisciplinary optimisation spectrum, spanned by primary commercial aircraft types, primary flight phases and primary optimisation objectives of interest, has been built. Although encouraging progress have been achieved, this project research, as with any other research activity, is also only ‘on the way’ rather than coming to the ‘end’ point. There are still many aspects which can be improved further and there is still much new research and exploration which can be investigated further. All these have also been suggested in this thesis.

Reducing anthropogenic GHG emissions globally is a key driver for the development of renewable energy sources. A key route towards achieving this is to replace fossil-based fuels with renewable and low carbon energy technologies such as biofuels from energy crops. Cereals and oil-seed crops such as corn, wheat, and soybean are the main feedstocks primarily used for biofuels production and the key characteristics of these crops are high biomass and energy yield per ha. However, there are concerns about the availability and sustainability of these crops for biofuels production in the face of a changing climate since crop productivity is inherently sensitive to climate. Therefore, an understanding of the impacts of climate change on energy crops production as feedstocks for biofuels production and their potential for life cycle GHG emissions reductions is crucial for making decisions on future biofuels production. This thesis examined potential climate change impacts on the productivity of two major biofuel crops: corn (Zea mays L.) and soybean (Glycine max) in Gainesville, USA and one major biofuel crop: wheat (Triticum spp.) in Rothamsted, UK. The overall objective was to calculate the potential impacts of combined changes in climate variables: surface air temperature (T), precipitation (P), and atmospheric concentration of CO2 ([CO2]) on life cycle GHG emissions savings of biofuels from corn, soybean, and wheat. The methodology was underpinned by life cycle thinking. Life cycle assessment (LCA) models linked to cropping system models (CSM) were used in the analysis. In assessing the impact of climate change on corn, wheat, and soybean crops yields, two applications of the CERES (Crop-Environment Resource Synthesis) model: CERES-Wheat (for wheat) and CERES-Maize (for corn), and CROPGRO (Crop Growth) model application: CROPGRO-Soybean of the Decision Support System for Agrotechnology Transfer (DSSAT-CSM) v4.0.2.0 model were used using observed weather data from the baseline (1981-1990) period for each study site. These models describe, based on daily data, the basic biophysical processes taking place at the soil-plant-atmosphere interface as a response to the variability of different processes such as: photosynthesis, specific phenological phases, evapotranspiration, and water dynamics in soil. Compared with the baseline, T was projected to increase by +1.5, +2, +2.5, +3, +3.5, +4, +4.5, and +5 oC, P was projected to change by ±5, ±10, ±15, and ±20%, and [CO2] was projected to increase by +70, +140, +210, +280, and + 350 ppm for Gainesville, USA. For Rothamsted, UK, T was projected to increase by +0.5, +1.5, +2.5, +3.5, and +4.5 oC, P was projected to change by ±10, and ±20%, and [CO2] was projected to increase by +70, +210, and + 350 ppm. Simulated yields output (grain/seeds and biomass) from the CSM models were used as inputs into the LCA models. Potential life cycle GHG emissions savings were calculated for corn-based biofuels: corn bioethanol (CBE), corn integrated biomethanol (CIBM), and corn integrated bioelectricity (CIBE); soybean-based biofuels: soybean biodiesel (SBD), soybean integrated biomethanol (SIBM), and soybean integrated bioelectricity (SIBE); wheat-based biofuels: wheat bioethanol (WBE), wheat integrated biomethanol (WIBM), and wheat integrated bioelectricity (WIBE). Results indicated that under the baseline (1981-1990) scenario, production and use of CBE, CIBM, CIBE, SBD, SIBM, SIBE, WBE, WIBM, and WIBE could save -4743.32 kg CO2-equiv. ha-1, -8573.31 kg CO2-equiv. ha-1, and -10996.7 kg CO2-equiv. ha-1, -2655.41 kg CO2-equiv. ha-1, -3441.1 kg CO2-equiv. ha-1, and -1350.04 kg CO2-equiv ha-1, -2776.1 kg CO2-equiv. ha-1, -500.87 kg CO2-equiv. ha-1 and -4648.93 kg CO2-equiv. ha-1 respectively, of the total life cycle GHG emissions of CO2, CH4, and N2O for the production and utilization of an energetically equivalent amount of fossil-based fuel counterpart, which they displaced. However, model predictions of future life cycle GHG emissions savings for both crops showed that the responses of corn, soybean, and wheat to simultaneous changes in T, P, and [CO2] were different under different climate change scenarios. In the future period life cycle GHG emissions savings of corn-based biofuels was predicted to decline in all cases ranging from -4.2% to -46.1%, -2.6% to -37.7%, and -1.6% to -33.4% for CBE, CIBM, and CIBE, respectively compared with the baseline (1981-1990) period. In contrast, model predictions showed that life cycle GHG emissions savings of wheat-based biofuels would increase under all climate change scenarios ranging from +2.5% to +33.5%, +0.1% to +37.8%, and +1.0% to +34.4% for WBE, WIBM, and WIBE, respectively. On the other hand, the life cycle GHG emissions savings of soybean-based biofuels was predicted to increase by +0.22% to +27%, +0.1% to 28%, and +0.1% to +31.6% for SBD, SIBM, and SIBE, respectively under some climate change scenarios (e.g., [CO2] = 680; P = +20%; and T = +1.5 oC scenario) and also decline by -0.7% to -60.8%, -0.1% to -44.6%, and -0.1% to -82.6% for SBD, SIBM, and SIBE, respectively under some climate change scenarios (e.g., [CO2] = 400; P = -20%; and T = +5 oC scenario). These results revealed that the potential impacts of climate change on energy crops productivity and net life cycle GHG emissions savings could be very large and diverse, and that the anticipated life cycle GHG emissions reductions of biofuels would not be the same in the future.