Stakeholder engagement, and specifically employee engagement has proven to have an influence on how companies perform and how value is created in organisations. Within the competitive world where Small and Medium Sized Enterprises (SMEs) are functioning, employee engagement can be the master key that unlocks better organisational performance. The objective of this study is to research the influence of stakeholder engagement on business performance and value creation, and to identify factors that impact on stakeholder engagement. The processes that are in place to engage with employees and how value are created through employee engagement, are also investigated. Studies have proven that successful employee engagement can have a positive influence on how businesses perform. The various factors that have an influence on employee engagement, are identified, including: • People. • Communication. • Work. • Rewards. • Opportunities. • Quality of life; and • Company practices. The study found that engagement levels in selected SMEs in Gauteng are high and the results, as discussed in Chapter 3, are positive. It proves that a significant percentage of employees are engaged on the following levels: 1. Rational - this indicates how well employees understand their roles and responsibilities in their various companies. 2. Emotional - this level indicates with how much passion employees work and how passionate they are about their organisation. 3. Motivational - this indicates how willing employees are to give more than is expected of them, and how hard they work to perform well on their roles and responsibilities. The results of the study can be used by companies to improve employee engagement and create value in their organisations - it can assist them in building a sustainable, competitive organisation. / Thesis (M.B.A.)--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2011

Thesis (MComm)--Stellenbosch University, 2011. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Occupational stress and Burnout are serious problems in current day organisations. To this end organisations should actively promote positive psychological health and occupational wellbeing in order to harness the full potential of their workforce and increase organisational performance. Studies from the emerging field of Positive Psychology hypothesize that personal resources, like the constructs of Psychological Capital (i.e. Hope, Optimism, Self-Efficacy and Resilience), may contribute to decreased Stress (Avey, Luthans & Jensen, 2009), Burnout (Schaufeli & Bakker, 2001) and increased work Engagement (Avey, Wernsing & Luthans, 2008). Moreover, it has been proven that the Psychological Capital (PsyCap) constructs are state-like and can be developed (Luthans, Avey & Patera, 2008). It may, therefore, be vital for organisations to identify and develop these positive PsyCap factors, which might moderate the effect of Occupational stress on Burnout, as well as curb the initial experiences of Occupational stress and the subsequent development of Burnout in their employees. The presence of PsyCap may also lead to increased Engagement, which is also known to be associated with less Burnout. The aims of this study were to explore the relationships between Burnout, Employee Engagement, Occupational stress and PsyCap in the South African context, as well as to determine whether PsyCap plays a moderating role in the Occupational stress, Burnout relationship. A non-experimental research design (i.e. exploratory survey study) was used to explore the relationships between these four constructs. In this study, Burnout was defined as a condition characterised by fatigue and exhaustion, divided into Personal Burnout (“the degree of physical and psychological fatigue and exhaustion experienced by the person”), Work-related Burnout (“the degree of physical and psychological fatigue and exhaustion that is perceived by the person as related to his/her work”) and Client-related Burnout (“the degree of physical and psychological fatigue and exhaustion that is perceived by the person as related to his/her work with clients”) (Kristensen, Borritz, Villadsen & Christensen, 2005, p. 197). Employee Engagement was defined as “a positive, fulfilling, work-related state of mind that is characterized by vigour, dedication, and absorption” (Schaufeli, Salanova, Gonzalez-Roma & Bakker, 2002, p.74). Occupational stress is experienced when an imbalance exists between people’s perceived environmental demands and their perceived ability to cope with these demands (Cooper, Clarke & Rowbottom, 1999). Lastly, PsyCap was described as a second-order construct which included Hope, Optimism, Self-efficacy and Resilience (Luthans, Youssef & Avolio, 2007). A convenience sample of 209 permanent employees and support staff of a medium size construction company within the Western Cape, South Africa, participated in the research. The Copenhagen Burnout Inventory (CBI; Kristensen et al., 2005), the Utrecht Work Engagement Scale (UWES-9; Schaufeli & Bakker, 2003), the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS; Cohen, Kamarck & Mermelstein, 1983) and the Psychological Capital Questionnaire-Self Rater Version (PCQ-24; Luthans, Avolio & Avey, 2007) were administered. Consistent with previous research, significant negative relationships were evident between all three dimensions of Burnout and Occupational stress. This indicates that higher Occupational stress is associated with an increased propensity to develop Personal-, Work- and Client Burnout. This was expected as it is known that Burnout develops in reaction to prolonged Stress. The correlational results further revealed that higher levels of Hope, Optimism, Self-efficacy and Resilience (and the PsyCap total score) were associated with lower levels of Occupational stress and Burnout. This suggests that increased levels of PsyCap may probably lead to decreased levels of Occupational stress and Burnout. As expected, multiple moderate positive correlations were evident between the PsyCap sub-dimensions, empirically confirming the discriminant and convergent validity of the dimensions in the South African context. This implies that by developing one of the constructs, the others are also likely to increase. As hypothesised, both Occupational Stress and Burnout was found to relate negatively to Employee Engagement. The results further revealed that higher PsyCap was related to higher Engagement levels and that Optimism and Self-efficacy, as PsyCap sub-dimensions, emerged as the two strongest predictors of Employee Engagement. These results suggest that the development of PsyCap may hold multiple benefits (e.g. increasing Engagement, lessening Stress and subsequent Burnout). Lastly, PsyCap did indeed emerge as a moderator in the relationship between Occupational stress and Personal- and Work Burnout respectively. This suggests that although Occupational stress is inevitable in any work environment, PsyCap as a personal coping resource, can buffer the development of Burnout over the long term. Limitations of the study as well as suggestions for future research were discussed. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Werk stres en Uitbranding is twee ernstige probleme in die huidige werksomgewing. Organisasies moet dus die positiewe sielkundige gesondheid van hul werknemers bevorder en sodoende die volle potensiaal van hul werknemers probeer verseker, wat die organisasie se algehele prestasie sal verbeter. Studies vanaf die opkomende veld van Positiewe Sielkunde beweer dat persoonlike karaktereienskappe, soos die onderskeie konstrukte van Sielkundige Kapitaal (d.i. Hoop, Optimisme, Selfbekwaamheid en Veerkragtigheid), `n vermindering in stres (Avey et al., 2009) en Uitbranding (Schaufeli & Bakker, 2001) tot gevolg kan hê, asook Werknemerbetrokkenheid kan verhoog (Avey et al., 2008). Verder is daar ook bewys dat die konstrukte van Sielkundige Kapitaal ontwikkel kan word (e.g. Luthans et al., 2008). Dit is dus noodsaaklik vir organisasies om hierdie positiewe sielkundige konstrukte te identifiseer en ontwikkel, wat moontlik die effek van Werk stres op Uitbranding kan modereer, sowel as die oorspronklike ondervindings van Werk stres en die gevolglike ontwikkeling van Uitbranding in werknemers, kan inhibeer. Die teenwoordigheid van Sielkundige Kapitaal kan ook aanleiding gee tot `n verhoging in Werknemerbetrokkenheid, wat ook verwant is aan minder Uitbranding. Die doelwitte van hierdie studie was om die verwantskappe tussen Uitbranding, Werknemerbetrokkenheid, Werk Stres en Sielkundige Kapitaal in die Suid-Afrikaanse konteks te ondersoek, asook om te bepaal of Sielkundige Kapitaal ‘n modererende rol speel in die verband tussen Werk Stres en Uitbranding. 'n Nieeksperimentele navorsingsontwerp ('n verkennende studie) is gebruik om die verbande tussen die vier konstrukte te ondersoek. In hierdie studie word Uitbranding beskryf as `n toestand gekenmerk deur vermoeienis en uitputting, en word verdeel in Persoonlike Uitbranding (die graad van fisiese en sielkundige vermoeienis en uitputting wat deur die persoon ervaar word), Werks Uitbranding (die graad van fisiese en sielkundige vermoeienis en uitputting wat deur die persoon ervaar word, verwant aan sy/haar werk) en Kliënte Uitbranding (die graad van fisiese en sielkundige vermoeienis en uitputting wat deur die persoon ervaar word wat verwant is aan sy/haar werk met kliënte) (Kristensen et al., 2005). Werknemerbetrokkenheid is gedefinieer as 'n positiewe, vervullende ingesteldheid wat gekenmerk word deur Vitaliteit, Toegewydheid en Verdieptheid (Schaufeli et al., 2002). Werk stres word beskryf as `n wanbalans tussen `n persoon se persepsie van sy/haar omgewings vereistes en die persepsie van hul eie vermoëns om hierdie vereistes te hanteer (Cooper et al., 1999). Laastens verwys Sielkundige Kapitaal na `n tweede-orde konstruk wat bestaan uit vier afsonderlike subkonstrukte naamlik Hoop, Optimisme, Self-bekwaamheid en Veerkragtigheid. ‘n Geriefsteekproef van 209 permanente werknemers en steundienstepersoneel van 'n medium grootte konstruksie maatskappy in die Wes-Kaap het aan die navorsingsprojek deelgeneem. Die Copenhagen Uitbranding Vraelys (CBI; Kristensen et al., 2005), die Utrecht Werksbetrokkenheid Skaal (UWES-9) (Schaufeli & Bakker, 2003), die Waargenome Stresskaal (PSS; Cohen et al., 1983) en die Sielkundige Kapitaal – Self-beoordeling Weergawe (PCQ-24; Luthans, Avolio et al., 2007) was gebruik in hierdie studie. In ooreenstemming met vorige navorsing is beduidende negatiewe verwantskappe tussen die drie dimensies van Uitbranding en Werk stres gevind. Dit dui daarop dat hoër Werk stres geassosieer word met 'n toename in die geneigdheid om Persoonlike-, Werks- en Kliënte Uitbranding te ontwikkel. Hierdie resultate was verwag, aangesien dit bekend is dat Uitbranding die gevolg is van lang termyn Stres. Die resultate het verder onthul dat hoë vlakke van Hoop, Optimisme, Self- Bekwaamheid en Veerkragtigheid (asook die totaaltelling van Sielkundige Kapitaal) geassosieer word met laer vlakke van Werk stres en Uitbranding. Dus, `n toename in werknemers se Sielkundige Kapitaal kan moontlik lei tot `n afname in hul Werk stres en Uitbranding. Verder, en soos wat verwag was, is bevind dat daar verskeie positiewe korrelasies tussen die vier subkonstrukte van Sielkundige Kapitaal bestaan. Dit is ook 'n empiriese aanduiding van die onderskeidings geldigheid van hierdie dimensies binne die Suid-Afrikaanse konteks. Dit beteken dat deur een van hierdie vier konstrukte te ontwikkel, die ander drie konstrukte ook terselfdertyd sal verhoog. erder het SielkundigeKapitaal verband gehou met 'n toename in Werknemerbetrokkenheid, en Optimisme en Self-Bekwaamheid, as sub-dimensies van Sielkundige Kapitaal, was hier die beste voorspellers van Werknemerbetrokkenheid. Hierdie resultate impliseer dat die ontwikkeling van Sielkundige Kapitaal verskeie voordele vir 'n maatskappy kan inhou (bv. verhoogde Werknemer Betrokkenheid, verlaagde Werk stres, asook Uitbranding). Laastens het hierdie studie bewys dat Sielkundige Kapitaal wel 'n modererende rol speel in die verhouding tussen Werk stres en onderskeidelik Persoonlike- en Werks- Uitbranding. Dit veronderstel dat alhoewel Werk stres onafwendbaar is in die huidige werksomgewing, Sielkundige Kapitaal as 'n persoonlike hanteringsmeganisme of hulpbron, die ontwikkeling van Uitbranding kan buffer. Die beperkings van die studie, asook aanbevelings vir toekomstige navorsing word bespreek.

Making a societal transition towards sustainability is a global concern of ever increasing urgency. Succeeding in this mission requires all societal sectors to be on board and contribute. This thesis focuses on the transformation of the corporate sector, namely how Internal Corporate Communication (ICC), i.e. communication between senior management and employees, can be designed to engage employees in working with sustainability. This thesis uses a conceptual model developed for ICC and employee engagement and applies it in the specific context of ICC with regards to sustainability in medium- to large-sized companies in Northern Europe. Through interviewing practitioners working with ICC on sustainability in ‘model’ sustainability companies, the research aims to discern best practices on how to design ICC about sustainability to engage employees. The results show that ICC can be a useful tool when it comes to engaging employees in working with sustainability, and the findings are summarized as guidelines for content creation and methods to use to facilitate engagement creation for sustainability. The discussion elaborates on how these guidelines can be used together with the Strategic Sustainable Development approach to facilitate companies’ journeys towards sustainability.

Submitted by Caroline Picq (carolinepicq@gmail.com) on 2016-04-05T13:18:23Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Caroline Picq - MPGI.pdf: 827450 bytes, checksum: db91ef64455fcefc1a3858e711ef0f0d (MD5) / Rejected by Ana Luiza Holme (ana.holme@fgv.br), reason: Caroline, A fonte dos nomes dos capítulos deve ser menor - fonte 12 Ficou faltando a palavra chave abaixo do resumo e key words abaixo do abstract Ana Luiza Holme 37993492 on 2016-04-05T13:51:05Z (GMT) / Submitted by Caroline Picq (carolinepicq@gmail.com) on 2016-04-05T14:02:52Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Caroline Picq - MPGI.pdf: 827887 bytes, checksum: 8045d319b6c0f4a67c87b7e344644276 (MD5) / Rejected by Ana Luiza Holme (ana.holme@fgv.br), reason: Caroline, As primeiras paginas também é fonte 12. Cordialmente. Ana Luiza Holme on 2016-04-05T16:09:01Z (GMT) / Submitted by Caroline Picq (carolinepicq@gmail.com) on 2016-04-05T21:59:33Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Caroline Picq - MPGI.pdf: 827835 bytes, checksum: 119e20c68fcdb1078cf289aee4c9aec8 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ana Luiza Holme (ana.holme@fgv.br) on 2016-04-06T12:12:54Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Caroline Picq - MPGI.pdf: 827835 bytes, checksum: 119e20c68fcdb1078cf289aee4c9aec8 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-06T12:31:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Caroline Picq - MPGI.pdf: 827835 bytes, checksum: 119e20c68fcdb1078cf289aee4c9aec8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-03-09 / Which strategies can an educational business, such as a Kindergarten in Germany, develop to foster employee engagement? The goal of this master thesis is to identify effective and viable measures to engage employees, that could be potentially implemented in a Kindergarten in Germany. The literature concerning the notion of employee engagement is so inconsistent that even studies about the subject fail to find one common definition and have to acknowledge the variety of existing definitions (IES, 2014, p.52-53). This reflects the youth of the concept, which has only been partially studied by academics and practitioners in recent years. The literature gap about employee engagement concerns many aspects, among which small companies and educational businesses, in particular those focusing on early child development. Considering the low levels of employee engagement in Germany combined with the absence of studies on educational organizations focusing in early child development this master thesis studies engagement in German Kindergärten(s). This master thesis is divided in two parts consisting of a literature review and a case study. The literature review allows to follow the evolution of the concept along the years, while the case study focuses on assessing employee engagement in Montessori Kindergärten(s) in Munich & elaborating potential measures to increase engagement levels. Double sided research was undertaken for this case study. On the one hand a quantitative research was performed, through a survey, in order to uncover which strategies would be viable to foster employee engagement. On the other hand a qualitative research was undertaken, consisting in an internship in a Kindergarten, in order to shed light on how to do so. Findings in the quantitative research indicate overall engagement levels average to low. Results related to specific statements bring out the originality of the educational sector, which is in some aspects intrinsically engaging, similarly to the medical field (Seijts & Crim, 2006). Furthermore low engagement levels led to a conversely high number of positives responses to potential engagement strategies suggesting their potential effectiveness. Findings in the qualitative research are coherent with qualitative results and complement them / Quais estratégias uma empresa educacional, tal como um jardim de infância na Alemanha, pode desenvolver no intuito de favorecer o envolvimento dos funcionários? O objetivo desta tese de mestrado é identificar medidas eficazes e viáveis para envolver os funcionários, que poderiam potencialmente ser implementadas em um jardim de infância na Alemanha. A literatura sobre o conceito de envolvimento dos funcionários é tão inconsistente que até estudos sobre o assunto não conseguem encontrar um definição comum e tem que reconhecer a variedade de definições existentes (IES, 2014, p.52-53). Isso reflete a juventude do conceito que foi só parcialmente estudado pelos acadêmicos e profissionais nos últimos anos. A lacuna que existente na literatura sobre o envolvimento dos funcionários se encontra em vários assuntos, entre os quais as pequenas empresas e as empresas educacionais, em partiular as com foco na primeira infância. Tomando em consideração os baixos nivéis de envolvimento dos funcionários na Alemanha, em conjunto com a ausência de estudos sobre empresas educacionais especializadas na primeira infância, a presente tese de mestrado trata do envolvimento dos funcionários em jardins de infância na Alemanha. A presente tese de mestrado esta divida em duas partes constituídas por uma revisão da literatura e um estudo de caso. A revisão da literatura permite acompanhar a evolução do conceito ao longo do anos, enquanto o estudo de caso esta focado na avaliação do envolvimento dos funcionários em jardins de infância Montessori em Munique, assim como na elaboração de potenciais medidas para aumentar o nível de envolvimento dos funcionários. Uma dupla pesquisa foi realizada para este estudo de caso. Por um lado a pesquisa quantitativa foi realizada através de um inquérito no intuito de descobrir que estratégias seriam viavéis para promover o envolvimento dos funcionários. Por outro lado a pesquisa qualitativa foi realizada através de um estágio em um jardim de infância Montessori em Munique com o intuito de esclarecer como seria possível pôr as tais estratégias em prática. Os resultados da pesquisa quantitativa indicam nivéis globais de envolvimento dos funcionários que são médios a baixos. Os resultados relacionados a afirmações específicas realçam a particularidade do setor educacional, que em certos aspectos beneficia de altos nivéis de envolvimento dos funcionários pela própria natureza da missão, como também é o caso na área médica (Seijts & Crim, 2006). Além disso baixos nivéis de envolvimento dos funcionários levaram a resultados inversamente elevados de respostas positivas às potenciais estratégias, o que sugere a potencial eficácia de tais estratégias. Os resultados da pesquisa qualitativa são coherentes com os resultados da pesquisa quantitativa e a complementam

This study investigated how engagement, job satisfaction, and intrinsic motivation will affect retention among nurses. A sample of 150 nurses (CNAs, LPNs, and RNs) employed at medical centers in Sioux City (IA-SD-NE) and Carbondale, Illinois was selected using cluster random sampling. Employee engagement (Independent-Variable1) was measured against the Utrecht Work Engagement Survey (UWES), job satisfaction (Independent-Variable2) was measured against the Minnesota Satisfaction Questionnaire (MSQ), and intrinsic motivation (Independent-Variable3) was measured against the Intrinsic Motivation Inventory (IMI). The study followed a sequential transformative design, with all research questions or hypotheses examined through multinomial regression, which indicated the odds ratio of nurses’ decision or intent to leave or stay against leaving their current position. The regression analysis showed that intrinsic motivation and job satisfaction were significantly more likely to predict nurses’ intent to leave than employee engagement. The interviews showed employee engagement, job satisfaction, and intrinsic motivation to be an important part of the nurses’ decision to leave or stay

Abstract   Purpose: This paper aims to investigate how formal and informal cultural systems within an organization, affect the CSR related actions employees are taking at their workplace on a daily basis. The purpose is to explore how the systemsaffect employees’ participation in a company's CSR.   Problem:  There is a need for improvements in CSR activities. This improvement could be carried out by creating deeper employee engagement in CRS development and implementation. Gapsbetween externally communicated CSR and internally implemented CSR exists. Researchers have emphasized the importance of culture as a significant factor for successful CSR as well that many organizations are struggling with the integration of sustainability into the cultures and climates.    Method:The study is conducted through qualitative research and a case study method. The case study consisted of semi-structured interviews, the sample consisted of seven employees. The research in this thesis was conducted through an inductive approach.    Findings: Findings show that the formal cultural systems affected actions related to only one of the CSR aims of the company. The informal cultural systems did not affect employees to take specific actions but rather their mindset. Moreover, findings suggest that employees took CSR related actions without being fully aware of the company’s CSR. The findings also indicated a low awareness of formal documents andidentified factors beyond formal and informal systems that drove and hindered employees to take CSR related actions.

Big, prosperous and outstanding notable corporations regularly rely on work climates that develop and encourage creative comportments and attitudes. Employees are the most important dynamic behind the creative innovation process; therefore, their engagement is seen as the combination of emotive, lucid and social extents of enthusiasm level, commitment, and attachment to their job tasks. Additionally, firms progressively empower their workforces to conduct research and generate creative ideas. The purpose of this research is to recognize drivers’ combinations and mechanisms directing the employee- driven innovation concept. Understanding employee-driven innovation relies on grasping and understanding the connection between employee engagement and innovation or creativeness. Therefore, in the proposed study, understanding each of the concepts is crucial so to recognize and investigate the link between the theories. The first section of the study is related to employee engagement. Many researches have focused on the connection between human resource management (HRM) and organization creativeness and innovation. Scholars have determined that human resource procedures, when applied jointly in a system form (i.e. high-performance work scheme) have a substantial and constructive influence on a firm's creative outcome. The aim of this part is to assess, discuss and examine existing empirical literature while emphasizing the different employee engagement mechanisms, drivers and shaping factors. The second section is related to innovation and creativity. The literature associated with innovation management led to a rising number of diverse and distinctive models of innovation types and processes. This research relies on a 10 type of innovation model proposed by Keeley et al. (2013) in which the innovation dimensions interrelate and interconnect so to create distinctive, and interesting creative approaches. The third section relates to employee-driven innovation. While some scholars argue about the definition, dependencies, and origin of the concept, the authors argue that employee-driven innovation find its source in the combination of a healthy employee engagement structure and a strong desire of the organization to innovate. The research proposes seven key drivers of employee-driven innovation: Managers and leaders attitude, Team culture - spirit and social environment, Work process - resource allocation, Job design, Corporal environment, Employee suitability, and Organizational values; each of these drivers has a certain impact in specific and critical innovation cases. Consequently, the last part of the dissertation is based on four structured case studies, focusing on product performance innovation, that assess all the different concepts already proposed. The authors evaluate the different innovation patterns, the working environment governing the society, the firm and culture at the time of the innovation and the employee innovative process that lead to the materialization of his creativeness. It is found that from these examples, different drivers supported creative, innovative and inspiring employee behaviors, depending on the technology, sector and organization vision. While there is no single driver inciting employees to innovate, there is a whole framework that should be understood and investigated by an organization so to lead the way for employee-driven innovation. From a practical viewpoint, the research has eased the way for future studies and the development of management guidelines, which firms aiming to foster their employee creative behaviors can rely on. Moreover, the dissertation postulates valuable perceptions into a significant area of study as firms look for techniques and methods to realize competitive advantage through their employees and workforce.

Magister Commercii (Information Management) - MCom(IM) / In this thesis, the author explores the phenomena of attitudinal behaviour of some users (management and administrative support personnel) in the adaptation of enhanced information system applications (EISAs) during the last decade of the programme lifecycle of the Student Enrolment Management System (SEMS) programme at a South African university, hereinafter referred to as the University. Using the qualitative approach through Case Study Methodology and IPA in this research, the author uses research methods such as observation, content analysis, semi-structured interviews, case studies, or focus groups based on the lived experience of the interviewees. The outcome reveals that EISAs do not fail the users; instead the users of the systems failed to achieve the objectives of the EISAs at the University. It is found that personal beliefs and attitudes must be divorced from what the institution-wide objectives of the EISAs are. The notion of continually challenging and reworking previously agreed concepts and strategies is counter-productive and can become a very expensive exercise. This is evident if the total amount of money and effort spent on the SEMS programme is evaluated over the last decade. The general consensus reached at the conclusion of this research is that user attitude impacts the functionality of an application system. One of the fundamental issues highlighted is the state of mind of the people utilising EISAs in their daily work-related activities. It is found that a majority of administrative staff utilising the EISAs are physically present at the University but psychologically and emotionally absent whilst performing their daily student administrative duties. It would be useful to determine if they (the users) would be willing and able to radically change their behaviour to fit the ideal of rational discourse.

The aim of this paper is to identify and present the way of corporate social responsibility, which brings about real competitive advantage to a company. It is characterised by how deeply embodied is CSR in the corporate strategy, how is CSR communicated within the company and how are its employees involved in CSR activities. The first part of this paper focuses at CSR and internal communications and also introduces some of the current trends, e.g. partnership of businesses, public sector and NGOs in solving social issues or the use of storytelling in internal communication. This part also presents the role of employee engagement as a key factor in achieving competitive advantage. The second part of this paper comprises of analysis and comparision of CSR strategies, internal communication of CSR and employee engagement in CSR in T-Mobile and Vodafone in the Czech Republic.

This dissertation examined the relationship between the antecedents and consequences of employee engagement in a defense acquisition organization. The objective of this study as to determine whether or not the eight satisfaction facets of the Index of Organizational Reactions (IOR) (1976) could be used as antecedents, engagement and consequences constructs in place of the antecedents, engagement and consequences constructs of the Saks (2006) model of employee engagement. This study used the following three research questions: 1) Are the antecedents of the IOR (kind of work, amount of work, physical work conditions, supervision and financial rewards) related to employee engagement constructs (company identification and co-workers)? 2) Are the antecedents of the IOR model (kind of work, amount of work, physical work conditions, supervision and financial rewards) related to consequences (career future)? 3) Are the employee engagement constructs (company identification and co-workers) related to consequences (career future)? This study utilized the Index of Organizational Reactions (1976) to sample a defense acquisition organization (N = 177) to assess the proposed empirical model. The quantitative data from the study was used to perform Pearson correlation on 17 hypotheses. All hypotheses were supported and indicated positive relationships were present among the variables representing the antecedents, engagement and consequences constructs of the empirical model. In addition, confirmatory factor analysis was utilized as was done in previous studies performed by Dunham, Smith and Blackburn (1977) and Lee (1984). After the initial component matrix was obtained, a varimax rotation with Kaiser normalization was applied and indicated that the same factors that were found in the Dunham et al. and Lee studies were found in this research, providing additional confirmation for the original validation of the IOR. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) was also used in this research and the results indicated that gender was a significant effect on the results of this study. This study also utilized qualitative responses to the survey items to provide additional data to determine whether or not there were common themes amongst the comments and whether or not the comments were in agreement with the quantitative responses. Results indicated that further study is needed in the areas of supervision, kind of work, co-workers, physical work conditions and career future.