Die hier vorliegende Dissertation beschreibt die vergleichenden Untersuchungen zweier Verfahren zur Herstellung vollkeramischen Zahnersatzes. Zur Bewertung der Praxistauglichkeit eines solchen Systems sind mehrere Untersuchungskriterien notwendig. Für einen klinischen Langzeiterfolg sind die marginale und okklusale Präzision von entscheidender Bedeutung. Aus betriebswirtschaftlicher und gesundheitspolitischer Sicht ist für den Zahnarzt aber auch der notwendige zeitliche Aufwand von elementarer Bedeutung. Das Ziel dieser in-vitro-Untersuchung war es, zwei vollkeramische Systeme hinsichtlich ihrer marginalen und okklusalen Präzision zu vergleichen. Zusätzlich wurde der verfahrensbedingte Zeitaufwand zur Herstellung einer vollkeramischen Restauration untersucht.

O objetivo é comparar o ajuste interno e marginal cervical de dois sistemas de compósito e um de cerâmica prensada. O Material e Métodos foi elaborado a partir de um modelo mestre metálico com preparo para inlay MOD, 15 troquéis de gesso tipo IV foram obtidos e distribuídos randomicamente em três grupos (n=5), a saber: Grupo Empress, Grupo Sinfony e Grupo Z350. Após a confecção das restaurações, cada peça foi posicionada no modelo mestre e fotografada nas faces mesial e distal para através de um programa de computador fazer a análise da desadaptação marginal cervical. Depois, a peça foi cimentada no modelo mestre usando silicone de adição de ultrabaixa viscosidade para preencher o espaço entre as restaurações e o preparo. Após a remoção das inlays, cada réplica foi pesada em balança de precisão para posterior obtenção de seu volume. Nos Resultados temos a interface paredes do preparo/paredes da restauração: houve diferença estatística entre o grupo Empress, que apresentou volume até 137% maior que os demais grupos, que foram considerados iguais entre si. Área de desadaptação marginal cervical: Houve diferença entre todos os grupos com o grupo Empress apresentando os maiores valores, seguido pelo grupo Sinfony e pelo grupo Z350. Os grupos Empress e o Sinfony apresentaram respectivamente áreas de desadaptação 450% e 200% maiores que o grupo Z350. Maior distância entre as bordas da restauração e as margens do preparo os grupos Empress e Sinfony foram iguais estatisticamente e diferentes do grupo Z350 que apresentou os menores valores. Entretanto, o grupo Empress apresentou uma desadaptação linear 43% maior que o grupo Sinfony. Concluímos que quanto ao desajuste interno, o grupo Empress apresentou os maiores valores no volume da interface dente/restauração, com diferença estatística significativa (P<0,05) em relação aos demais grupos. Para o cálculo da área, a desadaptação marginal foi menor no grupo Z350, seguido dos grupos Sinfony e Empress, todos mostrando diferença estatística significativa entre si (P<0,05). Considerando a medida linear, a desadaptação marginal foi menor no grupo Z350, indicando diferença estatística significativa (P<0,05) deste para os demais grupos. / The objective is to compare the internal and marginal cervical adjustment of two systems of composite and another of pressed ceramic. The material and methods was made based on a metal pattern model with inlay MOD preparation, 15 plaster casts type IV were obtained and randomly distributed into three groups (n=5) as it follows: Empress Group, Sinfony Group, Z350 Group. After restorations were made, each piece was positioned in the pattern model and had its middle and distal faces photographed in order to analyze marginal cervical ill-fitting through a computer software program. Then the piece was cemented to the pattern model using ultra-low viscosity silicone to fill in the spaces between restoration and preparation. After removing the inlays, each replica was precisely weighed for future volume consideration. As results we have the preparation surface / restoration surface interface: there was statistical difference between the Empress Group and the other groups. While both the Sinfony and the Z350 Group had similar results, the Empress Group presented a volume 137% higher. Cervical Marginal ill-fitted area: all the three groups presented different outcome: the Empress Group presented the highest values, followed by the Sinfony and the Z350. The Empress and the Sinfony presented, respectively, ill-fitted area 450 and 200 times higher than Group Z350. Longest distance between restoration and preparation edges: Both the Empress and the Sinfony had similar statistical results, which were higher than the values presented by Z350 Group. Nevertheless, the Empress Group presented a linear lack of adaptation 43% higher than the Sinfony. We Concluded that Group Empress presented the best values of all evaluations while Group Z350 had the worst results. As long as inner and marginal cervical adaptations are concerned, results point Z350 as the most reliable group.

O objetivo é comparar o ajuste interno e marginal cervical de dois sistemas de compósito e um de cerâmica prensada. O Material e Métodos foi elaborado a partir de um modelo mestre metálico com preparo para inlay MOD, 15 troquéis de gesso tipo IV foram obtidos e distribuídos randomicamente em três grupos (n=5), a saber: Grupo Empress, Grupo Sinfony e Grupo Z350. Após a confecção das restaurações, cada peça foi posicionada no modelo mestre e fotografada nas faces mesial e distal para através de um programa de computador fazer a análise da desadaptação marginal cervical. Depois, a peça foi cimentada no modelo mestre usando silicone de adição de ultrabaixa viscosidade para preencher o espaço entre as restaurações e o preparo. Após a remoção das inlays, cada réplica foi pesada em balança de precisão para posterior obtenção de seu volume. Nos Resultados temos a interface paredes do preparo/paredes da restauração: houve diferença estatística entre o grupo Empress, que apresentou volume até 137% maior que os demais grupos, que foram considerados iguais entre si. Área de desadaptação marginal cervical: Houve diferença entre todos os grupos com o grupo Empress apresentando os maiores valores, seguido pelo grupo Sinfony e pelo grupo Z350. Os grupos Empress e o Sinfony apresentaram respectivamente áreas de desadaptação 450% e 200% maiores que o grupo Z350. Maior distância entre as bordas da restauração e as margens do preparo os grupos Empress e Sinfony foram iguais estatisticamente e diferentes do grupo Z350 que apresentou os menores valores. Entretanto, o grupo Empress apresentou uma desadaptação linear 43% maior que o grupo Sinfony. Concluímos que quanto ao desajuste interno, o grupo Empress apresentou os maiores valores no volume da interface dente/restauração, com diferença estatística significativa (P<0,05) em relação aos demais grupos. Para o cálculo da área, a desadaptação marginal foi menor no grupo Z350, seguido dos grupos Sinfony e Empress, todos mostrando diferença estatística significativa entre si (P<0,05). Considerando a medida linear, a desadaptação marginal foi menor no grupo Z350, indicando diferença estatística significativa (P<0,05) deste para os demais grupos. / The objective is to compare the internal and marginal cervical adjustment of two systems of composite and another of pressed ceramic. The material and methods was made based on a metal pattern model with inlay MOD preparation, 15 plaster casts type IV were obtained and randomly distributed into three groups (n=5) as it follows: Empress Group, Sinfony Group, Z350 Group. After restorations were made, each piece was positioned in the pattern model and had its middle and distal faces photographed in order to analyze marginal cervical ill-fitting through a computer software program. Then the piece was cemented to the pattern model using ultra-low viscosity silicone to fill in the spaces between restoration and preparation. After removing the inlays, each replica was precisely weighed for future volume consideration. As results we have the preparation surface / restoration surface interface: there was statistical difference between the Empress Group and the other groups. While both the Sinfony and the Z350 Group had similar results, the Empress Group presented a volume 137% higher. Cervical Marginal ill-fitted area: all the three groups presented different outcome: the Empress Group presented the highest values, followed by the Sinfony and the Z350. The Empress and the Sinfony presented, respectively, ill-fitted area 450 and 200 times higher than Group Z350. Longest distance between restoration and preparation edges: Both the Empress and the Sinfony had similar statistical results, which were higher than the values presented by Z350 Group. Nevertheless, the Empress Group presented a linear lack of adaptation 43% higher than the Sinfony. We Concluded that Group Empress presented the best values of all evaluations while Group Z350 had the worst results. As long as inner and marginal cervical adaptations are concerned, results point Z350 as the most reliable group.

In the last few decades interest in the life and work of Elisabeth Vigée-Lebrun has increased significantly, with numerous publications and a retrospective exhibition dedicated to her oeuvre. Yet, while much new and valuable information has been introduced, very little of it deals specifically with the period from 1795-1800 when she lived as an émigré in Saint Petersburg, Russia. In this thesis I analyze two Russian portraits by Elisabeth Vigée-Lebrun, in relation to two earlier works she painted in Paris, the duchesse d’Orleans (1789) and Marie Antoinette, Queen of France (1783), elucidating the overt similarities to her earlier portraiture practice and exploring the cultural and political climate in which they were created. I argue that the Imperial family as well as the upper echelons of Russian society actively utilized imagery associated with the Ancien Régime to depict a perceived stability at a time when much of Europe was in flux. This political maneuver afforded Vigée-Lebrun the opportunity to live and work in a society similar to the one she left behind in Paris, Russia served thus as a surrogate for Ancien Régime France. In addition to examining the socio political climate of Russia, I consider portraiture practices in general, noting opposing trends that were developing contemporaneously elsewhere in Europe and review Vigée-Lebrun’s unusual status as an émigré. By contextualizing Princess Anna Alexandrovna Golitsyna and Empress Maria Fyodorovna I provide reasoning for her surprising level of success in Saint Petersburg while simultaneously highlighting the importance of this period in Vigée-Lebrun scholarship.

The Ordination Scroll of Empress Zhang (1493) in the San Diego Museum of Art, a highlight at the Taoism and the Arts of China exhibition in 2000, is an unusual object among surviving visual material from Ming dynasty China (1368 – 1644). At over twenty-seven metres long, the scroll contains meticulously painted images and a detailed inscription that records the Daoist ordination of Empress Zhang (1470 – 1541), consort of the Hongzhi emperor (r. 1488 – 1505) by the Orthodox Unity institution. The event it documents, which elevates the empress into the celestial realm, would be unknown to history if not for the survival of this scroll. This dissertation is an in-depth study of the Ordination Scroll that also considers its implications for understanding the activities of empresses and their representations during the Ming dynasty. The first three chapters of this dissertation closely examine the material, visual and textual aspects of the Ordination Scroll. The remaining two chapters situate the scroll within the broader activities of Ming empresses. A complete translation of the main inscription in the scroll is provided in the appendix.

abstract: ABSTRACT Art historians typically consider Chinese porcelain a decorative art, resulting in scholars spending little time analyzing it as a fine art form. One area that is certainly neglected is porcelain produced during the late 19th and early 20th century during the late Qing dynasty (1644–1911) into the early Republic period (1912–1949). As the Qing dynasty weakened and ultimately fell in 1911, there was a general decline in the quantity of porcelain produced in China. Due to this circumstance, porcelain of this era has not received the detailed analysis, characterization of styles, comprehension of themes, and understanding of patronage evident in other periods of Chinese porcelain production. Ultimately, limited research has been conducted to establish the styles associated with late dynastic porcelain into the early Republic’s establishment. This dissertation utilizes a new perspective that considers the patronage of the Empress Dowager Cixi (1835-1908) as a high point of late dynastic porcelain. Concrete documentation establishes that motifs were appropriated from Cixi’s painting, suggesting a direct connection between schools of painting and the imagery selected for porcelain during her reign. The porcelain Cixi influenced directly guided the porcelain produced during the Hongxian era (1915-1916), making Cixi’s patronage the key turning point from dynastic porcelain to early Republic porcelain. Utilizing predominately British collections, this study identifies the styles, symbols, and themes associated with porcelain of the 19th and 20th century, elevating late dynastic and early Republic wares to the status of fine art. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Art History 2019

一七二五年彼得大帝突然駕崩，由於未指定繼承人，再加上繼承法的紊亂，產生了所謂的宮廷革命時期。值得注意的是，從彼得大帝逝世至凱薩琳去世為止共計七十一年的時間，歷經七位統治者，其中女性統治的時間就佔了六十六年，其他的三位男性統治者皆在年幼時即位，亦給予母后或皇后專權干政的機會。這四位女皇在俄國史上佔了很重要的地位，除了凱薩琳二世是繼彼得大帝之後，第一未被稱為「大帝」的女皇外，其他三位女性統治者也是奠定俄國西化基礎的重要功臣。歷史上討論女性統治的文章所在多有，但這四位「空前絕後」的俄國女皇，究竟為俄國帶來了些什麼？有哪些功過得失，此即本文所欲深入探討者。 本文基本上是採取「歷史研究法」，將四位女皇的統治特徵作一比較研究，試圖找出女性統治較男性特殊之處，另外結合當時所處的國際情勢及國內政治，對統治者的因應措施加以分析研究。十八世紀正當俄國由傳統走向西化，由專制步入民主的重要轉捩點，在此重要時刻由女性掌其舵，特別具有時代的意義。 本文研究中心在十八世紀的俄國女皇，故研究期間自彼得大帝去世的一七二五年至凱薩琳二世去世的一七九六年間。分析架構除第一章導論外，第二章由女皇統治的政治背景討論起，先瞭解整個繼承體制的沿革變化，作一全面性的論述，到保羅一世頒佈了一套新的繼承法，規定只有男性可為繼承人，俄國女性統治成為歷史上的絕響。第三章針對女皇統治時代的共同特徵加以分析，包括了寵臣政治、宮廷政變、外國勢力之介入及文化上的建樹等。由這些特殊的現象觀察得知，俄國女性統治仍有其政權合法化的問題，必須藉由一些外在的力量來鞏固自己的政權，也因此增加政局紊亂及更多的變數。就實際面觀之，受到西方啟蒙運動的影響，女皇對文化建設的推行多是不遺餘力，將彼得大帝以來的西化運動持續發揚光大，為十九世紀奠定了良好的基礎。第四章對女皇統治的歷史影響作一深入的探討，並加入當時國際情勢的影響，以凸顯女皇統治的特徵。其中包括了內政方面：拉攏貴族、迫害農奴、浪費公帑、沈迷欲樂等；外交方面：擴張領土、將俄國疆域拓展至黑海沿岸，使俄國成為當時歐洲的強權之一。第五章為結論，舉歷史學家對十八世紀的女皇評論、得失檢討為例，提出總結性的探討。 第一章 緒論 …………………………………………………………………………1 第一節 研究的動機與研究方法 …………………………………………………....1 第二節 研究範圍與限制 ……………………………………………………………4 第二章 女皇統治的政治背景…..…………………….………………………………8 第一節 基輔公國時代的繼承法 …………………………………..………….…….8 第二節 彼得大帝與繼承問題 ………………………………………….…………...9 第三節 宮廷革命時期與繼承問題..………………………………………………..11 第四節 凱薩琳二世與繼承問題..…………………………………………………..21 第五節 保羅一世與繼承法之制訂..………………………………………………..26 第三章 女皇統治的特徵 …………………….…………………………….……….28 第一節 女皇統治與寵倖政治……………..………………………………………..28 第二節 女皇統治與宮廷政變 ……………………………………………………..36 第三節 女皇統治時期文化上之建樹 ……………………………………………..38 第四節 女皇統治時期與外國文化……. …………………………………………..50 第四章 女皇統治時期的歷史影響…….. ………………………………………..56 第一節 施惠貴族及壓迫農奴 ………………………………………….………….56 第二節 女皇統治與浪費公帑………..……………………………………………..66 第三節 女皇統治與擴張領土……..………………………………………………..69 第四節 女皇統治時期西化政策的落實 …………………………………………..80 第五章 結論 …………………………………………………………….………….85 參考書目 ……………………………………………………………………………92 / In 1725, succession problem arise upon the death of Peter the Great . The period from 1725 to the opening year of the nineteeth century was the age of palace revolution. In the absence of a definate law of succession, the decision as to whom was to occupy the throne came to rest upon casual gathering of high state and palace officials supported by the regiments of the guards. The years between 1725 and 1796 included the reigns of seven rulers, four female and three male. All the males are child or infant. These four empresses bore very great political significance . Except Catherine the Great was empress first called “Emperor” after Peter’s death, another three empresses played important role in westernization of Russia. This essay adopts three approach: “Historical approach”、”Institutional approach” and “The approach of structure-functional analysis ” , trying to differ females’ ruling from males’. Chapter Ⅰis preface. ChapterⅡ states total evolution of succeeding system, which starts from times of Moscow to Paul Ⅰ,who enacted a new succeeding law which prescribes that only man could be inheritor. Therefore empresses’ ruling ended in history of Russia. ChapterⅢanalyze traits of empresses’ ruling, which included palace coup、foreign meddlers、cultural achievement、indulged staff and so on . We can see from these special phenomenon that there are problems of illegality in Russian female ruling,. In real aspect, empresses did their best to promote cultural establishment, paving their way for 19th century. In chapterⅣ, we probe into domestic politics and foreign affairs during empresses’ ruling. Westernization continued to spread to more people and broader areas of Russian life. In interior politics, they flattered the noble、persecuted peasant、wasted money and indulged lust, while foreign relations followed Peterine pattern, bringing Russian into an evercloser relationship with other European powers. Russia reached Baltic and Black seas in the west. ChapterⅤ is conclusion, taking comments on empresses of 18th century for example to summary this research .

Using South Korea's transnational performances as a case-study, this dissertation examines the cultural implications of the much-celebrated Korean model of national development. Starting with two contemporary South Korean performances--The Last Empress, the Musical (1995), and Nanta [Cookin'] (1997), a nonverbal performance--I explore how the producers' commitments to South Korea's cultural development are manifested in these productions. Situating these performances within the South Korean social context of the mid-1990s, I explore how the reinvention of Korean traditional cultures represents both national capacity and responds to calls for globalism without losing Korean identity. In the first chapter, my analysis of The Last Empress illustrates how local desire for global success resulted in a perpetuation of a Broadway-style musical in a Korean mode. I argue that, while the play utilizes its female character's pioneering image to claim a place for the musical in the global era, it simultaneously pulls her back into the traditional domain. With Nanta [Cookin'] in the following chapter, I argue that the production's commercial accomplishment lies in its strategic blending of pan-Asian cultural elements and the use of food without language which well co-operated with the burgeoning cultural tourism industry in South Korea. Extending my argument further, I conclude with an analysis of global-national interplay as they were played out at the 2002 Korea-Japan World Cup. As a way of understanding the nationalistic fervor during the event, I suggest that the mass festive rally functions as a "social performance." In these performances, Korean nationalism, conjoined with global desire, was reconfigured through spontaneous gatherings, styles, fashions, expressions, and gestures. Like its theatrical counterparts, the World Cup rally insists on Korean-ness as what qualifies South Korea to be a global player. I conclude by offering the concept, "global fetishism," to explicate the complex and even contradictory assimilation of the national into the global in these performances. They are showcases for how globalization taps into the local rhetoric of development, charged by South Korea's inherent nationalism. If for South Korea "global" is synonymous with glamorous cultural success, in each context it is precisely the return to the local which permits global fetishism. / text

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Die hier vorliegende Dissertation beschreibt die vergleichenden Untersuchungen zweier Verfahren zur Herstellung vollkeramischen Zahnersatzes. Zur Bewertung der Praxistauglichkeit eines solchen Systems sind mehrere Untersuchungskriterien notwendig. Für einen klinischen Langzeiterfolg sind die marginale und okklusale Präzision von entscheidender Bedeutung. Aus betriebswirtschaftlicher und gesundheitspolitischer Sicht ist für den Zahnarzt aber auch der notwendige zeitliche Aufwand von elementarer Bedeutung. Das Ziel dieser in-vitro-Untersuchung war es, zwei vollkeramische Systeme hinsichtlich ihrer marginalen und okklusalen Präzision zu vergleichen. Zusätzlich wurde der verfahrensbedingte Zeitaufwand zur Herstellung einer vollkeramischen Restauration untersucht.:Inhaltsverzeichnis Seite 1. Einleitung -1- 1.2 Ziel der Untersuchung -3- 1.3 Klinische Relevanz -3- 2. “Marginal Fit of Heat-pressed vs CAD/CAM Processed -8- All-ceramic Onlays Using a Milling Unit Prototype” 3. “In vitro analysis of laboratory processed and CAD/CAM -16- generated occlusal onlay surfaces” 4. “A Comparison of the Fabrication Times of -20- All-ceramic Partial Crowns: Cerec 3D vs IPS Empress” 5. Zusammenfassung -32- 6. Literaturverzeichnis -38- 7. Erklärung -41- 8. Darstellung des wissenschaftlichen Werdegangs -42- 9. Lebenslauf -44- 10. Danksagung -46-