Thesis (MPhil (Afrikaans and Dutch))—University of Stellenbosch, 2006. / Dictionaries are important and necessary resources for translators, but still translators have mixed feelings regarding especially bilingual dictionaries. On the one hand, they cannot really work without them, but on the other hand the dictionaries often give the translator little or no help. In this study, reasons are examined as to why bilingual dictionaries aren't a sufficient resource for professional translators with regard to the translation of idioms. During the study attention is given to the theories regarding and the approaches to translation. The focus falls specifically on three important methods of translation, namely the linguistic, text linguistic and functionalist approaches. The development of lexicography as discipline is also examined. The translation of idioms entails more than just the translation of single words. Attention is given to the attributes of idioms, as well as the problems and methods with which translators are confronted during the translation of idioms. Subsequently attention is also given to the current treatment of idioms in bilingual dictionaries as well as aspects such as presentation, equivalence, register and language structures. Based on the evidence of this a model is suggested for the improved treatment of idioms in bilingual dictionaries.

Thesis (DLitt (Afrikaans and Dutch))--University of Stellenbosch, 2006. / This study reports on a metalexicographical investigation into contextual guidance in Afrikaans translation dictionaries. The problem that gives rise to the need for such an investigation is demonstrated from a practical perspective, after which attention is paid to determining the genuine purpose of a dictionary by looking at the component parts of the concept, i.e. the typological placement and the target user group of the dictionary in question. The discussion of the target user group evolves into an in-depth look at the user aspect, which results in the development and presentation of the model of lexicographical parameters for user-friendly dictionaries. This model aims to provide a scientific description of lexicographical user friendliness. Existing proposed definitions of the genuine purpose of a dictionary coupled with the benefit of insights derived from the model of lexicographical parameters for user-friendly dictionaries make the presentation of a new definition of the genuine purpose of a (translation) dictionary possible, which is followed by defining a polyfunctional translation dictionary for Southern Africa. Attention is also paid to some macrostructural issues pertaining to standard translation dictionaries, among others vertical and horizontal alphabetical macrostructures and niching and nesting as manifestations of horizontal alphabetical macrostructures. With regard to nesting, the classification of first and second level nesting is expanded by the description of third and fourth level nesting. The influence of the organisation plan and the dictionary conceptualisation plan on the selection of lexical items for the macrostructure of a standard dictionary is touched upon. An in-depth evaluation of contextual guidance in Afrikaans standard translation dictionaries follows the exposition of the rationale for it and the definitions of the terms context, contextualisation and contextual guidance. The discussion produces the identification of the types of contextualising entries, among others meaning explanations, lexicographical labels and glosses, which fall under the main class of discriminators and which in turn functions alongside the main classes of cotext entries and inserted texts. Each type and subtype is studied meticulously, and distribution structures are determined and evaluated through the study of dictionary data. The study of the data also results in the identification of different levels of contextualisation as well as different types of translation equivalent paradigms. The discussion of lexicographical labels takes on the form of a critical overview of the existing literature on this topic and results in the presentation of a new and scientifically sounder model for the description of labelling in dictionaries in general, i.e. the deixis model. The study of contextualising entries is followed by a discussion of certain elements of the composition of dictionary articles that can support successful contextual guidance, i.e. types of microstructures and the rapid internal access structure. The in-depth study of contextualisation makes the revision of the definition for the term contextualising entry possible. Ultimately a practical model for more effective contextual guidance in polyfunctional Afrikaans translation dictionaries is presented in three main components, i.e. (i) standards for the application of contextual entries, (ii) the proposal of an adapted rapid internal access structure, and (iii) the effective application of functional types of microstructures. The requirements of lexicographical accountability and user-friendliness remain central motives throughout the study.

Dissertation (PhD)--Stellenbosch University, 2004. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This dissertation offers metalexicographical criteria for the compilation of standard translation dictionaries in non-standardized languages. It particularly focuses on the role that the proposed dictionary model can play in the language standardization, with special reference to Fang. These criteria are based on different theoretical frameworks. Criteria for the dictionary structure are particularly based on Hausmann & Wiegand's General Theory of Lexicography, while a discussion of the role that dictionaries can play in the standardization process of languages is particularly based on criteria introduced by Zgusta. This dissertation is structured as follows: • Chapter 1, Introduction and problem statement, presents the motivation for the choice of the present topic, as well as the theoretical frameworks that I use to build my metalexicographical criteria. • Chapter 2, Fang and its dialects, focuses on the concerned language and its dialects. Apart from a historical overview of the Fang people, a wide inventory of works that have been implemented in Fang, as well as the choice and the motivation of the standard dialect are presented. • Chapter 3, Dictionaries and corpora, highlights the strong relationship between the compilation of modern dictionaries and electronic corpora. More precisely this chapter intends to demonstrate the importance of electronic corpora in the lexicographic practice. In this regard, the importance of some software and new corpus methods are also demonstrated. • Chapter 4, Aspects of the dictionary structure, mainly focuses on different structures of the dictionary and how data should be spread and organized in each dictionary component. A detailed account is given of the structure of each dictionary component. • Chapter 5, Dictionaries and standardization, focuses on the main purpose of the dissertation and demonstrates why and how the dictionary can be an instrument in the standardization process of languages, with specific reference to Fang. • Chapter 6, Concluding remarks, reviews all chapters by highlighting the focal points of each of them. Some perspectives or potential new developments are foreseen in order to pave the way for the elaboration of new theoretical frameworks and the improvement of the proposed dictionary model. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie proefskrif bied metaleksikografiese kriteria vir die samestelling van standaard vertalende woordeboeke vir nie-gestandaardiseerde tale. Die fokus is veralop die rol wat die voorgestelde woordeboekmodel kan speel in taalstandaardisering, met spesifieke verwysing van Fang. Hierdie kriteria is gebaseer op verskillende teoretiese raamwerke. Kriteria vir die woordeboekstruktuur is veral gebaseer op Hausmann en Wiegand se algemene leksikografieteorie, terwyl 'n bespreking van die rol van woordeboeke in die standaardiseringsproses van tale veral gebaseer is op kriteria wat deur Zgusta voorgestel is. Die proefskrif is soos volg saamgestel: • Hoofstuk 1 bied 'n motivering vir die keuse van die betrokke onderwerp asook vir die teoretiese raamwerke waarvolgens die metaleksikografiese kriteria geformuleer is. • Hoofstuk 2 fokus op die betrokke taal, Fang, en sy dialekte. Naas 'n historiese oorsig van die Fang sprekers word 'n wye keuse uit die Fang literatuur asook die keuse van 'n standaarddialek aan die orde gestel. • Hoofstuk 3 wys op die sterk verhouding tussen die samestelling van 'n moderne woordeboek en elektroniese korpora. Hierdie hoofstuk benadruk die belang van elektroniese korpora vir die leksikografiese praktyk. In hierdie verband word daar ook verwys na die belang van sekere sagtewareprodukte asook nuwe korpusmetodes. • Hoofstuk 4 is veral gerig op die verskillende woordeboekstrukture en op hoe data versprei en in die verskillende woordeboekkomponente aangebied moet word. Die struktuur van elke woordeboekkomponent word in besonderhede bespreek. • Hoofstuk 5 fokus op die hoofdoel van die proefskrif en wys hoe en waarom In woordeboek, met spesifieke verwysing na die situasie van Fang, In instrument kan wees in die taa Istandaardiseri ngsproses. • Hoofstuk 6 gee In oorsig oor die voorafgaande hoofstukke en wys op sekere belangrike aspekte wat bespreek is. Nuwe ontwikkelinge wat voorsien word om die weg te baan vir die ontwerp van nuwe teoretiese raamwerke ter verbetering van die voorgestelde model word beklemtoon.

陳佩瑜. / "2005年7月". / 論文(哲學碩士)--香港中文大學, 2005. / 參考文獻(leaves 1-19, 2nd group). / "2005 nian 7 yue". / Abstracts in Chinese and English. / Chen Peiyu. / Lun wen (zhe xue shuo shi)--Xianggang Zhong wen da xue, 2005. / Can kao wen xian (leaves 1-19, 2nd group). / 提要 --- p.i / Abstract --- p.ii / Chapter 第一章 --- 引言 --- p.1-6 / Chapter 第一節 --- 硏究動機 --- p.1 / Chapter 第二節 --- 硏究方法 --- p.3 / Chapter 第二章 --- 吳淑生平背景、《事類賦》的成書及刊本 --- p.7-41 / Chapter 第一節 --- 吳淑的生平 --- p.7 / Chapter 第二節 --- 吳淑的著作 --- p.9 / Chapter 第三節 --- 《事類賦》的成書背景 --- p.11 / Chapter 第四節 --- 刊本及流傳 --- p.34 / 章節附錄〔一〕：《事類賦》的版本與流傳 --- p.36 / Chapter 第三章 --- 《事類賦》的體系和分類 --- p.42-74 / Chapter 第一節 --- 緒論 --- p.42 / Chapter 第二節 --- 《事類賦》的內容體例 --- p.49 / Chapter 第三節 --- 類書的分類思想 --- p.52 / Chapter 第四節 --- 《事類賦》的分類背景 --- p.61 / Chapter 第四章 --- 賦體類書´ؤ´ؤ《事類賦》 --- p.75-125 / Chapter 第一節 --- 賦體的特點與類書之關係 --- p.75 / Chapter 第二節 --- 「賦寫類書」 --- p.87 / Chapter 第三節 --- 《事類賦》的賦體格局 --- p.98 / Chapter 第四節 --- 小結 --- p.124 / Chapter 第五章 --- 《事類賦》的命名及藝文特色 --- p.126-176 / Chapter 第一節 --- 「事類」考釋 --- p.126 / Chapter 第二節 --- 《事類賦》的藝文特色 --- p.147 / Chapter 第三節 --- 小結：《事類賦》與文學 --- p.175 / Chapter 第六章 --- 《事類賦》在元明的流傳與清人的續書 --- p.177-214 / Chapter 第一節 --- 類書的續補情況及續補原因 --- p.177 / Chapter 第二節 --- 刊刻、續補《事類賦》與時代之關係 --- p.181 / Chapter 第三節 --- 《事類賦》在清代續補的原因 --- p.190 / Chapter 第四節 --- 《事類賦》在清代的續補 --- p.205 / Chapter 第五節 --- 小結 --- p.213 / Chapter 第七章 --- 結語 --- p.215-216 / 參考書目 (1)-(19) / 附錄 --- p.1-62 / 附錄一：《事類賦》、李嶠《雜詠》及《文苑英華》詩賦分類對照表 --- p.1 / 附錄二 ：《事類賦注》天部賦篇用韻及對偶簡表 --- p.5 / 附錄三：附錄三：《事類賦》引用的賦篇篇目簡表 --- p.60

In this essay I compare the description of the Thirty Years’ War in a number of German and Swedish encyclopedias published between 1854 and 2005. The essay is a historiographical research with focus on three areas; the description of the war background, the reason of the Swedish intervention in the war and the picture of the Swedish king Gustav II Adolf with the consequences of the war and the peace of Westphalia. I want to analyze the differences and similarities in the way the history is being told in the German and Swedish encyclopedias. The research shows a transformation from a narrative, nationalistic, partial description with focus on individuals and specific events to a more analytical and objective description with focus on structures. Even if the Swedish encyclopedias show a greater change over the time, the encyclopedias from both countries represent a similar progress over time in the way the war is described. A change in the way the history is being presented can be observed somewhere in the middle of the 20th century. The way the war is described, tends to be more homogenous during the second half of the 20th century, while the national context is present in all encyclopedias. The writing of history is contemporary and it’s affected of the social landscape in which it’s written. All articles about the Thirty Years’ War are written out of a national perspective, which makes it the main dissimilarity between the German and the Swedish articles.

This thesis analyzes the relationship between upper extremity musculoskeletal disorders and longtime computer usage. Firstly / maastricht upper extremity questionnaire is applied to Financial Control and Information Technology Departments of Turk Telekom. Results are analyzed by using spss 16.0 tool by conduction of ordinal logistic regression analysis to determine the significance between work environment and postural information and upper extremity musculoskeletal complaints. Then / development of a new tool, namely PACU (postural analysis of computer users), takes place aiming to determine the factors of disorders, by mainly focusing on work-related neck and upper limb disorders, for long time computer users of Financial Control and Information Technology Departments of Turk Telekom. Results of the PACU are analyzed by using the methods of correlation, chi square goodness of fit test, factor analysis, and ordinal logistic regression.

In this thesis, mechanical and elastic behaviour of anisotropic materials are inves- tigated in order to understand the optimum mechanical behaviour of them in selected directions. For an anisotropic material with known elastic constants, it is possible to choose the best set of e&curren / ective elastic constants and e&curren / ective eigen- values which determine the optimum mechanical and elastic properties of it and also represent the material in a speci.ed greater material symmetry. For this reason, bounds on the e&curren / ective elastic constants which are the best set of elastic constants and e&curren / ective eigenvalues of materials have been constructed symbollicaly for all anisotropic elastic symmetries by using Hill [4,13] approach. Anisotropic Hooke.s law and its Kelvin inspired formulation are described and generalized Hill inequalities are explained in detail. For di&curren / erent types of sym- metries, materials were selected randomly and data of elastic constants for them were collected. These data have been used to calculate bounds on the e&curren / ective elastic constants and e&curren / ective eigenvalues. Finally, by examining numerical results of bounds given in tables, it is seen that the materials selected from the same symmetry type which have larger interval between the bounds, are more anisotropic, whereas some materials which have smaller interval between the bounds, are closer to isotropy.

Structural properties of pristine and defected graphene nanoribbons have been investigated by stretching them under 5 percent and 10 percent uniaxial strain until fragmentation. The stretching process has been carried out by performing molecular dynamics simulations (MDS) at 1 K and 300 K to determine the temperature effect on the structure of the graphene nanoribbons. Results of the simulations indicated that temperature, edge shape of graphene nanoribbons and stretching speed have a considerable effect on structural properties, however they have a slight effect on the strain value. The maximum strain at which fracture occurs is found to be 46.41 percent whereas minimum strain value is calculated as 21.00 percent. On the other hand, the defect formation energy is strongly affected from temperature and edge shape of graphene nanoribbons. Stone-Wales formation energy is calculated as -1.60 eV at 1 K whereas -30.13 eV at 300 K for armchair graphene nanoribbon.

Originally presented as the author's thesis (doctoral)--Universität Würzburg, 2008. / Includes bibliographical references.

This dissertation explores the emergence of a golden age of Arabic encyclopaedic literature in the scholarly centers of Egypt and Syria during the Mamluk Empire (1250-1517). At the heart of the project is a study of Shihāb al-Dīn Aḥmad b. ʿAbd al-Wahhāb al-Nuwayrī’s (d. 1333) Nihāyat al-arab fī funūn al-adab (‘The Ultimate Ambition in the Branches of Erudition’), a 31-volume encyclopaedic work composed at the beginning of the 14th century and divided into five parts: (i) heaven and earth; (ii) the human being; (iii) animals; (iv) plants; and (v) the history of the world. My study examines the formal arrangement, thematic contents, and codicological features of this seminal work, arguing that the rise of encyclopaedism in this period was emblematic of a certain intellectual ethos, a systematic approach to the classification of knowledge which emerged in the discursive context of a rapidly centralizing imperial state. I argue that the Nihāya grew out of an amalgam of several genres (including the adab anthology, the cosmographical compendium, the chancery scribe manual, the dynastic chronicle, and the commonplace book), developing into a new form and serving a different purpose from its literary predecessors. Such texts, long considered tokens of intellectual and cultural decadence, demonstrate the strategies used by Mamluk religious scholars, chancery scribes, and littérateurs to navigate an ever-growing corpus of accumulated knowledge / Near Eastern Languages and Civilizations