Submitted by Elizabete Silva (elizabete.silva@ufes.br) on 2015-04-27T21:09:18Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Vanessa da silva Constancio.pdf: 942110 bytes, checksum: 6717a1cf057a2ec174a97dbd7025d8c9 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Elizabete Silva (elizabete.silva@ufes.br) on 2015-04-30T20:17:55Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Vanessa da silva Constancio.pdf: 942110 bytes, checksum: 6717a1cf057a2ec174a97dbd7025d8c9 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-30T20:17:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Vanessa da silva Constancio.pdf: 942110 bytes, checksum: 6717a1cf057a2ec174a97dbd7025d8c9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-02 / O excesso de gordura corporal induz a um quadro inflamatório associado à endotoxemia metabólica e aumento da resistência à insulina, bem como altera o perfil lipídico que resulta em prejuízos a função hepática e renal. Estudos sugerem que a ingestão de alimentos antioxidantes, como os polifenóis, proporcionam efeitos benéficos sobre os metabolismos glicídico e lipídico. O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar o efeito da casca de jabuticaba (Myrciaria cauliflora), da polpa do açaí juçara (Euterpe edulis Martius) e do jambolão (Syzygium cumini) sobre o perfil lipídico, a glicemia e a endotoxemia em camundongos Swiss submetidos à dieta de cafeteria. Inicialmente, os frutos foram liofilizados e submetidos à avaliação da composição centesimal. O ensaio biológico contou com 50 camundongos machos adultos da raça Swiss distribuídos em 5 grupos (n=10/grupo), a saber: grupo tratado com dieta comercial padrão (controle negativo), grupo tratado com dieta de cafeteria (controle positivo) e grupos teste que receberam por 14 semanas a dieta de cafeteria suplementada com 2% de casca de jabuticaba, ou polpa do jambolão ou polpa do açaí juçara liofilizados. Na 13ª e 14ª semana foram determinadas a tolerância à insulina e à glicose dos animais. Ao final do período experimental, avaliaram-se o ganho de peso, os parâmetros bioquímicos sanguíneos, histopatológicos e endotoxemia. Os parâmetros bioquímicos avaliados foram: colesterol total (CT) e as frações HDL-c, LDL-c, triacilgliceróis (TAG), bem como proteína C reativa (PCR), aspartato aminotransferase (AST) e alanina aminotransferase (ALT). Na histopatologia foram avaliados os efeitos da dieta hipercalórica sobre a área dos adipócitos, esteatose hepática e função renal a partir do número e área dos glomérulos. A endotoxemia foi avaliada pela concentração de lipopolissacarídeos (LPS) no soro dos animais. Aplicou-se o teste t para comparação dos resultados entre os grupos controle e ANOVA, complementada com teste de Tukey (α=5%), para comparação dos grupos suplementados com os frutos e o controle positivo. A suplementação com 2% de jambolão à dieta de cafeteria resultou em redução significativa (p<0,05) do conteúdo de CT, LDL-c, TAG, da razão CT/HDL, bem como diminuição da área dos adipócitos dos animais tratados com os frutos. A suplementação com açaí juçara também foi capaz de reduzir o conteúdo de CT, TAG e a área dos adipócitos, além de elevar a tolerância à glicose. Por outro lado, a jabuticaba não foi eficaz na melhoria dos parâmetros relacionados ao metabolismo lipídico, ao metabolismo da glicose e dos aspectos histopatológicos. A suplementação com 2% dos frutos liofilizados não promoveu efeitos positivos na redução do ganho de peso, resistência à insulina e endotoxemia provocada pela ingestão da dieta de cafeteria. Além disso, os frutos também não foram eficientes na preservação da histologia renal e infiltração lipídica no fígado. Conclui-se que a inclusão do jambolão e do açaí juçara na dieta pode apresentar efeitos positivos sobre danos causados por dietas hiperlipídicas, especialmente no que se refere à dislipidemia, à tolerância à glicose e à hipertrofia dos adipócitos. / The excess body fat leads to an inflammatory reaction associated with metabolic endotoxemia and increased insulin resistance, as well as altering the lipid profile which results in damages to liver and renal function. Studies suggest that intake of antioxidant foods, such as polyphenols, provide beneficial effects on glucose and lipid metabolism. The objective of this study was to investigate the jabuticaba bark effect (Myrciaria cauliflora), pulp of açai juçara (Euterpe edulis Martius) and jambolan (Syzygium cumini) on the lipid profile, blood glucose and endotoxemia in Swiss mice underwent diet cafeteria. Initially, the fruits were freeze-dried and evaluated for their chemical composition. The biological assay included 50 adult male mice of the Swiss race divided into 5 groups (n = 10 / group), namely: the group treated with standard commercial diet (negative control), group treated with cafeteria diet (positive control) and groups test for 14 weeks who received the cafeteria diet supplemented with 2% jabuticaba bark, or pulp jambolan or pulp açai juçara lyophilized. In the 13th and 14th week were determined tolerance to insulin and glucose of animals. At the end of the experiment, we assessed weight gain, blood biochemistry, histopathology and endotoxemia. The biochemical parameters were: total cholesterol (TC) and HDL-C fractions, LDL-C, triglycerides (TAG) and C-reactive protein (CRP), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT). Histopathology studies the effects of calorie diet over the area of adipocytes, fatty liver and kidney function from the number and area of the glomeruli. The endotoxemia was assessed by the concentration of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in serum of the animals. We used the t test for comparison of results between the control group and ANOVA, and Tukey's test (α = 5%), to compare the groups supplemented with fruit and the positive control. Supplementation with 2% jambolan the cafeteria diet resulted in a significant reduction (p <0.05) CT content, LDL-C, TAG, the TC / HDL and decreased adipocyte animal area treated with the fruits. The supplementation of açai juçara was also able to reduce the content of TC, IGT, and adipocytes area, in addition to increasing glucose tolerance. On the other hand, the blemish was not effective in improving the lipid parameters related to metabolism, glucose metabolism and histopathological aspects. Supplementation with 2% lyophilized fruits did not cause positive effects in reducing weight gain, insulin resistance and endotoxemia caused by ingestion of a cafeteria diet. Furthermore, the fruits were not effective in preserving renal histology and fatty infiltration of the liver. It follows that the inclusion of jambolan and açai juçara in the diet can have positive effects on the damage caused by high fat diets, especially with regard to dyslipidemia, glucose tolerance and adipocyte hypertrophy.

O ATP extracelular atua como um mediador pró-inflamatório e a adenosina tem sido descrita por suas propriedades anti-inflamatórias. O papel desse nucleosídeo no controle da inflamação ocorre principalmente via receptores A2A. As ecto-enzimas responsáveis pelo controle dos níveis de nucleotídeos e nucleosídeos extracelulares são as ectonucleotidases. Esse grupo de ecto-enzimas é composto pela família das ecto-nucleosídeo trifosfato difosfoidrolases (E-NTPases), a família das ecto-nucleotídeo pirofosfatase/fosfodiesterases (E-NPP) e pela ecto-5'-nucleotidase. Considerando o papel que os nucleotídeos e nucleosídeos exercem durante eventos inflamatórios, e a importância das ectonucleotidases na manutenção dos seus níveis extracelulares, o objetivo deste trabalho foi investigar o efeito da indução do modelo de endotoxemia sobre as atividades ectonucleotidásicas em diferentes tipos e frações celulares. O envolvimento do receptor A2A sobre esses parâmetros também foi avaliado, através da utilização do agonista específico do receptor A2A, GCS-21680, no intuito de melhor compreender o envolvimento do sistema purinérgico no processo inflamatório. Para a indução do modelo de endotoxemia os ratos foram injetados intraperitonialmente (i.p.) com 2 mg/kg de LPS e os camundongos foram injetados i.p. com 12 mg/kg de LPS e/ou CGS-21680 (0,5 mg/kg, i.p.). As atividades ectonucleotidásicas foram determinadas em plaquetas de ratos, linfócitos de linfonodos mesentéricos de camundongos e preparações de membranas renais de camundongos. A análise da expressão das ectonucleotidases foi realizada através de RT-PCR. Os resultados demonstraram uma diminuição na hidrólise de ATP, ADP, AMP e 5'TMP em plaquetas de ratos após a indução da endotoxemia (28%, 28%, 30% e 26%, respectivamente). A contagem e a agregação plaquetária também foram diminuídas (40% e 55%, respectivamente). Em linfócitos de camundongos, houve um aumento na hidrólise de ATP, ADP, AMP e 5'TMP 24 horas após a injeção de LPS (178%, 111%, 207% e 62%, respectivamente) e 48 horas após a indução do modelo (135%, 178%, 121% e 116%, respectivamente). Quando o agonista do receptor A2A de adenosina, CGS-21680, foi co-administrado com o LPS, esse aumento foi revertido para as hidrólises de ATP, AMP e 5'-TMP. Em membranas renais de camundongos, os resultados demonstraram um aumento na hidrólise de ATP e 5'-TMP 48 horas após a injeção de LPS (48% e 47%, respectivamente) e a hidrólise do AMP foi diminuída 24 horas após a indução do modelo (40%). Os níveis extracelulares de ATP e adenosina foram diminuídos nos grupos tratados quando comparados ao controle em preparações de membranas renais. Os resultados deste trabalho indicam que as ectonucleotidases são moduladas pela endotoxemia em diferentes frações biológicas, sugerindo que as alterações observadas são conseqüência da resposta inflamatória. Em linfócitos esse efeito foi revertido pela ativação dos receptores A2A. Esses dados demonstram a interação cruzada entre a ativação dos receptores A2A de adenosina e as enzimas que modulam a produção do agonista desse receptor, bem como que a influência da ativação dos receptores A2A sobre as ectonucleotidases pode ser um dos mecanismos relacionados com as ações anti-inflamatórias e a resposta imune mediada por esse receptor. / Extracellular ATP mainly functions as a proinflammatory mediator and adenosine has been reported to exert anti-inflammatory properties. A role for this nucleoside in the control of inflammation has been suggested acting mainly on adenosine A2A receptors. The ecto-enzymes responsible for the control of extracellular nucleotides and nucleosides levels are ectonucleotidases. This group of ectoenzymes is composed by the ecto-nucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase (E-NTPDase) family, the ecto-pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase (E-NPP) family and the ecto-5’-nucleotidase. Considering the roles that the nucleotides and nucleosides play during inflammatory events, and the importance of ectonucleotidases for the maintenance of extracellular levels of the former, we investigated the effect of endotoxemia model on ectonucleotidase activities in different cells and cellular fractions. The involvement of A2A receptor under these parameters was also analyzed, utilizing CGS-21680, a specific A2A receptor agonist, in order to better understand the involvement of purinergic system in this process. For endotoxemia model induction, rats were injected intraperitoneally (i.p.) with 2 mg/kg LPS and mice were injected with 12 mg/kg and/or 0.5 mg/kg CGS-21680. Nucleotidase activities were determined in rat platelets, mice lymphocytes from mesenteric lymph nodes and mice kidney membrane preparations. Analysis of ectonucleotidase expression was carried out by a semi-quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assay. Results demonstrated a decrease on ATP, ADP, AMP and 5'TMP hydrolysis in rat platelets (28%, 28%, 30% and 26%, respectively), platelet account and aggregation (40% and 55%, respectively) after induction of endotoxemia model. In mice lymphocytes, we observed an increase in ATP, ADP, AMP and 5'TMP hydrolysis 24 hours after LPS injection (178%, 111%, 207% and 62%, respectively) and 48 hours after LPS injection (135%, 178%, 121% and 116%, respectively). When CGS-21680 was administered concomitant with LPS, this increase was reversed for ATP, AMP and 5'-TMP hydrolysis. In kidney membrane preparations of mice, results showed an increase on ATP and 5'-TMP hydrolysis 48 hours after LPS injection (48% and 47%, respectively) and 24 hours after LPS exposure there was a decrease on AMP hydrolysis (40%). The extracellular levels of ATP and adenosine were decrease in treated groups in kidney membrane preparations. These results indicate that endotoxemia modulates ectonucleotidases in different biological fractions, suggesting that these alterations are consequence of inflammatory response. The effect promoted by CGS-21680 in lymphocytes indicates a cross-talk between the A2A activation and the enzymes responsible for adenosine generation, but also that the influence of A2A receptor activation on ectonucleotidases might be one of the mechanisms related with its anti-inflammatory properties.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:32:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2013-12-05Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T21:03:42Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 000742958.pdf: 891454 bytes, checksum: fae2b26d92867ccfdd5068f6db2f14d8 (MD5) / The present study aimed to evaluate the serum cytokine profile and the temperature of the body surface of sheep undergoing experimental endotoxemia. Ten suffolk sheep with approximately four years of age were used. The animals were randomly separated into two groups comprising five animals each: one group was treated with LPS (Escherichia coli 055: B5: Sigma, St. Louis, MO) at a dose of 400 ng/kg, the control group was inoculated with 2 mL of 0.9% physiological solution of sodium chloride (NaCl). We conducted a physical examination of animals at the time of his admission, and blood collection for the profile of cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-2 and IL-13), and at 2, 4, 6, 12, 24, 36, 48 and 60 hours after administration of LPS or saline. Cytokines were measured by ELISA. Rectal temperature was measured by a clinical thermometer. The body surface temperature was measured by infrared hand-held and non-contact thermometer and thermography and infrared imaging were done in regions of the forehead, back, underarm, face external and inner thigh, and perineum. Serum levels of cytokines did not change significantly. Rectal temperature peaked at 40.6°C in 4 hours after the LPS inoculation. The body surface temperature, measured by infrared thermography was initially increased at 6 hours after the LPS inoculation, however, the maximum skin temperature was recorded at 12 hours. This situation occurred with the temperature regions of the forehead, back, underarm, face external and internal thigh sheep. This study show for the first time the cytokine profile of sheep submitted to endotoxemia. The results obtained in this study show for the thermography infrared imaging can be used for the analysis of skin temperature of the sheep, so this technique should be incorporated into routine clinical veterinarians as auxiliary tool for early diagnosis of endotoxemia

O ATP extracelular atua como um mediador pró-inflamatório e a adenosina tem sido descrita por suas propriedades anti-inflamatórias. O papel desse nucleosídeo no controle da inflamação ocorre principalmente via receptores A2A. As ecto-enzimas responsáveis pelo controle dos níveis de nucleotídeos e nucleosídeos extracelulares são as ectonucleotidases. Esse grupo de ecto-enzimas é composto pela família das ecto-nucleosídeo trifosfato difosfoidrolases (E-NTPases), a família das ecto-nucleotídeo pirofosfatase/fosfodiesterases (E-NPP) e pela ecto-5'-nucleotidase. Considerando o papel que os nucleotídeos e nucleosídeos exercem durante eventos inflamatórios, e a importância das ectonucleotidases na manutenção dos seus níveis extracelulares, o objetivo deste trabalho foi investigar o efeito da indução do modelo de endotoxemia sobre as atividades ectonucleotidásicas em diferentes tipos e frações celulares. O envolvimento do receptor A2A sobre esses parâmetros também foi avaliado, através da utilização do agonista específico do receptor A2A, GCS-21680, no intuito de melhor compreender o envolvimento do sistema purinérgico no processo inflamatório. Para a indução do modelo de endotoxemia os ratos foram injetados intraperitonialmente (i.p.) com 2 mg/kg de LPS e os camundongos foram injetados i.p. com 12 mg/kg de LPS e/ou CGS-21680 (0,5 mg/kg, i.p.). As atividades ectonucleotidásicas foram determinadas em plaquetas de ratos, linfócitos de linfonodos mesentéricos de camundongos e preparações de membranas renais de camundongos. A análise da expressão das ectonucleotidases foi realizada através de RT-PCR. Os resultados demonstraram uma diminuição na hidrólise de ATP, ADP, AMP e 5'TMP em plaquetas de ratos após a indução da endotoxemia (28%, 28%, 30% e 26%, respectivamente). A contagem e a agregação plaquetária também foram diminuídas (40% e 55%, respectivamente). Em linfócitos de camundongos, houve um aumento na hidrólise de ATP, ADP, AMP e 5'TMP 24 horas após a injeção de LPS (178%, 111%, 207% e 62%, respectivamente) e 48 horas após a indução do modelo (135%, 178%, 121% e 116%, respectivamente). Quando o agonista do receptor A2A de adenosina, CGS-21680, foi co-administrado com o LPS, esse aumento foi revertido para as hidrólises de ATP, AMP e 5'-TMP. Em membranas renais de camundongos, os resultados demonstraram um aumento na hidrólise de ATP e 5'-TMP 48 horas após a injeção de LPS (48% e 47%, respectivamente) e a hidrólise do AMP foi diminuída 24 horas após a indução do modelo (40%). Os níveis extracelulares de ATP e adenosina foram diminuídos nos grupos tratados quando comparados ao controle em preparações de membranas renais. Os resultados deste trabalho indicam que as ectonucleotidases são moduladas pela endotoxemia em diferentes frações biológicas, sugerindo que as alterações observadas são conseqüência da resposta inflamatória. Em linfócitos esse efeito foi revertido pela ativação dos receptores A2A. Esses dados demonstram a interação cruzada entre a ativação dos receptores A2A de adenosina e as enzimas que modulam a produção do agonista desse receptor, bem como que a influência da ativação dos receptores A2A sobre as ectonucleotidases pode ser um dos mecanismos relacionados com as ações anti-inflamatórias e a resposta imune mediada por esse receptor. / Extracellular ATP mainly functions as a proinflammatory mediator and adenosine has been reported to exert anti-inflammatory properties. A role for this nucleoside in the control of inflammation has been suggested acting mainly on adenosine A2A receptors. The ecto-enzymes responsible for the control of extracellular nucleotides and nucleosides levels are ectonucleotidases. This group of ectoenzymes is composed by the ecto-nucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase (E-NTPDase) family, the ecto-pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase (E-NPP) family and the ecto-5’-nucleotidase. Considering the roles that the nucleotides and nucleosides play during inflammatory events, and the importance of ectonucleotidases for the maintenance of extracellular levels of the former, we investigated the effect of endotoxemia model on ectonucleotidase activities in different cells and cellular fractions. The involvement of A2A receptor under these parameters was also analyzed, utilizing CGS-21680, a specific A2A receptor agonist, in order to better understand the involvement of purinergic system in this process. For endotoxemia model induction, rats were injected intraperitoneally (i.p.) with 2 mg/kg LPS and mice were injected with 12 mg/kg and/or 0.5 mg/kg CGS-21680. Nucleotidase activities were determined in rat platelets, mice lymphocytes from mesenteric lymph nodes and mice kidney membrane preparations. Analysis of ectonucleotidase expression was carried out by a semi-quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assay. Results demonstrated a decrease on ATP, ADP, AMP and 5'TMP hydrolysis in rat platelets (28%, 28%, 30% and 26%, respectively), platelet account and aggregation (40% and 55%, respectively) after induction of endotoxemia model. In mice lymphocytes, we observed an increase in ATP, ADP, AMP and 5'TMP hydrolysis 24 hours after LPS injection (178%, 111%, 207% and 62%, respectively) and 48 hours after LPS injection (135%, 178%, 121% and 116%, respectively). When CGS-21680 was administered concomitant with LPS, this increase was reversed for ATP, AMP and 5'-TMP hydrolysis. In kidney membrane preparations of mice, results showed an increase on ATP and 5'-TMP hydrolysis 48 hours after LPS injection (48% and 47%, respectively) and 24 hours after LPS exposure there was a decrease on AMP hydrolysis (40%). The extracellular levels of ATP and adenosine were decrease in treated groups in kidney membrane preparations. These results indicate that endotoxemia modulates ectonucleotidases in different biological fractions, suggesting that these alterations are consequence of inflammatory response. The effect promoted by CGS-21680 in lymphocytes indicates a cross-talk between the A2A activation and the enzymes responsible for adenosine generation, but also that the influence of A2A receptor activation on ectonucleotidases might be one of the mechanisms related with its anti-inflammatory properties.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:23:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2012-06-20Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:49:58Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 gerardi_b_me_araca.pdf: 571521 bytes, checksum: d2710ce93002ade412d7ab1c5e52972b (MD5) / Objetivando-se avaliar as concentrações séricas de Interleucina 6 (IL-6) e proteinograma de ovinos submetidos à endotoxemia experimental. Dez ovinos (4 anos) foram divididos em dois grupos, Grupo Controle (GC, n=4) inoculados com NaCl 0,9 %, IV e Grupo Tratado (GT, n= 6) inoculados com 400 ng/Kg de LPS de Escheria coli. O exame físico foi realizado, imediatamente antes da inoculação (M0), bem como a coleta de sangue para perfil hematológico e bioquímico, dosagem de IL-6 e proteinograma. As amostras foram coletadas em M0 e após 2, 4, 6, 12, 24, 36, 48 e 60 horas, de realizada a inoculação. A dosagem de IL-6 foi feita pelo método de ELISA e o proteinograma pelo método de eletroforese em poliacrilamida com dodecil sulfato de sódio (SDS-PAGE), para o perfil hematológico utilizou-se contador de células automático (BCVet- 2800), o perfil bioquímico foi realizado utilizando-se kits comerciais (Labtest®) e por fim, a concentração de glicose foi mensurada por meio de um monitor de glicemia (Breeze 2, Bayer®). Constatou-se um aumento na concentração de IL-6 60 horas pós-inoculação de LPS. O pico febril ocorreu quatro horas pós-indução endotoxêmica. Constatou- se leucopenia com neutropenia e redução na concentração da proteína total, albumina e glicoproteína ácida duas horas após a administração de LPS, acompanhados por uma elevação inicial na concentração de glicose, seguida de redução, seis horas pós-inoculação. Concluiu-se que a dosagem de Interleucina 6 e o proteinograma sérico são métodos de diagnósticos eficientes para detectar e monitorar a progressão e gravidade de processos inflamatórios provenientes de uma endotoxemia induzida experimentalmente em ovinos / Aiming to evaluate serum concentrations of interleukin 6 (IL-6) and proteinogram of sheep undergoing experimental endotoxemia. Ten animals (4 years old) were divided into two groups, Control Group (CG, n= 4) inoculated with NaCl 0,9%, IV and Treated Group (TG, n= 6) inoculated with 400 ng/Kg of LPS from Escheria coli. The physical examination was performed immediately before inoculation (M0), as well as blood collection for hematological and biochemical profiles, dosage of IL-6 and proteinogram. Samples were collected at M0 and after 2, 4, 6, 12, 24, 36, 48 and 60 hours after of inoculation. The dosage of IL-6 was done by ELISA and the proteinogram by method of eletrophoresis in polyacrylamide sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS-PAGE), for hematological profile was used automatic cell counter (BC-2800Vet), the biochemical profile was performed using commercial kits (Labtest®) and the glucose concentrations was measured using glucose monitor (Breeze2, Bayer®). It was found an increase in the dosage of IL-6 60 hours after LPS injection. The fever peak occurred four hours after induction of endotoxemia. There was leukopenia, with neutropenia and reduction in concentration of total protein, albumin and acid glycoprotein two hours after LPS administration, accompanied by an initial increase in glucose concentrations followed by a reduction six hours post-inoculation. It was conclude that the dosage of IL-6 and the proteinogram are effective diagnostic methods to detect and monitor the progression and severity of inflammatory processes from an experimentallay induced endotoxemia in sheep

Acute lung injury (ALI) is a critical manifestation of sepsis/septic shock. Heat shock protein A12B (HSPA12B), an endothelial cell-expressed heat shock protein, shows a negative regulation of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammation in myocardium and endothelial cells. However, it is unclear whether HSPA12B exerts protective effects against ALI during sepsis/septic shock. In this study, we treated HSPA12B transgenic mice (Tg) and wild type littermates (WT) with LPS for 6 h to induce endotoxemia. LPS treatment significantly caused pulmonary injuries as evidenced by microarchitecture destruction, vascular leakage and neutrophil recruitment in lungs of WT mice. However, the LPS-induced pulmonary injuries were significantly attenuated in Tg mice. Moreover, the LPS-induced activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERKs) and upregulation of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) and Cyclooxygenase-2 (Cox-2) were inhibited in Tg lungs compared with that in WT mice. Additionally, Tg lungs showed a significant lower level of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) compared with WT mice. Our results demonstrate a pulmonary protective effect of HSPA12B against endotoxin challenge, which indicates management of HSPA12B expression could serve as a potential therapeutic target for ALI during sepsis/septic shock.

Subclinical endotoxemia (low levels of circulating bacterial endotoxin) has been observed in patients suffering from chronic inflammatory diseases such as atherosclerosis, diabetes, and obesity. However, the link between this condition and chronic inflammation is poorly understood. Previous work from our lab has shown that chronic exposure to super-low doses of bacterial endotoxin (LPS) aggravates atherosclerosis resulting in increased plaque size and instability in a macrophage-dependent manner in a mouse model of atherosclerosis. Further, we showed that super-low dose LPS (SLD-LPS) treatment was able to inhibit lysosomal fusion in immortalized macrophages. However, this was done under more acute treatment conditions. The aim of this project was to examine the molecular mechanisms by which chronic SLD-LPS may polarize macrophages to a non-resolving pro-inflammatory state consistent with chronic inflammation. This was carried out in two projects, the first a more broad phenotypic paper showing the disruption in homeostasis by chronic SLD-LPS in immortalized macrophages, while the second uses primary bone marrow-derived mouse macrophages to identify specific molecular signaling pathways used by chronic SLD-LPS. Here we show that chronic SLD-LPS led to the novel upregulation of pro-inflammatory mediators p62 and ccl2 with simultaneous downregulation of homeostatic mediators Nrf2 and slc40a1 in immortalized wild-type mouse macrophages. Further we showed this effect was reversed using the homeostatic restorative agent sodium phenylbutyrate (4-PBA), a newly reported activity for this reagent in mouse macrophages. This indicated that a disruption in homeostasis, possibly involving autophagy, may be responsible for the non-resolving pro-inflammatory polarization of macrophages. Therefore, in our second project, we further explored the effect of chronic SLD-LPS treatment on the homeostatic arm of the response by focusing on the Nrf2 inhibitor Keap1. Here we show that chronic SLD-LPS results in an accumulation of Keap1 in mouse bone marrow-derived macrophages, an effect specific to chronic SLD-LPS, as high doses of LPS failed to induce Keap1. We suggest that this effect may be related to a disruption in lysosomal fusion as evidenced by accumulation of autophagy flux markers MLKL and p62. Further, we show that these effects are dependent on the non-traditional TLR4 adaptor TRAM, suggesting an alternative dose-dependent signaling pathway for LPS. Together this work identifies novel signaling mechanisms involved in non-resolving pro-inflammatory polarization of murine macrophages, providing new insight behind how chronic super-low dose LPS exposure may lead to chronic inflammation. / Doctor of Philosophy / Inflammation is the body's natural response to injury or insult and can be beneficial in certain contexts such as pathogen clearance. However, left un-checked, chronic inflammation can exacerbate or even lead to disease pathology, such as is the case with modern diseases such as atherosclerosis, obesity, diabetes, etc. Despite the high prevalence of these diseases, effective treatments and therapies are still lacking. Recently it was discovered that many patients suffering from chronic inflammatory diseases had low levels bacterial endotoxin (LPS) in their circulation, a condition referred to as subclinical endotoxemia. However, possible links between this condition and chronic inflammatory disease remain poorly understood. Using a mouse model of atherosclerosis, previous research from our lab showed that persistent exposure to super-low doses of bacterial endotoxin (similar to those observed in humans) lead to aggravated atherosclerosis with both increased plaque size and instability. Further, we showed that this effect was primarily mediated by pro-inflammatory polarized immune cells called macrophages, but the molecular mechanism behind this polarization is still unclear. Further research into these molecular mechanisms may provide better targets for the development of future chronic inflammatory disease treatments. Here using a combination of mouse cell line and primary cell cultures, we discuss how chronic exposure to super-low doses of bacterial endotoxin leads to the chronic non-resolving pro-inflammatory polarization of macrophage immune cells, with particular emphasis on the distinct molecular signaling mechanisms induced by chronic super-low dose LPS.

High-fat diets and obesity have been linked to unfavorable changes in gut bacteria and increased leakage of bacterially-derived lipopolysaccharide (endotoxin) from the intestinal tract into circulation, which is associated with low-grade inflammation, metabolic dysregulation and degradation of tight-junction proteins between intestinal cells. Probiotic supplementation is the practice of ingesting live strains of bacteria that are proposed to have a beneficial effect on the host by enriching the intestine with healthy bacteria. The purpose of this project was to determine if probiotic supplementation would prevent increased inflammatory tone, decreased oxidative capacity, and decreased tight-junction protein expression associated with high-fat feeding and elevated endogenous endotoxin. Male C57BL/6J mice were fed either a control (CD, 10% fat) or high-fat (HFD, 60% fat) diet for 4 weeks while receiving a daily oral gavage of water (C-VSL#3, HF-VSL#3) or probiotics (C+VSL#3, HF+VSL#3) equivalent to 1.2 billion live cultures. Changes in body weight, body composition, respiratory exchange ratio, energy expenditure, and glucose and insulin tolerance were measured in live mice. Markers of metabolic function were measured in whole muscle homgenates and mitochondria isolated from red and white skeletal muscle. Plasma endotoxin was measured in blood collected from fasted mice at the time of euthanization. The large and small intestines were collected and mRNA levels of tight-junction proteins and markers of nutrient sensing were measured. To determine a possible protective effect against endogenous LPS, a second cohort of mice were given an intraperitoneal injection of 0.1µg/kg LPS or saline to induce endotoxemia after four weeks of the aforementioned feeding protocol. Markers of metabolic function and inflammation were measured in mitochondria, skeletal muscle and liver. VSL#3 supplementation improved glucose homeostasis and markers of inflammation while enhancing nutrient sensing in the gut. / Ph. D.

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a Gram-negative endotoxin, has been well-established as the trigger for the effects of sepsis and septic shock through its binding with the innate immune receptor, Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4). High doses of LPS signal through TLR4 to produce a massive release of pro-inflammatory cytokines including IL-6, TNFα, and other. Additionally, several recent publications have demonstrated severe metabolic alterations after LPS challenge, suppressing lipid oxidation and concurrently up-regulating glucose oxidation. Unfortunately, this switch in metabolism is inefficient for the great energy demands of the host during a systemic microbial infection which can result in vital organ failure. Meanwhile, a novel concept in several chronic disease pathologies also implicates LPS, although at very low doses. The presence of subclinically elevated circulating endotoxin levels has been termed metabolic endotoxemia and is beginning to be investigated in disease pathologies including insulin resistance and type II diabetes, atherosclerosis, cancer metastasis and Parkinson's disease. These disease phenotypes all possess a component of chronic inflammation whose source has not largely been understood, but examining the effects of very low doses of LPS may provide vital information in understanding their etiologies. However, most information on LPS signaling has been obtained using high doses of LPS (10-200ng/ml) while little to no studies have been published regarding the effects of very low doses of LPS (1pg-100pg/ml) on inflammatory and metabolic alterations. Thus, we use in vivo and in vitro models to determine that both IRAK1 and JNK are critical points of crosstalk downstream of TLR4 for the metabolic and inflammatory alterations associated with metabolic endotoxemia. Additionally, we observed significant down-regulation of nuclear receptors responsible for fatty acid metabolism, including PGC1α, PPARα, and PPARγ after very low dose LPS challenge. Further, we observe phenotypic changes in fatty acid oxidation and glucose oxidation, as well as subsequent changes in cytosolic acetyl-CoA levels and acetylation of pro-inflammatory transcription factor ATF2. Overall our studies point to several mechanisms of cross-talk between metabolism and inflammation and offer significant support to the concept of metabolic endotoxemia in the development of chronic disease. / Ph. D.

The nutritional status, especially circulating amino acid (AA) levels, can drastically change during a non-infectious (i.e., LPS) or infectious (e.g., Salmonella) challenge. Thus, study 1 examined the effect of LPS treatment (N = 9, 26.9 ± 1.07 kg BW) on plasma AA and metabolite levels in pigs. Data were used to generate prediction equations establishing mathematical relationships between plasma AA levels and numerous blood metabolites (e.g., total lipid, LDL, HDL, blood urea nitrogen, etc). These equations have the potential to improve the nutritional treatment and recovery of acute and chronically ill patients. Study 2 (19.1 ± 0.37 kg) was a continuation of study 1 except the sampling time was increased from 12 to 24 h. One-half of the pigs in study 2 were treated with LPS (N=15) and the other one-half were saline treated control animals (N = 16). This design allows for monitoring changes in plasma AA and their catabolism in response to endotoxemia. Area under the curve (AUC) was calculated for a selected AA to report AA balances. During the induction phase of an acute challenge (t = -2 to 12 h), analyzed AA were in a negative balance indicating heavy AA catabolism. However, during the recovery phase (t = 12 to 24 h) half of the AA were in a positive balance while the other half were still negative. The ability of equations to accurately predict AA concentrations was tested. Results indicate poor performance possibly due to heavy term biases. Thus, it was concluded that equations need to be revisited and non-linear terms need to be evaluated. Nonetheless, routine clinical blood metabolites can be used to estimate plasma AA levels during immune activation. We successfully established a porcine Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium model. Pigs infected with Salmonella had a febrile response for 4 d and exhibited marked changes in their fecal bacterial populations Finally, we investigated plasma changes in N-τ-methyl histidine (NτMH) in healthy and LPS-treated pigs. NτMH— is a post-translationally modified AA that has historically been used as an indirect marker of muscle protein breakdown in rodents and humans. However, the major form (i.e., free or acetylated) of NτMH in pig plasma was unknown. Results indicate that only 15% of plasma NτMH is in the free form and the remainder is acetylated. Furthermore, LPS treated pigs had increased acetylated and total NτMH fractions while free NτMH did not change. Therefore, to accurately monitor plasma changes in NτMH as an indicator of muscle proteolysis, plasma samples must be subjected to acid hydrolysis. / Ph. D.