No description available.

No description available.

Canola fibre-protein and can-sugar are the two by-products arising from a process for separating high quality protein fractions from canola meal. In the first trial chemical characteristics of fibre-protein and can-sugar were examined in comparison with commercial canola and soy meal. In the second trial in situ rumen degradability and kinetics of test feed was studied. Based on the findings of those two trials, available energy values were estimated based on NRC (2001) while protein contents potentially absorbable at small intestine were predicted using both NRC (2001) and DVE/OEB models. Subsequently a mixture of fibre-protein and can-sugar was used as an additive to dehydrated alfalfa pellet and two dairy cow trials were conducted to determine the palatability and examine effect on lactation performances of blended alfalfa pellet feeding in comparison with standard alfalfa pellet. Palatability difference was evaluated by Paterson -two choice alternating access method through a 7 day experimental period using 6 lactating Holstein cows. In the lactating performance trial, 6 cows were randomly assigned into two groups and two treatments were allocated over three experimental periods in a switchback design. <p>Can-sugar consisted of water soluble components (CP 15.6 %DM; SCP 96.2 %CP; NFC 99.9 %CHO) with non-protein nitrogen as the main CP fraction (NPN 96.2 %CP). Fibre-protein was a highly fibrous material (NDF: 55.6%; ADF: 46.3%; ADL: 24.1%) comparing to canola meal (NDF: 25.4%, ADF: 21.2%, ADL: 9.0%) due to presence of higher level of seed hulls in fibre-protein. Comparing to canola meal, fibre-protein contained 9% less CP and 1/4 of that consisted of undegradable ADIP. Rumen degradability of can-sugar was assumed as immediate and total as it was water soluble. Most of the ruminally undegradable nutrient components present in canola meal appeared to be concentrated into fibre protein during the manufacturing process and as a result fibre-protein has shown a consistently lower effective degradability of DM, OM, CP NDF and ADF comparing to both canola and soy meal. Available energy content in can-sugar was marginally higher than that of canola meal while fibre-protein contained only 2/3 that of canola meal. The predicted absorbable protein content at small intestine was about 1/2 that of canola meal. These results indicate that fibre-protein can be considered as a secondary source of protein in ruminant feed and a mixture of fibre-protein and can-sugar would nutritionally complement each other to formulate into a cheaper ingredient in ruminant ration. In the palatability study, there was no significant difference (P>0.05) in intake preference or finish time between the blended and standard alfalfa pellets. The results from the lactation study showed that there was no significant difference (P>0.05) in milk yield, dairy efficiency or milk composition between the blended and standard alfalfa pellets. The results from the two studies indicated that fibre-protein and can-sugar fractions could be used as an additive to alfalfa dehydrated pellet at 15% inclusion rate without compromising its palatability or the performance of dairy cows. <p>For future studies it is proposed to conduct feeding trials with varying levels of inclusions to alfalfa pellet to know the nutritional effect of fibre-protein and can-sugar while ascertain optimum inclusion rate.

Canola fibre-protein and can-sugar are the two by-products arising from a process for separating high quality protein fractions from canola meal. In the first trial chemical characteristics of fibre-protein and can-sugar were examined in comparison with commercial canola and soy meal. In the second trial in situ rumen degradability and kinetics of test feed was studied. Based on the findings of those two trials, available energy values were estimated based on NRC (2001) while protein contents potentially absorbable at small intestine were predicted using both NRC (2001) and DVE/OEB models. Subsequently a mixture of fibre-protein and can-sugar was used as an additive to dehydrated alfalfa pellet and two dairy cow trials were conducted to determine the palatability and examine effect on lactation performances of blended alfalfa pellet feeding in comparison with standard alfalfa pellet. Palatability difference was evaluated by Paterson -two choice alternating access method through a 7 day experimental period using 6 lactating Holstein cows. In the lactating performance trial, 6 cows were randomly assigned into two groups and two treatments were allocated over three experimental periods in a switchback design. <p>Can-sugar consisted of water soluble components (CP 15.6 %DM; SCP 96.2 %CP; NFC 99.9 %CHO) with non-protein nitrogen as the main CP fraction (NPN 96.2 %CP). Fibre-protein was a highly fibrous material (NDF: 55.6%; ADF: 46.3%; ADL: 24.1%) comparing to canola meal (NDF: 25.4%, ADF: 21.2%, ADL: 9.0%) due to presence of higher level of seed hulls in fibre-protein. Comparing to canola meal, fibre-protein contained 9% less CP and 1/4 of that consisted of undegradable ADIP. Rumen degradability of can-sugar was assumed as immediate and total as it was water soluble. Most of the ruminally undegradable nutrient components present in canola meal appeared to be concentrated into fibre protein during the manufacturing process and as a result fibre-protein has shown a consistently lower effective degradability of DM, OM, CP NDF and ADF comparing to both canola and soy meal. Available energy content in can-sugar was marginally higher than that of canola meal while fibre-protein contained only 2/3 that of canola meal. The predicted absorbable protein content at small intestine was about 1/2 that of canola meal. These results indicate that fibre-protein can be considered as a secondary source of protein in ruminant feed and a mixture of fibre-protein and can-sugar would nutritionally complement each other to formulate into a cheaper ingredient in ruminant ration. In the palatability study, there was no significant difference (P>0.05) in intake preference or finish time between the blended and standard alfalfa pellets. The results from the lactation study showed that there was no significant difference (P>0.05) in milk yield, dairy efficiency or milk composition between the blended and standard alfalfa pellets. The results from the two studies indicated that fibre-protein and can-sugar fractions could be used as an additive to alfalfa dehydrated pellet at 15% inclusion rate without compromising its palatability or the performance of dairy cows. <p>For future studies it is proposed to conduct feeding trials with varying levels of inclusions to alfalfa pellet to know the nutritional effect of fibre-protein and can-sugar while ascertain optimum inclusion rate.

Bakgrund: Återhämtning och nutrition är viktiga aspekter för att minimera risken för skador hos idrottare. Ett för lågt energiintag kan leda till flera negativa fysiologiska effekter då kroppens energibehov inte tillgodoses. Hos kvinnor är menstruationsdysfunktion (MD) ett vanligt symptom på långvarig låg energitillgänglighet och hög förekomst har främst rapporterats hos kvinnliga idrottare inom viktkänsliga idrotter såsom uthållighetsidrott. Syfte: Syftet med denna studie var därför att beskriva skadebilden hos svenska och danska kvinnliga landslagsidrottare på seniornivå samt undersöka eventuella samband mellan förekomst av skador och menstruation. Metod: Alla danska och svenska kvinnliga landslagsidrottare blev kontaktade per mejl och tillfrågade om deltagande via online-enkät där frågor om skador det senaste året och menstruation ingick. Deltagare blev klassificerade att ha MD om de uppgav att de aldrig haft menstruation, ingen menstruation de senaste tre månaderna, menstruationscykler med längre intervall än 35 dagar eller &lt;9 menstruationscykler de senaste 12 månaderna. Alla deltagare blev klassificerade som antingen icke-viktkänsliga (t.ex. bollsport) eller viktkänslig idrottare (t.ex. uthålligsidrott). Resultat: Totalt svarade 634 (25%) idrottare på enkäten. Den rapporterade skadeprevalensen under de senaste 12 månaderna för samtliga inkluderade deltagare var 57%. 30% av deltagarna blev klassificerade att ha MD med en högre förekomst i viktkänsliga idrotter (39% vs 24%; P = &lt;0,001). Deltagare med MD rapporterade fler skador under de senaste 12 månaderna (P = 0,004) och hade en högre risk för skada (OR = 1,52; 95% CI = 1,06–2,19; P = 0,024) samt högre risk för att ha varit långvarigt skadad (&gt;22 dagar) (OR = 1,87; 95% CI = 1,23–2,55; P = 0,003) jämfört med deltagare med regelbunden menstruation. Deltagare från viktkänsliga idrotter hade en högre risk för skada (OR = 1,50; 95% CI = 1,02–2,21; P = 0,039) och högre risk för att ha varit långvarigt skadad (OR = 2,11; 95% CI = 1,38–3,24; P = &lt;0,001) jämfört med deltagare från icke-viktkänsliga idrotter. Konklusion: Resultaten indikerar att kvinnliga landslagsidrottare med självrapporterad MD har en ökad skaderisk, speciellt inom viktkänsliga idrotter som uthållighetsidrott. Menstruationsdysfunktion bör därför tas i beaktning då det har negativ inverkan på idrottares hälsa och prestation. Vidare finns det ett stort behov av mer kunskap för att implementera effektiva kön- och idrottsspecifika preventionsåtgärder. / Background: Recovery and nutrition are important aspects in order to minimize injury risk in athletes. Multiple negative physiological impairments have been recognized in athletes due to low energy intake. One common symptom of prolonged low energy availability in females is menstrual dysfunction (MD) and high prevalence has been reported mostly in female athletes in weight-sensitive sports like endurance sports. Aim: The aim of the present study was to describe injuries among Swedish and Danish female national team athletes and to investigate potential connections between injury prevalence and menstruation. Method: All Swedish and Danish national team athletes were invited via e-mail to complete an anonymous online survey, which held questions about injuries the past year and menstruation. Participants were classified with MD if they stated that they never had menstruation, no menstruation the last three months, menstruation cycles with longer intervals than 35 days or &lt;9 menstruation cycles the last 12 months. The participants were also divided in groups of non-weight sensitive athletes (e.g. ball game) or weight sensitive athletes (e.g. endurance sport). Results: A total of 634 (25%) athletes completed the survey. Among all participants an injury prevalence of 57% was observed and 30% were classified with MD. Higher prevalence of MD was reported in weight-sensitive sports (39% vs. 24%; P = &lt;0,001). Athletes with MD sustained more injuries (P = 0,004), reported higher risk of injury (OR = 1,52; 95% CI = 1,06–2,19; P = 0,024) and to be long-term injured (&gt;22 days) (OR = 1,87; 95% CI = 1,23–2,55; P = 0,003) compared to athletes with regular menstruation. In athletes from weight-sensitive sports a higher risk of injury was observed (OR = 1,50; 95% CI = 1,02–2,21; P = 0,039) and also to be long-term injured (OR = 2,11; 95% CI = 1,38–3,24; P = &lt;0,001) compared to athletes from non weight-sensitive sports. Conclusion: The result indicates that female national team athletes with self-reported MD have increased injury risk, especially in weight-sensitive sports like endurance sports. Menstrual dysfunction has a negative impact on both health and performance, and therefore athletes and coaches need to pay attention to menstrual function. More research is needed to implement effective sex and sport-specific preventive measures.

Bakgrund: Relative energy deficiency in sports (RED-S) är ett syndrom som förekommer inom många idrotter och olika idrottsliga nivåer. Konsekvenserna av detta syndrom är mångfacetterad, det kan påverka prestationen långsiktigt och kan orsaka skador och avslut på idrottskarriären. I forskningen är idrotter såsom löpning, estetiska idrotter och friidrottare de som är överrepresenterade i förhållande till RED-S. Kvinnor är generellt en underrepresenterad grupp inom idrottsmedicinsk forskning och detta motiverar till att studera just denna grupp.  Syfte: Syftet med denna undersökning var att undersöka i vilken utsträckning respondenterna hört talats om RED-S, samt att identifiera riskgrupper utifrån träningsmängd och idrottsutförande hos idrottande kvinnor inom fotboll, innebandy, friidrott och ridning, oavsett idrottslig nivå. Metod: Data insamlades med hjälp av en digitalbaserad enkät som besvarades av 44 deltagare. Enkäten bestod av 35 frågor och distribuerades i en sluten grupp som bestod av 16 000 + medlemmar samt en öppen grupp med 3 000 medlemmar och även via egna sociala medier. Resultat: Av totalt 44 deltagare fick 24 deltagare en poäng ≥8 utifrån frågeformuläret Low Energy availability in females questionnaire (LEAF-Q), enligt enkätens poängssystem indikerar detta en förhöjd risk att utveckla RED-S. Den överrepresenterade idrotten var ridsporten med 22 deltagare. Den ojämna fördelningen gjorde det svårt att generalisera några resultat för träningsmängd och idrottskategori. Av totalt 44 deltagare var det endast sex deltagare som tidigare hade hört talats om RED-S i utbildningssyfte.  Diskussion: Mer än 50% av deltagarna hade en LEAF-Q poäng högre ≥8 och majoriteten var användare av någon form av preventivmedel vilket påverkade det slutgiltiga resultatet.  Konklusion: Av cirka 19 000 potentiella deltagare var det 44 svaranden, bortfallet var högt vilket innebär att resultatet blev missvisande. Det tenderar att finnas ett kunskapsglapp bland kvinnliga idrottare vad gäller kännedom om syndromet RED-S. Trots att resultatet av denna undersökning inte går att generalisera på en större population så finns det andra studier som indikerar liknande resultat. / Background: Relative energy deficiency in sports (RED-S) is a syndrome that occurs in many sports and different sports levels. The consequences of this syndrome are multifaceted, it can affect performance in the long term and can cause injuries and the end of the sports career. In the research, sports such as running, aesthetic sports and track and field athletes are those that are overrepresented in relation to RED-S. Women are generally an underrepresented group in sports medicine research and this motivates to study this particular group. Purpose: The purpose of this survey was to investigate the extent to which the respondents had heard about RED-S, and to identify risk groups based on the amount of training and sports performance of female athletes in football, floorball, athletics and horse riding, regardless of the level of sport. Method: Data were collected using a digital-based questionnaire that was answered by 44 participants. The survey consisted of 35 questions and was distributed in a closed group consisting of 16,000+ members as well as an open group with 3,000 members and via own social media. Results: Out of a total of 44 participants, 24 participants received a score ≥8 based on the Low Energy availability in females questionnaire (LEAF-Q), according to the questionnaire's scoring system, this indicates an increased risk of developing RED-S. The over-represented sport was equestrian with 22 participants. The uneven distribution made it difficult to generalize any results for training amount and sport category. Out of a total of 44 participants, only six participants had previously heard of RED-S for educational purposes. Discussion: More than 50% of the participants had a LEAF-Q score higher than ≥8 and the majority were users of some form of contraception, which affected the result. Conclusion: Out of approximately 19,000 potential participants, there were 44 respondents, the dropout rate was high, which means that the results were misleading. There tends to be a knowledge gap among female athletes in terms of awareness of RED-S syndrome. Although the results of this study cannot be generalized to a larger population, there are other studies that indicate similar results.

Energy is central to economic development. It has been established that there is a clear correlation between energy consumption and living standards. Nigeria is a country of very industrious and enterprising people. However, due to non availability of adequate energy in the country, especially in the remote, off grid locations, the entrepreneurial inclination of the average Nigerian living in these locations has been largely stunted. Over the years, successive governments in the country, in realisation of the pivotal role of energy in national development, have explored various options to improve energy supply and availability, but the situation has not experienced any remarkable improvement. This has forced many businesses and households to resort to self provision through generators, often at exorbitant costs. This research work addresses the challenge of energy in remote, off grid locations by appraising the techno economic potential of renewable energy, using Obudu Ranch as a case study. This ranch is the foremost tourism resort in Nigeria, and has played host to a number of international events over the years. Presently, electricity is being generated through the use of diesel powered generating sets. The adjoining communities are currently without electricity, although a few of the residents have acquired generators for self provision, mostly for their domestic use. Aside the high cost associated with this, the discharge of noxious contaminants into the atmosphere is undesirable. The research entailed a working collaboration with some notable Non Governmental Organisations (NGOs) that have done extensive ground work in the area for access to some secondary data, as well as a number of corporate and governmental agencies that are relevant to the study. Further, the ranch was visited to establish hands-on, the existing renewable energy sources. A trade-off of these sources was carried out with reference to a number of relevant evaluation parameters to identify the most suited option for addressing the energy challenge. A comparative analysis of this selected source was then made to establish its techno economic potential against the existing source of power generation- diesel powered generating sets, which currently costs R1.5 million annually in running expenses. The findings from this research have established that a Renewable Energy source (mini hydro) is a more cost effective option than the diesel powered gen set, providing a 43% reduction in cost of energy generation, and a 42% reduction in the life cycle cost over the five year of analysis, compared to the status quo. In addition, it is also more environmentally friendly. Conclusively, the findings and recommendations of this research effort, if well implemented, will be beneficial to the ranch, the adjoining communities and other relevant stakeholders. / Thesis (M.Ing. (Development and Management Engineering))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2009.

Energy is central to economic development. It has been established that there is a clear correlation between energy consumption and living standards. Nigeria is a country of very industrious and enterprising people. However, due to non availability of adequate energy in the country, especially in the remote, off grid locations, the entrepreneurial inclination of the average Nigerian living in these locations has been largely stunted. Over the years, successive governments in the country, in realisation of the pivotal role of energy in national development, have explored various options to improve energy supply and availability, but the situation has not experienced any remarkable improvement. This has forced many businesses and households to resort to self provision through generators, often at exorbitant costs. This research work addresses the challenge of energy in remote, off grid locations by appraising the techno economic potential of renewable energy, using Obudu Ranch as a case study. This ranch is the foremost tourism resort in Nigeria, and has played host to a number of international events over the years. Presently, electricity is being generated through the use of diesel powered generating sets. The adjoining communities are currently without electricity, although a few of the residents have acquired generators for self provision, mostly for their domestic use. Aside the high cost associated with this, the discharge of noxious contaminants into the atmosphere is undesirable. The research entailed a working collaboration with some notable Non Governmental Organisations (NGOs) that have done extensive ground work in the area for access to some secondary data, as well as a number of corporate and governmental agencies that are relevant to the study. Further, the ranch was visited to establish hands-on, the existing renewable energy sources. A trade-off of these sources was carried out with reference to a number of relevant evaluation parameters to identify the most suited option for addressing the energy challenge. A comparative analysis of this selected source was then made to establish its techno economic potential against the existing source of power generation- diesel powered generating sets, which currently costs R1.5 million annually in running expenses. The findings from this research have established that a Renewable Energy source (mini hydro) is a more cost effective option than the diesel powered gen set, providing a 43% reduction in cost of energy generation, and a 42% reduction in the life cycle cost over the five year of analysis, compared to the status quo. In addition, it is also more environmentally friendly. Conclusively, the findings and recommendations of this research effort, if well implemented, will be beneficial to the ranch, the adjoining communities and other relevant stakeholders. / Thesis (M.Ing. (Development and Management Engineering))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2009.

Introducción: La práctica deportiva de élite no es siempre sinónimo de equilibrio y de salud en las deportistas, ya que el deporte de élite exige una óptima preparación física, grandes niveles de esfuerzo, dedicación, disciplina y compromiso que pueden incidir negativamente a nivel físico y psicológico debido a las presiones por mantener un rendimiento deportivo acorde a la consecución de los éxitos y de los objetivos deportivos. En las últimas cuatro décadas ha aumentado exponencialmente la participación de la mujer en el deporte de competición. En este sentido, la evidencia científica informa que las mujeres deportistas son un grupo potencialmente de riesgo para el desarrollo de consecuencias negativas para la salud relacionadas con la práctica deportiva como la Deficiencia Energética Relativa en el Deporte (RED-S) o los Trastornos de la Conducta Alimentaria, TCA. La Deficiencia Energética Relativa en el Deporte, en inglés, Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport (REDs); según el International Olympic Commitee (IOC), hace referencia a un síndrome fisiológico y/o psicológico que pueden experimentar las mujeres deportistas debido a un estado continuado de baja disponibilidad energética y que puede conllevar graves consecuencias para su bienestar, salud y rendimiento (Mountjoy et al., 2023). De esta manera, se señala que un estado continuado de baja disponibilidad de energía o Low Energy Availability (LEA), problema de base del síndrome RED-S y relacionado con los TCA, puede conllevar graves consecuencias físicas, psicofisiológicas y de rendimiento en mujeres deportistas. La prevención y la intervención temprana para el diagnóstico de la LEA son esenciales en mujeres deportistas para poder prevenir la aparición del síndrome RED-S. Por lo tanto, se hace necesario poder evaluar la sintomatología e implicaciones fisiológicas y psicológicas que pueden experimentar y afectar a las mujeres deportistas relacionadas con la disponibilidad de energía y su déficit. Para hacer frente a la prevención y el diagnóstico de la LEA, una de las herramientas que evalúa la sintomatología fisiológica propia de la baja disponibilidad de energía es el cuestionario Low Energy Availability Female- Questionnaire, LEAF-Q (Melin et al., 2014). Este instrumento mide los síntomas fisiológicos de tener una baja disponibilidad de energía y el riesgo de sufrir el síndrome de la triada de la mujer deportista, caracterizado por trastornos alimentarios, menstruales y de densidad mineral ósea. Además, dicho cuestionario es complementario a los actuales instrumentos de medida de los TCA, como el Eating Attitudes Test o EAT-26. El cuestionario LEAF-Q no está adaptado al español y es fundamental poder disponer de instrumentos de evaluación de la sintomatología de la LEA adaptados y validados en nuestro entorno sociocultural con propiedades psicométricas adecuadas que sirvan como complemento a los instrumentos de cribado de los TCA, proporcionado así una evaluación completa del estado de salud de la mujer deportista. Por otro lado, la literatura científica señala que las emociones y el estado mental tienen una gran influencia no solo en el rendimiento deportivo, sino también en el bienestar y la salud de las mujeres deportistas. Con este estudio se pretende mejorar el conocimiento de todos estos factores y abordar las variables psicológicas consideradas de riesgo y protección que pueden afectar y contribuir a mejorar el estado de salud en las mujeres deportistas, así como sus posibles relaciones con el síndrome RED-S y la deficiencia energética o LEA. Objetivos: Con el propósito de evaluar la Deficiencia Energética Relativa en el Deporte y su relación con los Trastornos de la Conducta Alimentaria y el bienestar psicológico en mujeres deportistas, se plantean los siguientes objetivos: a) realizar la adaptación transcultural y validación al español del cuestionario LEAF-Q, para la evaluación del riesgo de sufrir un estado de LEA o el síndrome de la triada de la mujer deportista, b) analizar la prevalencia de los TCA y su relación con el bienestar psicológico en mujeres deportistas, c) evaluar la asociación entre los niveles de actividad física, la impulsividad y el mindfulness rasgo con la ansiedad competitiva en mujeres deportistas. Resultados: El diseño de investigación es multimodal donde se combinan estudios de tipo descriptivo y transversal con un estudio instrumental de adaptación del cuestionario LEAF-Q. La población de estudio estuvo conformada por mujeres deportistas federadas. Todas las participantes competían a nivel nacional, internacional y/o universitario, un 26.8% en deportes individuales y un 73.2% en deportes colectivos en competiciones en territorio español. Para el primer objetivo, los resultados obtenidos nos indican que la adaptación transcultural y validación al español del instrumento LEAF-Q presenta unas propiedades psicométricas adecuadas. Respecto a la consistencia interna, la versión adaptada del instrumento ha demostrado tener un buen nivel de fiabilidad para todas sus dimensiones, con un rango de .70 a .86, y la escala total con un alpha de Cronbach .84, siendo el alpha de Cronbach total superior a la escala original (.71). Los resultados del estudio indican que el 95% de los ítems presentan escasa dificultad, no detectándose problemas relevantes de carácter sintáctico, gramatical o conceptual. Por otro lado, encontramos una alta prevalencia de sufrir LEA en mujeres deportistas, por lo que es importante disponer de herramientas autoadministradas, como el LEAF-Q, que evalúen la sintomatología fisiológica de la baja disponibilidad de energía e identifiquen el riesgo de sufrir la triada o RED-S en la mujer deportista, y que sean complementarias a los actuales instrumentos de detección de los TCA. Para el segundo objetivo, se utilizó la escala Eating Attitude Test, EAT-26, para detectar el riesgo de sufrir Trastornos de la Conducta Alimentaria (TCA). Los resultados mostraron que un 22.3% de la muestra de las mujeres deportistas se encontraban en riesgo alto de padecer TCA. Al realizar el análisis correlacional entre las escalas EAT-26 y LEAF-Q los resultados muestran que existen correlaciones entre la escalas y dimensiones, salvo con la dimensión lesiones del LEAF-Q. Para evaluar el bienestar psicológico de las mujeres deportistas y analizar en mayor profundidad su relación con las dimensiones del LEAF-Q y del EAT-26, se utilizó la escala Trait Emotional Intelligence (TEIQUE-SF) para evaluar la Inteligencia Emocional, la escala Satisfaction With Life Scale (SWLS) para evaluar la Satisfacción con la Vida y la escala Mindfulness Attention Awareness Scale (MAAS) para evaluar el Mindfulness rasgo. Los resultados obtenidos mostraron una asociación estadísticamente significativa inversa de las dimensiones del LEAF-Q y del EAT-26 con la inteligencia emocional, la satisfacción con la vida y mindfulness rasgo. Por otro lado, la escala EAT-26 y sus dimensiones se relacionan de forma estadísticamente significativa y directa con las variables de riesgo de este estudio analizadas, concretamente con la ansiedad competitiva analizada con el cuestionario Competitive State Anxiety Inventory (CSAI-2), el estrés en deportistas con el Athlete Burnout Questionnaire (ABQ) y la impulsividad de la Escala de Impulsividad de Barrat (BIS-11). También se llevaron a cabo análisis diferenciales en función de la puntuación total del EAT-26, siendo las deportistas con puntuaciones en riesgo de TCA, las que obtienen puntuaciones más elevadas en ansiedad competitiva, ansiedad cognitiva y ansiedad somática y reducida sensación de logro de la escala de estrés competitivo. Por el contrario, son las deportistas con puntuaciones de bajo riesgo de TCA las que obtienen puntuaciones más elevadas en escala de satisfacción con la vida y la dimensión bienestar de la escala de inteligencia emocional. En cuanto al tercer objetivo, se analizaron las escalas de ansiedad e impulsividad con sus dimensiones, la escala mindfulness rasgo y las escalas de Actividad Física (AF) del Cuestionario Internacional de Actividad Física (IPAQ) y sus categorías (baja, moderada, moderada-vigorosa y vigorosa). Los resultados indican que existen diferencias en los niveles de Actividad Física según el tipo de deporte individual y colectivo. Las deportistas de equipo muestran valores significativamente más altos en METS/día en AF vigorosa, AF moderada y vigorosa (MVPA) y total de AF (total PA); siendo menores sus niveles en AF baja y AF moderada en comparación con las deportistas individuales. Las deportistas individuales son las que reportan mayores niveles de ansiedad somática y las deportistas de deportes colectivos las que tienen mayores puntuaciones en mindfulness rasgo. Por otra parte, las deportistas individuales con niveles de AF baja-moderada muestran valores significativamente más altos en impulsividad total, impulsividad atencional e impulsividad motora, comparada con el grupo de AF vigorosa; existiendo diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre la AF baja-moderada y AF vigorosa con el mindfulness rasgo. Los resultados del estudio indican que el mindfulness rasgo actúa como efecto protector sobre los estados de ansiedad e inhibiendo los efectos de la impulsividad. En este sentido, la capacidad de gestión de la ansiedad y las respuestas impulsivas a través del manejo del mindfulness rasgo podría favorecer el comportamiento impulsivo, el control de la ansiedad y a su vez favorecer el rendimiento en mujeres deportistas. Conclusiones: Los resultados de esta investigación tienen una importante utilidad para el diseño de programas de prevención del síndrome RED-S, o Déficit Energético Relativo al Deporte y mejora de la calidad de vida relacionada con la salud en mujeres deportistas, así como ofrecer un instrumento con propiedades psicométricas adecuadas para la evaluación del déficit energético relativo al deporte en mujeres deportistas. En este sentido, la investigación realizada ha mostrado que el LEAF-Q en su versión adaptada y validada al español es un instrumento fiable, válido y con propiedades psicométricas adecuadas para la evaluación de la sintomatología de la LEA y del síndrome de la triada en mujeres deportistas. Es fundamental disponer de este tipo de herramientas para su uso rutinario como detección temprana y prevención de sufrir un estado de LEA o síndrome RED-S, así como complemento a los instrumentos que evalúan los TCA. Los estados de LEA continuados y/o el riesgo de TCA pueden llevar a consecuencias graves para la salud física y psicológica en la mujer deportista. En nuestro estudio, las mujeres deportistas con riesgo de LEA presentan puntuaciones significativamente más elevadas en las escalas de ansiedad e impulsividad y también de burnout en caso de las deportistas en riesgo de TCA. Por el contrario, las mujeres deportistas en riesgo bajo de LEA y TCA presentan puntuaciones significativamente más altas en las escalas de inteligencia emocional, satisfacción con la vida y mindfulness rasgo. Por todo ello, se ha de sensibilizar y concienciar a las deportistas y su entorno deportivo sobre las consecuencias de sufrir una baja disponibilidad de energía y su relación con el síndrome de Deficiencia Energética Relativa en el Deporte (RED-S) y los Trastornos de la Conducta Alimentaria. Además, esta investigación podrá servir para ampliar el conocimiento y la formación de los profesionales que trabajan con y para las deportistas, como entrenadores, psicólogos, nutricionistas, preparadores físicos, etc., con el objetivo de mejorar sus intervenciones, así como para salvaguardar el estado de salud y optimizar el rendimiento de las deportistas de élite. Los resultados obtenidos serán de gran interés para poner en marcha programas de prevención e intervención temprana del Déficit Energético Relativo al Deporte, así como impulsar las reformas necesarias y mejorar las normativas de participación de las deportistas en las condiciones óptimas y sin riesgos para su salud.