International Telemetering Conference Proceedings / October 18-21, 2004 / Town & Country Resort, San Diego, California / A flexible system has been designed to accurately measure and average the outgoing laser energy of a micro-pulse LIDAR unit (MPL). This system incorporates specifically designed analog measurement circuitry interfaced with a microcontroller, allowing researchers to manage experiments from a personal computer. The final system produces a linearly proportional response between an incident laser energy input and the analog and digital circuitry’s output, accurate to within 0.1%. Custom designed algorithms allow the system to average the energy measured in a series of pulses. Each series can range on the order of tens of thousands of pulses.

Design and realisation of electronic regulated ballast with USB interface. The ballast has three functions: constant I, constant U and constant R. This device is intended for example to measure discharge curves of accumulators.

This thesis presents an energy monitoring system to measure energy consumption of software applications to support security and power management for embedded devices. The proposed system is composed of an Actel Fusion device and a custom designed energy measurement circuit. The Fusion device measures the voltage and the current of the target device at a defined sampling rate. The energy measurement circuit is designed as a current integrator over fixed intervals using the switched-capacitor integrator technique to store energy information of the target device within Fusion’s sampling intervals. This circuit is designed to accommodate the low sampling rate of the Fusion device. Experimental results showed that the Fusion device allows the measurement of the energy of the target device at a minimum rate of 15 µs. The energy measurement circuit is implemented using the 65 nm CMOS technology. Simulation results showed that this circuit provides 91%~97% average energy measurement accuracy.

EnergyBox is a parametrised estimation tool that uses packet traces as input to simulate the energy consumption of communication in mobile devices. This tool models the transmission behaviour of a smart phone by analysing a recorded packet trace from the device. The purpose of the thesis is to reimplement the original EnergyBox energy consumption modelling tool. The project aims to develop support for a graphical user interface (GUI) and a code base that is easier to modify and maintain. The motivation for the reimplementation of the tool is to simplify its usage and to structure the code so that new features can be added. The existing features such as the calculation of total power consumed by the packet trace and the modelling of a device's energy states are reimplemented and new features are developed. Among the new features, a GUI is added to simplify the usage of the application features such as the detection of the recording device's IP address and the ability to alter the configuration parameters used as input to the energy model. The application is written with a GUI and modularity in mind. This is achieved using Java's proprietary new GUI framework - JavaFX, which supports built-in chart and graph GUI elements, that can be easily integrated and supported. The energy modelling engines follow the semantics of the original implementation and the evaluation shows that the new implementation's results are identical to the original tool in 94.94% of the tested cases.

In this work, the Collision Induced Dissociation under Energy Control method was extended to study the fragmentation of gas-phase biomolecules adenine (H5C5N5) and porphyrin FeTPPCl (C44H28N4FeCl). The population distribution for each dissociation channel has been experimentally determined as a function of the excitation energy of the parent molecular ions at a well-determined initial charge state. In collisions between Cl+ and adenine (Ade) at 3keV, the fragmentation pattern of Ade2+ is dominated by the loss of H2CN+ and the successive emission of HCN. The energy distribution of the parent dications confirms the successive emission dynamics. A specific decay channel is observed, i.e., the emission of a charged H2CN+ followed by the emission of HC2N2. In Kr8+-FeTPPCl collisions at 80keV, parent ions FeTPPCl1+,2+,3+ are observed, along with the corresponding decay patterns. It is found that in the first step the dominant low-energy-cost decay channel is the emission of Cl0 independent of the initial charge state of FeTPPClr+ (r=1-3). For the resulted dication FeTPP2+, the dominant fragmentation channel is the neutral evaporation; for the trication however, the dominant fragmentation channel is the asymmetrical fission. In the case of H+ and F+ impact at 3keV, due to the different reaction windows opened in the two collision systems, different fragmentation patterns are observed. Furthermore, nH2 loss processes are observed. Additionally, the production yield of the negative ion emerged in F2+-Ade collision at 30keV is measured to be about 1% using a new experimental approach.

Submitted by Viviane Lima da Cunha (viviane@biblioteca.ufpb.br) on 2015-11-24T11:18:29Z No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 5459157 bytes, checksum: e363929cf9a6a71b88515b8a24c12af6 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-11-24T11:18:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 5459157 bytes, checksum: e363929cf9a6a71b88515b8a24c12af6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-07-29 / Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq / Amid a scenario, that contrasts the increasing demand for electricity, and decreased ability to generation from conventional sources, which is creating serious problems for the energy sector, the concept of smart grids popularizes up and presented as an alternative to, among other possibilities, minimize the effects of power outages in the design of distributed generation from alternative sources. In order for alternatives to that end, it will develop a data acquisition system, low cost and high performance for applications in smart grids, which facilitates monitoring of electricity in real time, where the user can manage their own control avoiding waste and consequently saving. The system will be developed based on the standards of ANEEL (Brazilian Electricity Regulatory Agency), body responsible for determining the minimum parameters a measuring equipment must possess. The data acquisition system showed results with a high degree of agreement when compared with the reference instrument, the fluke 434/435. A response curve of voltage and current, showing the system behavior compared to other instruments of measurement was introduced. Still, it is objective of the work that the signs Conditioning Unit can be adapted for multiple microprocessor platforms, using simple settings, without the need for hardware reconfiguration. This fact has been proven to be used with Black BeagleBone with satisfactory results. / Em meio a um cenário que contrasta o aumento da demanda por energia elétrica, e a diminuição da capacidade de geração a partir das fontes convencionais, o que vem gerando sérios problemas para o setor energético, o conceito de smart grids populariza-se e apresenta-se como uma alternativa para, entre outras possibilidades, minimizar os efeitos da falta de energia elétrica, na concepção de geração distribuída a partir de fontes alternativas. Com vistas em alternativas com esse fim, será desenvolvido um sistema de aquisição de dados, de baixo custo e alto desempenho, para aplicações em smart grids, que viabilize o monitoramento da energia elétrica em tempo real, onde o usuário possa gerir o seu próprio controle evitando o desperdício e, consequentemente, economizando. O sistema será desenvolvido com base nas normas da ANEEL (Agência Nacional de Energia Elétrica), órgão responsável por determinar os parâmetros mínimos que um equipamento de medição deve possuir. O sistema de aquisição de dados apresentou resultados com alto grau de concordância ao ser comparados com o instrumento de referência, o fluke 434/435. Foi apresentado uma curva resposta da tensão e corrente, mostrando o comportamento do sistema em comparação a de outros instrumentos de medições. Ainda, é objetivo do trabalho que a Unidade de Condicionamento dos Sinais, possa ser adaptada para múltiplas plataformas microprocessadas, através de simples ajustes, sem a necessidade de reconfiguração de hardware. Esse fato foi comprovado ao ser utilizada com a BeagleBone Black, apresentando resultados satisfatórios.

Orientador: Luiz Carlos Pereira da Silva / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Elétrica e de Computação / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-22T11:22:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Anzai_AlexandreHaruiti_D.pdf: 9433798 bytes, checksum: ca8b5a95dcd29723ecf3a0201031679e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Resumo: Esta tese apresenta resultados a respeito do desenvolvimento de uma ferramenta de monitoramento em tempo real da margem de estabilidade de tensão de sistemas de transmissão. O desenvolvimento tecnológico das unidades de medição fasorial (Phasor Measurement Units)(PMUs), facilitou a obtenção do estado do sistema, magnitude e ¿angulo de fase das tensões das barras, em tempo real. O acesso em tempo real do estado do sistema com maior precisão possibilitou a utilização de técnicas de identificação paramétricas de sistemas para estimar a margem de estabilidade de tensão. Nesta tese modelos auto-regressivos com entradas exógenas (Auto-Regressive Models with eXogenous inputs)(ARX) lineares e não lineares foram calculados baseados em um banco de dados offline e utilizados para representar a relação entre as medidas das PMUs e a margem de estabilidade de tensão. Dois critérios para a alocação das PMUs na rede foram testados: a variância da tensão no banco de dados e o fator de participação modal. Os resultados mostram que o método proposto apresenta uma boa precisão na estimativa da margem tanto para casos de rede completa ou em condições de contingências. O fato desta estimativa necessitar de operações relativamente simples sobre os valores medidos e não em cálculos de diversas curvas PV, torna o método rápido o suficiente para ser implementado em tempo real. Esta tese apresenta resultados a respeito do desenvolvimento de uma ferramenta de monitoramento em tempo real da margem de estabilidade de tensão de sistemas de transmissão. O desenvolvimento tecnológico das unidades de medição fasorial (Phasor Measurement Units)(PMUs), facilitou a obtenção do estado do sistema, magnitude e ¿angulo de fase das tensões das barras, em tempo real. O acesso em tempo real do estado do sistema com maior precisão possibilitou a utilização de técnicas de identificação paramétricas de sistemas para estimar a margem de estabilidade de tensão. Nesta tese modelos auto-regressivos com entradas exógenas (Auto-Regressive Models with eXogenous inputs)(ARX) lineares e não lineares foram calculados baseados em um banco de dados offline e utilizados para representar a relação entre as medidas das PMUs e a margem de estabilidade de tensão. Dois critérios para a alocação das PMUs na rede foram testados: a variância da tensão no banco de dados e o fator de participação modal. Os resultados mostram que o método proposto apresenta uma boa precisão na estimativa da margem tanto para casos de rede completa ou em condições de contingências. O fato desta estimativa necessitar de operações relativamente simples sobre os valores medidos e não em cálculos de diversas curvas PV, torna o método rápido o suficiente para ser implementado em tempo real / Abstract: This thesis presents results about the development of a tool for real time monitoring of the voltage stability margin of transmission systems. The advance of Phasor Measurement Units (PMU), has made it easier to obtain the system's state, voltage magnitude and phase angles of some buses in real time. The access of the accurate system's state in real time allows the utilization of parametric system identification techniques to estimate the voltage stability margin. In this thesis linear and nonlinear Auto-Regressive eXogenous inputs (ARX) models were calculated based on an offline database and utilized to represent the relation between the PMU measures and the voltage stability margin. Two criteria for the allocation of the PMUs in the network were tested: the voltage variance and the modal participation factor. The results demonstrate that the proposed method presents adequate accuracy for the estimation of the voltage stability margin even considering the occurrence of contingencies. The estimation is performed through the execution of relatively simple operations on the measured values instead of computing several PV curves, which makes it suitable for real time applications / Doutorado / Energia Eletrica / Doutor em Engenharia Elétrica

Orientador: Madson Cortes de Almeida / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Elétrica e de Computação / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-27T18:54:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 YucraCcahuana_MiguelAngel_M.pdf: 1685093 bytes, checksum: d470831fabdff66aa7a9d998da9391db (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015 / Resumo: Nas últimas décadas, a utilização de Unidades de Medições Fasoriais (Phasor Measurements Units - PMU) em sistemas de transmissão de energia elétrica vem sendo amplamente discutida. De acordo com a literatura, diversas aplicações podem ser beneficiadas pelo uso destas medidas. Em comparação com as medidas convencionais disponibilizadas pelos Sistema de Controle e Aquisição de Dados (SCADA), as medições fasoriais apresentam maior precisão, maior taxa de amostragem e são grandezas fasoriais sincronizadas, enquanto que as medições do sistema SCADA são medidas de módulo, não sincronizadas e de menor precisão. Para que as aplicações em regime permanente possam se beneficiar das medidas providas pelas PMUs, essas medidas devem ser filtradas por um processo de estimação de estado. Apesar da precisão e da confiabilidade, as medidas provenientes de PMUs ainda podem conter erros causados no processo de medição, os quais precisam ser eliminados antes que as informações providas pelas PMUs sejam usadas nas tarefas de controle e operação da rede. Apesar de todos os investimentos e desenvolvimentos relacionados às PMUs, atualmente, devido ao grande custo associado à instalação dessas unidades, não se considera viável o desenvolvimento de sistemas de medição que permitam que redes sejam totalmente observáveis apenas com o uso de medições fasoriais. A literatura apresenta algumas técnicas capazes de considerar simultaneamente medidas fasoriais e medidas convencionais no processo de estimação de estado. Neste trabalho, são apresentados e avaliados os principais estimadores de estado de uma e duas fases disponíveis na literatura. Além disso, o estimador tradicional, sem a presença de medidas fasoriais, foi usado como base de comparação. Na primeira etapa do processo de avaliação é analisada a qualidade dos estimadores de estado na presença de medidas perfeitas e na presença de medidas contendo erros gaussianos aleatórios. Erros gaussianos aleatórios são os erros típicos dos processos de medição e, portanto, são considerados aceitáveis. Na segunda etapa do processo de avaliação, os estimadores são avaliados na presença de medidas contendo erros gaussianos aleatórios e erros grosseiros. Os erros grosseiros, ao contrário dos erros gaussianos, não são considerados aceitáveis e devem ser removidos durante o processo de estimação de estado. A fim de tornar a análise mais ampla e realista, os três principais mecanismos de cálculo de desvios padrão propostos na literatura são considerados na avaliação do estimadores. Assim, são considerados cenários com desvios padrão fixos, desvios padrão calculados em função dos valores das medidas e desvios padrão calculados em função dos valores medidos e dos fundos de escala dos medidores. Para a detecção e identificação de erros grosseiros é adotado o método do Maior Resíduo Normalizado, já que este é o mecanismo mais confiável, robusto e aceito para tal finalidade. São apresentados testes realizados na rede de 14 barras do IEEE. Esta rede é amplamente adotada em teses e artigos especializados da área, o que facilita a comparações de resultados / Abstract: In last decades, the use of Phasor Measurement Units (PMU) in electrical power transmission systems has been widely discussed. According to the literature, several applications may be benefited with the use of these measurements. When they are compared with conventional measurements provided by Supervisory control and data adquisition (SCADA), phasor measurements are more accurate, have a high sampling rate and are synchronized, while the SCADA measurements only provide magnitude measurements, are not synchronized and are less accurate. For applications in steady operation can be benefited from the measurements provided by PMUs, these measurements must be filtered by a state estimation process. Despite the accuracy and reliability, measurements from PMUs may contain errors caused by the measurement process, they must be eliminated before the informations provided by PMUs are used in control tasks and network operation. Moreover, despite all the investments and developments related to PMUs, currently, because of the cost associated to the installation of these units; it is not considered feasible the development of measurement systems that allow electric networks to be fully observable only with the use of phasor measurements. The literature presents some techniques that are able to consider simultaneously phasor measurements and conventional measurements in the state estimation process. In this work, the main state estimators of one and two phases available in the literature are presented and evaluated. Moreover, the traditional state estimator was used to compare results. In the first part of evaluation process, the quality of state estimators in the presence of perfect measurements and measurements containing random gaussian errors is analyzed. Gaussian random errors are typical of measurement processes and therefore, they are considered acceptable. In the second part, the state estimators are evaluated in the presence of measurements containing random gaussian errors and gross errors. Gross errors, unlike the gaussian errors, are not acceptable and must be removed during the state estimation process. In order to make the analysis more comprehensive and realistic, the three main mechanisms of standard deviation calculation that are proposed in the literature are considered in state estimators evaluation. So, scenarios with fixed standard deviations, standard deviations calculated according to measurement values and standard deviations calculated according to measurements values and the full scale of meters are considered. For the detection and identification of gross errors, the large normalized residual test (LNR) is adopted, since this test is more reliable, robust and acceptable for this purpose. Tests in IEEE14 network are carried out. This network is widely adopted in theses and articles specialized in the field which facilitates the comparison of results / Mestrado / Energia Eletrica / Mestre em Engenharia Elétrica

Der International Linear Collider (ILC) ist ein Elektron-Positron-Beschleuniger mit einer Schwerpunktsenergie zwischen 200 und 500 GeV und einer Spitzenluminositaet von $2\cdot 10^{34}\mbox{ cm}^{-2}\mbox{s}^{-1}$. Fuer das Physikprogramm dieser Maschine ist eine exzellente paketweise Messung der Strahlenergie von grundlegender Bedeutung. Um das zu erreichen, sind am ILC verschiedene Techniken vorgesehen. Insbesondere wurden Energiespektrometer vor und nach dem $e^+/e^-$-Wechselwirkungspunkt vorgeschlagen. Die gegenwaertige Standardoption fuer das Spektrometer vor dem Wechselwirkungspunkt ist ein auf Strahllagemonitoren basierendes Magnetspektrometer. In den Jahren 2006/2007 wurde ein Prototyp eines solchen Spektrometers in der End Station A am Stanford Linear Accelerator Center (SLAC) aufgebaut, um die Leistungsfaehigkeit und Zuverlaessigkeit einer derartigen Anlage zu pruefen. Ausserdem wurde eine neue Methode zur Messung der Strahlenergie vorgeschlagen. Diese beruht auf Compton-Streuung von Laserlicht an den Strahlelektronen und erlaubt, die geforderte Energiegenauigkeit von $\Delta E_b / E_b = 10^{-4}$ zu erreichen. Erfahrungen von dem Large Electron-Positron Collider (LEP) und dem Stanford Linear Collider (SLC) zeigten, dass komplementaere Energiemessmethoden notwendig sind, um die Ergebnisse des BPM-Spektrometers zu ueberpruefen. In der vorliegenden Arbeit werden eine Uebersicht ueber das Experiment am SLAC und erste Ergebnisse praesentiert. Des Weiteren wird die neue Methode der Laser-Compton-Streuung beschrieben und wichtige Aspekte detailliert besprochen. / The International Linear Collider (ILC) is an electron-positron collider with a center-of-mass energy between 200 and 500 GeV and a peak luminosity of $2\cdot 10^{34}\mbox{cm}^{-2}\mbox{s}^{-1}$. For the physics program at this machine, an excellent bunch-by-bunch control of the beam energy is mandatory. Several techniques are foreseen to be implemented at the ILC in order to achieve this request. Energy spectrometers upstream and downstream of the electron/positron interaction point were proposed and the present default option for the upstream spectrometer is a beam position monitor based (BPM-based) spectrometer. In 2006/2007, a prototype of such a device was commissioned at the End Station A beam line at the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center (SLAC) in order to study performance and reliability. In addition, a novel method based on laser Compton backscattering has been proposed, since as proved at the Large Electron-Positron Collider (LEP) and the Stanford Linear Collider (SLC), complementary methods are necessary to cross-check the results of the BPM-based spectrometer. In this thesis, an overview of the experiment at End Station A is given, with emphasis on the performance of the magnets in the chicane and first energy resolution estimations. Also, the novel Compton backscattering method is discussed in details and found to be very promising. It has the potential to bring the beam energy resolution well below the requirement of $\Delta E_b / E_b = 10^{-4}$.

La désexcitation des fragments de fission reste mal comprise et les modèles théoriques ne permettent pas de prédire et d’expliquer toutes les corrélations observées dans le processus de fission. Il y a un besoin important de données simultanées sur les émissions de neutrons et de rayonnements gamma et sur l’énergie cinétique des fragments de fission. Dans ce contexte, l’utilisation d’un détecteur de fragments de fission avec le détecteur CARMEN permettrait de fournir des données contraignantes pour les modèles grâce à la mesure simultanée de la multiplicité neutronique, de l’énergie totale gamma rayonnée, de l’énergie cinétique totale des fragments et potentiellement de l’énergie totale neutron. L’objectif de ce travail de thèse a consisté à développer un détecteur de fragments de fission et à l’utiliser en association avec CARMEN pour réaliser des mesures calorimétriques de la fission. Dans un premier temps, nous avons développé un nouveau détecteur pour l’étude de la fission dont le principe est de mettre un actinide en solution dans un scintillateur organique. Des simulations Monte Carlo et différentes expériences sous faisceau de neutrons ont permis de caractériser et d’optimiser les performances de ce détecteur qui peut être utilisé comme trigger fission pour différentes mesures de sections efficaces de fission, de taux de fission spontanée ou encore comme veto fission. Dans un second temps, nous avons étudié les possibilités de mesure de l’énergie totale gamma et neutron rayonnée dans la fission avec CARMEN grâce à la caractérisation expérimentale de ses performances et à la simulation Monte Carlo et l’analyse de sa réponse « prompte » aux neutrons et aux rayonnements gamma / Still, the nuclear fission process and the de-excitation of the fission fragments is not fully understood. Current theoretical models can not predict and explain correctly every experimentally observed correlations, and new correlated data upon neutron emission, gamma-ray emission and kinetic energy of the fission fragments are needed. In this context, coincident use of a fission fragment detector and the CARMEN detector would provide compelling data for these models by measuring both neutron multiplicity, total gamma-ray energy, total kinetic energy and possibly total neutron energy. The work presented here consists in developing a fission fragment detector and using it together with CARMEN in order to perform fission calorimetry measurements. Initially, we developed a new detector for fission studies whose principle is dissolving the actinide of choice into an organic liquid scintillator. Monte Carlo simulations and neutron induced experiments were used to fully characterize its performances and shown it can be used as a fission trigger for various measurements, such as fission cross section or spontaneous fission rate measurements, and used as a fission veto. The second part of this work was dedicated to the study of CARMEN’s ability to measure the total gamma-ray energy and total neutron energy released in fission. For this purpose, lab characterization of the detector’s performances and Monte Carlo simulation and analysis of its “prompt” response to neutrons and gamma-rays were performed