In this master thesis, a methodology is proposed for building stock classification and archetype building development based on deterministic information available in Energy Performance Certificates (EPCs) of existing buildings in the city of Uppsala.This study aims to answer if the EPC database can be used as a reliable data source for archetype development and further UBEM models.The EPC data is cleaned and organised using Matlab. The building stock is then categorised into archetypes by energy performance and building characteristics and a model of each archetype building is created in the software EnergyPlus.The South-West part of Uppsala is used as a case study and to represent the building stock of that area 20 archetypes is developed. Simulations in EnergyPlus shows that the defined archetypes is a reliable estimation of buildings in Sweden with the same characteristics and construction period.By using GIS data the results can be aggregated to city level with the resulting total energy demand for heating calculated to 1455,7 GWh, compared to the actual value of 1397,0 GWh.The lack of validation data on a smaller scale is a large issue for this study, as well as some issues with data reliability in the EPCs. Despite this, the results of this study points to that the gathered values are a decent enough estimate to make a reliable assumption of the total energy demand for heating. The EPCs thus provide a useful source of data for energy demand purposes and building characteristics.

Energy usage deriving from human activities is increasing day by day acting against the quality of the environment and the sustainable use of natural resources. The major impact of these actions is reflected on the quality of daily life. In order to face the challenge of preserving an acceptable balance between human needs and environmental status, the combination of proper design and energy simulation of buildings is the key towards smarter and more sustainable solutions. Solutions that covers a respectable percentage of the current domestic energy needs without further environmental foot printing. In the scope of this project, an existing single-family house in Southern Greece (Heraklion, Crete) is modeled using Revit ® Architecture software and then is simulated with IES® VE (plug-in) in order to give the level of energy intensity. The energy model used is fully harmonized with the new rules set by the "National Regulation for Energy Performance of Buildings - (K.En.A.K)" as it was put in force from October 2010 and onwards, and fully complies with the European Standards (EN ISO) published for the various tasks of building`s thermal performance. The structure and contents presented in this report are in full compliance with the technical directives [31, 32, 33] published by the Technical Chamber of Greece, in favour of the complex task of "Energy Certification of Buildings". The most significant capabilities of sophisticated software tools, like Revit® Architecture, IES® VE, Polysun® and PVsyst®, in favour of sustainable building design and simulation are shown throughout the whole report. Moreover, their valuable contribution is highly acknowledged by the engineers encountered with the task of studying the energy performance of existing or newly constructed buildings in Greece and issuing, the mandatory by law, "Energy Performance Certificates".

This dissertation seeks to contribute to the policy discussion on how to design efficient and sustainable energy policies. In three self-contained chapters, it applies microeconomic theory and empirical analysis to identify three market failures in European energy markets and to evaluate specific policy measures that strive to overcome these failures in order to increase market efficiency and to enhance environmental or societal sustainability. Chapter 1 and 2 study European electricity markets, which play an important role in the transition towards a carbon-neutral energy future. Overcoming barriers to efficient electricity markets is a crucial step to keep the costs of this transition as low as possible to society. Both chapters focus on obstacles to electricity market efficiency that have recently been highlighted by the European Commission. On the supply side, subsidies for renewable electricity may distort production incentives and competition in wholesale electricity markets. Chapter 1 applies a theoretical model to study the effect of different subsidies on producer strategies and competition in wholesale electricity markets. On the demand side, the European Commission seeks to overcome the reluctance of residential electricity consumers to switch electricity supplier in order to ensure effective competition in the retail electricity market. Chapter 2 empirically quantifies different reasons for switching inertia using a structural discrete choice model and performs counterfactual analysis to study the effect of different policy measures that seek to overcome switching inertia. Chapter 3 looks at the building sector, which accounts for 40% of final energy consumption in Europe and is a major emitter of carbon emissions. In the residential housing market information asymmetries hamper incentives to invest in energy efficiency improvements of rental property. This chapter empirically analyzes the effect of a European policy that mandates the use of energy performance certificates aiming at establishing an efficient market for energy efficient dwellings. / Doctorat en Sciences économiques et de gestion / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

Complying with the Paris agreements requires substantial efforts in the building sector, and especially within the existing building stock which is responsible for a considerable amount of emissions and energy consumption. This master thesis focuses on the residential district of Minneberg, located in the west of Stockholm in Bromma. The urban building energy modelling (UBEM) approach is used to model the situation of the current district. This method uses real-life data provided by the district, as well as information found in energy performance certificates and in public databases. Based on that, a virtual archetype building representing the whole district is modelled and calibrated. Suitable energy-efficient solutions that can contribute to reducing the energy consumption are identified and applied in two different scenarios. The first scenario consists in retrofitting the current building stock, while the second represents the case where the building has to be designed from scratch today to comply with Boverket’s requirements on nearly zero-energy buildings ("New Minneberg" scenario). The aggregation of the results shows that the current district is already quite energy-efficient, with the installation of solar panels seeming to be the only economically viable retrofitting option. As for the "New Minneberg" scenario, it is possible to comply with the requirements and achieve a C-class building by reducing the primary energy consumption, but that comes at the expense of a higher actual energy consumption. / Att följa Parisavtalen kräver stora ansträngningar inom byggsektorn, och särskilt inom det befintliga byggnadsbeståndet som står för en betydande mängd växthusgasutsläpp och energianvändning. Examensarbetet fokuserar på det svenska bostadsområdet av Minneberg, som ligger i västra Stockholm i Bromma. UBEM-metoden (urban building energy modelling) används för att modellera situationen i det nuvarande distriktet. Metoden använder verkliga data från fastighetsområdet, liksom information som finns i energideklarationer och offentliga databaser. Därefter modelleras och kalibreras en virtuell arketypsbyggnad som representerar hela distriktet. Lämpliga energieffektiva lösningar som kan bidra till att minska energiförbrukningen identifieras och tillämpas i två olika scenarier. Det första scenariot består i renovering av det nuvarande byggnadsbeståndet, medan det andra representerar fallet om byggnaden hade designats från grunden idag, för att uppfylla Boverkets krav på nollenergihus ("New Minneberg" scenario). Resultaten visar att det nuvarande distriktet redan är ganska energieffektivt, där installation av solpaneler verkar vara den enda ekonomiskt lönsamma åtgärden. Gällande "New Minneberg" scenariot är det möjligt att uppfylla kraven och uppnå en C-klass byggnad genom att minska primärenergitalet, men det resulterar i en högre verklig energiförbrukning.