Energy efficiency is important – but an energy saving potential has yet to reach its full range. Energy services are means to reach that potential and energy companies are stressed as important actors into creating an established market for energy services. Energy services are tools that include providing in-direct services such as energy statistics, audits, declarations, consultations and analysis. It also includes a number of more complex and direct services, for example energy efficiency measurements or service contracts. This report is a result of a study on Danish and Swedish energy companies offering energy services, based on the market they act upon. It aims to find their driving forces for providing energy services. It also looks closer into whether publically and privately owned energy companies differ and if there exist contradictions to both supply energy and energy services at the same time. It also looks into how energy companies are affected and feel about national regulatory instruments. Energy companies in both countries offering energy services are reaching a wide spectrum of client segments and energy services. They often have the possibility to combine and package energy supply with energy services and they can reduce many of the theoretical barriers to energy efficiency by offering energy services. They are driven by a client demand and a closer client relationship, both leading to a decreased supply client fluctuation. A new business opportunity and a green profile strategy are also driving factors. Energy services also help energy companies to decrease heavy investment on existing equipment by having more control over their clients’ energy use and reducing energy utilization tops. Danish energy companies are tied to an energy saving obligation scheme, providing them with conditions, which their market is based, whilst Swedish energy companies offering energy services act on a market that is created by them and their competitors derive from different business backgrounds. There exist an assertive regulatory instrument in Denmark affecting driving factors for public and private energy companies and clients. In Sweden regulatory instruments, such as energy efficiency programmes, subsidises for energy audits and voluntary agreements for industries affect energy companies in a less way than in Denmark, mostly increasing a client demand for energy services. The regulatory instruments in Denmark increase a trust for energy companies as energy service providers as in Sweden they are trusted upon their existing substantial role on the energy market, a reputation of knowledge and experience and a strategy aiming towards visualisation, motivation and education for the clients. Public energy companies feel a responsibility towards their public owners to offer an efficient energy supply and by having a local connection to the municipality they are able to increase competiveness in the region by offering energy services. Private companies are substantially larger than public companies and have a great potential to reach out to a larger number of clients through their existing supply client stock. This is of substantial higher relevance in Sweden than Denmark.

Two methodologies are presented for analyzing the choice between centralized and decentralized energy infrastructures from a least-cost perspective. The first of these develops a novel minimum spanning tree network algorithm to approximate the shortest-length network that connects a given fraction of total system population. This algorithm is used to identify high priority locations for decentralized electrification in 150 countries. The second methodology utilizes a mixed-integer programming framework to determine the least-cost combination of centralized and decentralized electricity infrastructure that is capable of serving demand throughout a given system. This methodology is demonstrated through a case study of Rwanda. The centralized-decentralized electrification paradigm is also approached from an energy security perspective, incorporating stochastic events and probabilistic parameters into a simulation model that is used to compare different development paths. The impact of explicitly modeling stochastic events as opposed to utilizing a conventional formulation is also considered Finally, a subsidy-free lighting cost curve is developed and a model is presented to compare the costs and benefits of three different financial mechanisms that can be employed to make capital intensive energy systems more accessible to rural populations. The optimal contract is determined on the basis of utility-maximization for a range of costs to the providing agency and a comprehensive single and multi-factor sensitivity analysis is performed.

This study links rural electrification and the transition to modern energy services with poverty reduction and rural development in Ethiopia. Benefits of rural electrification in reducing poverty and accelerating rural development in low-income developing countries have been insufficiently researched. This study analyses available empirical evidence at a local level and examines how electricity access translates into productive use beyond powering radios and lighting. A survey of 336 households was conducted in Northern Ethiopia on impacts of electrification on four rural towns with varying number of years of access to electricity. Evidence at household and community levels shows that access to electricity was followed by an increase in household connectivity rate, and slow transition to modern energy services based on level of household income and number of years of a household’s connection to electricity services. The pace of transition to modern energy services was slow, and household energy poverty and dependence on biomass fuels continued in most rural towns, having little impact on improved environmental management practices. Improvement in rural livelihood, poverty reduction, and delivery of public services was highest for those with more years of access to electricity, and higher income households. The fact that impacts of RE depend on number of years of a household’s electricity connection implies gradual improvements rather than immediate benefits after connection. In the short-term, households improved their quality of life through better lighting and reduced indoor-air pollution. In the medium and longer-term, households and communities diversified their income and received improved public services such as education, health, and potable water. Further benefits were wider off-farm and non-farm employment, increased rural markets, and improved environment for rural development. Very poor households benefited least, while those better-off utilized opportunities created through rural electrification. Though necessary for development, rural electrification alone is insufficient, and requires strong government commitment and political will to invest in public services and infrastructure, and encourage private sector participation. / Graduate

<p>Increasing energy needs globally have recently led to an interest in effectively bringing energy services in the trading system. Energy services were part of the Uruguay Round of negotiations, whose main achievement was the General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS). The objective of the GATS is to achieve progressive liberalisation and reduction or elimination of trade barriers of all services sectors, including energy services. The GATS has made commendable progress in liberalising many service sectors, however it has not made meaningful progress with energy services. Furthermore though the SADC region engages in energy services trade through bilateral and regional agreements, a variety of&nbsp / barriers inhibit major successes from being achieved. Effective energy services trade and liberalisation has therefore proved problematic both at the multilateral, regional and bilateral level. This study, seeks to investigate why energy services liberalisation and trade at the multilateral, regional and bilateral level is problematic, with a particular focus on&nbsp / the SADC region.</p>

In Cape Town, South Africa, households' acces to modern and clean energy services needs to be increased. However, use of coal-powered electricity stresses the environment and power cuts create an urgent need to reduce the demand. Solar water heaters (SWH) could enable increasing access and affordability of energy services in the townships without stressing the environment or increasing the demand for coal-powered electricity. However, it is an expensive solution and the majority of the city-level efforts still target the high-consuming households. The benefits for the poor households from using a SWH could though outweigh the high capital investements and meet the needs of the city's environmental management. The results from this study of 20 households showed that by having an affordable, clean and reliable source of energy for heating water, households were able to use more warm water for bathing and reduce their use of electricity and paraffin. This resulted in improvements in health and quality of life. Also, households' general spending on energy was reduced, which for some enabled an increase in income-generating activities. The use of solar-heated showers was found to be restricted by the issue of sharing and it is argued that the benefits would be greater if each households had their own solar water heater. The estimated increase in water use might raise questions of the solution's future feasibility. Despite this, it can be argued that the changes in the households' energy and water use are likely to result in significant improvements in the households' well-being which could also benefit the city as a whole.

<p>Increasing energy needs globally have recently led to an interest in effectively bringing energy services in the trading system. Energy services were part of the Uruguay Round of negotiations, whose main achievement was the General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS). The objective of the GATS is to achieve progressive liberalisation and reduction or elimination of trade barriers of all services sectors, including energy services. The GATS has made commendable progress in liberalising many service sectors, however it has not made meaningful progress with energy services. Furthermore though the SADC region engages in energy services trade through bilateral and regional agreements, a variety of&nbsp / barriers inhibit major successes from being achieved. Effective energy services trade and liberalisation has therefore proved problematic both at the multilateral, regional and bilateral level. This study, seeks to investigate why energy services liberalisation and trade at the multilateral, regional and bilateral level is problematic, with a particular focus on&nbsp / the SADC region.</p>

Atualmente muito se debate sobre a questão energética no Brasil e no mundo, e um tópico que frequentemente esta presente nessas discussões é a situação energética de comunidades isoladas. Essas comunidades, por estarem localizadas em regiões de difícil acesso, dispõem apenas de soluções orientadas por sistemas isolados de geração de energia elétrica, nos quais seguidamente se usam os geradores à diesel, uma fonte de energia considerada insustentável. Assim, várias comunidades enfrentam uma situação de pobreza energética, em que a falta de fontes seguras e confiáveis de energia acaba prejudicando diversos aspectos da vida das pessoas, como a saúde, a educação e o trabalho. Em vista disso, as pessoas ficam aprisionadas a um círculo vicioso que liga os serviços de energia e a pobreza. No Brasil, esse tipo de situação pode ser encontrado principalmente na região amazônica, onde pelas características geográficas, muitas comunidades vivem uma situação de isolamento e pobreza energética, pois não possuem qualquer fonte de energia elétrica ou estão sujeitas a fontes inadequadas por dependerem de combustíveis fósseis. Vários estudos têm sido desenvolvidos com o objetivo de buscar soluções para essa situação, nos quais os autores indicam que as iniciativas voltadas para a mitigação desse problema devem ser orientadas por uma compreensão profunda da realidade amazônica, bem como pela valorização das características de cada comunidade. Há também o foco em projetos que utilizem o potencial de recursos naturais renováveis da região amazônica para a geração de energia, como no caso de centrais hidrelétricas de pequena escala, sistemas fotovoltaicos e tecnologias baseadas em biomassa. E acima de tudo, todos esses debates ressaltam a importância da criação de situações em que a comunidade possa usar a energia de forma produtiva. Nesse contexto, o objetivo dessa dissertação é analisar a trajetória energética de uma comunidade amazônica isolada, considerando principalmente os serviços de energia diretos e indiretos, produtivos ou não, e sua contribuição para o desenvolvimento local sustentável da comunidade. A partir dessas ideias, o referencial teórico foi organizado para auxiliar na compreensão da realidade vivida por estas comunidades, sendo apresentadas exposições sobre a Base da Pirâmide e a pobreza energética, e também as características dos serviços de energia em seus aspectos diretos e indiretos, bem como seus usos básicos e produtivos. A Lógica de Serviço foi estudada para facilitar o entendimento da criação de valor contextual para os serviços de energia, sobretudo pela combinação de recursos operand e operant. Para compreender como os serviços de energia poderiam afetar o desenvolvimento comunitário, abordagens voltadas ao desenvolvimento sustentável local em suas dimensões social, ambiental e econômica foram trazidas à discussão. Por último, para auxiliar a assimilação do cenário em estudo, aspectos institucionais e tecnológicos referentes à questão da eletrificação na Amazônia também foram apresentados. A operacionalização da pesquisa ocorreu por meio de um estudo de caso realizado na Vila de Cachoeira do Aruã, no estado do Pará. A comunidade possui uma microcentral hidrelétrica em funcionamento desde o ano de 2005, a qual trouxe uma série de mudanças para o local nos últimos dez anos. A coleta de dados ocorreu com a utilização de narrativas geradas pelos moradores, por observação simples e por pesquisa documental. Os resultados indicam que tanto os serviços diretos como os indiretos geraram uma série de benefícios para os comunitários, permitindo a melhoria da qualidade de vida local e uma diminuição da característica de isolamento da comunidade. Deve-se ressaltar a importância da atitude da comunidade em relação à geração de energia no local, bem como a autonomia da comunidade sobre a gestão do sistema de geração, e sobre outras atividades existentes na vila, como uma cooperativa agroextrativista. Porém, é necessário ressaltar que a disponibilidade de energia elétrica causa alguns efeitos inesperados, como um crescimento populacional descontrolado, e a sobrecarga do sistema de geração de eletricidade. Embora a comunidade seja capaz de se libertar de um ciclo vicioso de pobreza energética, para que consiga gerar um circuito virtuoso de desenvolvimento a comunidade deve ser capaz de manter a geração de energia ao longo do tempo ao mesmo tempo em que se adapta às mudanças inesperadas e cria novas oportunidades. Apenas dessa maneira a comunidade irá viver em um estado de desenvolvimento sustentável local. / Currently much is debated on the energy issue in Brazil and worldwide, and a topic that frequently is present at these discussions is the energy situation of isolated communities. These communities, as are located in difficult access regions, have only solutions driven by energy isolated systems, which frequently use diesel generators, a source that is considered unsustainable. Thus, many communities face an energy poverty situation, where the lack of safe and reliable sources of energy will hinder many aspects of people's lives, such as health, education and work. As a result, people become trapped in a vicious circle linking energy services and poverty. In Brazil, this type of situation can be found mainly in the Amazon region, where the geographical features implies many communities living an insulation and energy poverty situation, as they have no source of electricity or are subject to inadequate sources by relying on fossil fuels. Several studies have been developed in order to find solutions to this situation, in which the authors indicate that initiatives aimed at mitigating this problem should be guided by a deep understanding of the Amazon reality, as well as the appreciation of the characteristics of each community. There is also focus on projects that use the potential of renewable natural resources in the Amazon region for power generation, as in the case of small-scale hydroelectric plants, photovoltaic systems and biomass-based technologies. And above all, all of these debates highlight the importance of creating situations where the community can use the energy in productive ways. In this context, the objective of this dissertation is to analyze the energy path of an isolated Amazonian community, especially considering the direct and indirect energy services, productive or not, and their contribution to the community sustainable local development. From these ideas, the theoretical framework was organized to assist in understanding the reality experienced by these communities being presented theories on the Bottom of the Pyramid and energy poverty, and also the characteristics of energy services in its direct and indirect aspects as well as its basic and productive uses. The Service Logic has been studied to facilitate the understanding of the creation of contextual value for energy services, especially by combining operand and operant resources. To understand how the energy services could affect the community development, approaches aimed at local sustainable development in its social, environmental and economic dimensions were brought to discussion. Finally, to assist the assimilation of the scenario in study, institutional and technological aspects related to the issue of electrification in the Amazon were also presented. The operationalization of the research was carried out through a case study in Cachoeira do Aruã Village, in Pará state. The community has a micro hydroelectric power plant in operation since 2005, which brought to the local a series of changes over the past decade. Data collection occurred with the use of narratives generated by residents, by simple observation and documentary research. The results indicate that both direct and indirect services generated a number of benefits to the community population, allowing improvement of local quality of life and a decrease in community isolation characteristic. It should be emphasized the importance of community attitude in relation to power generation on site, as well as community autonomy over the system generation management, and over other existing activities in the village, as the agro-extractivist cooperative. However, it is necessary to point out that the availability of electricity causes some unexpected effects such as uncontrolled population growth, and the overload of the electricity generation system. Although the community is able to break free from a vicious cycle of energy poverty, for generating a virtuous circuit of development it should be able to keep generating energy over time while adapts to unexpected changes and creates new opportunities. Only in this way the community will live in a state of local sustainable development.

Atualmente muito se debate sobre a questão energética no Brasil e no mundo, e um tópico que frequentemente esta presente nessas discussões é a situação energética de comunidades isoladas. Essas comunidades, por estarem localizadas em regiões de difícil acesso, dispõem apenas de soluções orientadas por sistemas isolados de geração de energia elétrica, nos quais seguidamente se usam os geradores à diesel, uma fonte de energia considerada insustentável. Assim, várias comunidades enfrentam uma situação de pobreza energética, em que a falta de fontes seguras e confiáveis de energia acaba prejudicando diversos aspectos da vida das pessoas, como a saúde, a educação e o trabalho. Em vista disso, as pessoas ficam aprisionadas a um círculo vicioso que liga os serviços de energia e a pobreza. No Brasil, esse tipo de situação pode ser encontrado principalmente na região amazônica, onde pelas características geográficas, muitas comunidades vivem uma situação de isolamento e pobreza energética, pois não possuem qualquer fonte de energia elétrica ou estão sujeitas a fontes inadequadas por dependerem de combustíveis fósseis. Vários estudos têm sido desenvolvidos com o objetivo de buscar soluções para essa situação, nos quais os autores indicam que as iniciativas voltadas para a mitigação desse problema devem ser orientadas por uma compreensão profunda da realidade amazônica, bem como pela valorização das características de cada comunidade. Há também o foco em projetos que utilizem o potencial de recursos naturais renováveis da região amazônica para a geração de energia, como no caso de centrais hidrelétricas de pequena escala, sistemas fotovoltaicos e tecnologias baseadas em biomassa. E acima de tudo, todos esses debates ressaltam a importância da criação de situações em que a comunidade possa usar a energia de forma produtiva. Nesse contexto, o objetivo dessa dissertação é analisar a trajetória energética de uma comunidade amazônica isolada, considerando principalmente os serviços de energia diretos e indiretos, produtivos ou não, e sua contribuição para o desenvolvimento local sustentável da comunidade. A partir dessas ideias, o referencial teórico foi organizado para auxiliar na compreensão da realidade vivida por estas comunidades, sendo apresentadas exposições sobre a Base da Pirâmide e a pobreza energética, e também as características dos serviços de energia em seus aspectos diretos e indiretos, bem como seus usos básicos e produtivos. A Lógica de Serviço foi estudada para facilitar o entendimento da criação de valor contextual para os serviços de energia, sobretudo pela combinação de recursos operand e operant. Para compreender como os serviços de energia poderiam afetar o desenvolvimento comunitário, abordagens voltadas ao desenvolvimento sustentável local em suas dimensões social, ambiental e econômica foram trazidas à discussão. Por último, para auxiliar a assimilação do cenário em estudo, aspectos institucionais e tecnológicos referentes à questão da eletrificação na Amazônia também foram apresentados. A operacionalização da pesquisa ocorreu por meio de um estudo de caso realizado na Vila de Cachoeira do Aruã, no estado do Pará. A comunidade possui uma microcentral hidrelétrica em funcionamento desde o ano de 2005, a qual trouxe uma série de mudanças para o local nos últimos dez anos. A coleta de dados ocorreu com a utilização de narrativas geradas pelos moradores, por observação simples e por pesquisa documental. Os resultados indicam que tanto os serviços diretos como os indiretos geraram uma série de benefícios para os comunitários, permitindo a melhoria da qualidade de vida local e uma diminuição da característica de isolamento da comunidade. Deve-se ressaltar a importância da atitude da comunidade em relação à geração de energia no local, bem como a autonomia da comunidade sobre a gestão do sistema de geração, e sobre outras atividades existentes na vila, como uma cooperativa agroextrativista. Porém, é necessário ressaltar que a disponibilidade de energia elétrica causa alguns efeitos inesperados, como um crescimento populacional descontrolado, e a sobrecarga do sistema de geração de eletricidade. Embora a comunidade seja capaz de se libertar de um ciclo vicioso de pobreza energética, para que consiga gerar um circuito virtuoso de desenvolvimento a comunidade deve ser capaz de manter a geração de energia ao longo do tempo ao mesmo tempo em que se adapta às mudanças inesperadas e cria novas oportunidades. Apenas dessa maneira a comunidade irá viver em um estado de desenvolvimento sustentável local. / Currently much is debated on the energy issue in Brazil and worldwide, and a topic that frequently is present at these discussions is the energy situation of isolated communities. These communities, as are located in difficult access regions, have only solutions driven by energy isolated systems, which frequently use diesel generators, a source that is considered unsustainable. Thus, many communities face an energy poverty situation, where the lack of safe and reliable sources of energy will hinder many aspects of people's lives, such as health, education and work. As a result, people become trapped in a vicious circle linking energy services and poverty. In Brazil, this type of situation can be found mainly in the Amazon region, where the geographical features implies many communities living an insulation and energy poverty situation, as they have no source of electricity or are subject to inadequate sources by relying on fossil fuels. Several studies have been developed in order to find solutions to this situation, in which the authors indicate that initiatives aimed at mitigating this problem should be guided by a deep understanding of the Amazon reality, as well as the appreciation of the characteristics of each community. There is also focus on projects that use the potential of renewable natural resources in the Amazon region for power generation, as in the case of small-scale hydroelectric plants, photovoltaic systems and biomass-based technologies. And above all, all of these debates highlight the importance of creating situations where the community can use the energy in productive ways. In this context, the objective of this dissertation is to analyze the energy path of an isolated Amazonian community, especially considering the direct and indirect energy services, productive or not, and their contribution to the community sustainable local development. From these ideas, the theoretical framework was organized to assist in understanding the reality experienced by these communities being presented theories on the Bottom of the Pyramid and energy poverty, and also the characteristics of energy services in its direct and indirect aspects as well as its basic and productive uses. The Service Logic has been studied to facilitate the understanding of the creation of contextual value for energy services, especially by combining operand and operant resources. To understand how the energy services could affect the community development, approaches aimed at local sustainable development in its social, environmental and economic dimensions were brought to discussion. Finally, to assist the assimilation of the scenario in study, institutional and technological aspects related to the issue of electrification in the Amazon were also presented. The operationalization of the research was carried out through a case study in Cachoeira do Aruã Village, in Pará state. The community has a micro hydroelectric power plant in operation since 2005, which brought to the local a series of changes over the past decade. Data collection occurred with the use of narratives generated by residents, by simple observation and documentary research. The results indicate that both direct and indirect services generated a number of benefits to the community population, allowing improvement of local quality of life and a decrease in community isolation characteristic. It should be emphasized the importance of community attitude in relation to power generation on site, as well as community autonomy over the system generation management, and over other existing activities in the village, as the agro-extractivist cooperative. However, it is necessary to point out that the availability of electricity causes some unexpected effects such as uncontrolled population growth, and the overload of the electricity generation system. Although the community is able to break free from a vicious cycle of energy poverty, for generating a virtuous circuit of development it should be able to keep generating energy over time while adapts to unexpected changes and creates new opportunities. Only in this way the community will live in a state of local sustainable development.

Atualmente muito se debate sobre a questão energética no Brasil e no mundo, e um tópico que frequentemente esta presente nessas discussões é a situação energética de comunidades isoladas. Essas comunidades, por estarem localizadas em regiões de difícil acesso, dispõem apenas de soluções orientadas por sistemas isolados de geração de energia elétrica, nos quais seguidamente se usam os geradores à diesel, uma fonte de energia considerada insustentável. Assim, várias comunidades enfrentam uma situação de pobreza energética, em que a falta de fontes seguras e confiáveis de energia acaba prejudicando diversos aspectos da vida das pessoas, como a saúde, a educação e o trabalho. Em vista disso, as pessoas ficam aprisionadas a um círculo vicioso que liga os serviços de energia e a pobreza. No Brasil, esse tipo de situação pode ser encontrado principalmente na região amazônica, onde pelas características geográficas, muitas comunidades vivem uma situação de isolamento e pobreza energética, pois não possuem qualquer fonte de energia elétrica ou estão sujeitas a fontes inadequadas por dependerem de combustíveis fósseis. Vários estudos têm sido desenvolvidos com o objetivo de buscar soluções para essa situação, nos quais os autores indicam que as iniciativas voltadas para a mitigação desse problema devem ser orientadas por uma compreensão profunda da realidade amazônica, bem como pela valorização das características de cada comunidade. Há também o foco em projetos que utilizem o potencial de recursos naturais renováveis da região amazônica para a geração de energia, como no caso de centrais hidrelétricas de pequena escala, sistemas fotovoltaicos e tecnologias baseadas em biomassa. E acima de tudo, todos esses debates ressaltam a importância da criação de situações em que a comunidade possa usar a energia de forma produtiva. Nesse contexto, o objetivo dessa dissertação é analisar a trajetória energética de uma comunidade amazônica isolada, considerando principalmente os serviços de energia diretos e indiretos, produtivos ou não, e sua contribuição para o desenvolvimento local sustentável da comunidade. A partir dessas ideias, o referencial teórico foi organizado para auxiliar na compreensão da realidade vivida por estas comunidades, sendo apresentadas exposições sobre a Base da Pirâmide e a pobreza energética, e também as características dos serviços de energia em seus aspectos diretos e indiretos, bem como seus usos básicos e produtivos. A Lógica de Serviço foi estudada para facilitar o entendimento da criação de valor contextual para os serviços de energia, sobretudo pela combinação de recursos operand e operant. Para compreender como os serviços de energia poderiam afetar o desenvolvimento comunitário, abordagens voltadas ao desenvolvimento sustentável local em suas dimensões social, ambiental e econômica foram trazidas à discussão. Por último, para auxiliar a assimilação do cenário em estudo, aspectos institucionais e tecnológicos referentes à questão da eletrificação na Amazônia também foram apresentados. A operacionalização da pesquisa ocorreu por meio de um estudo de caso realizado na Vila de Cachoeira do Aruã, no estado do Pará. A comunidade possui uma microcentral hidrelétrica em funcionamento desde o ano de 2005, a qual trouxe uma série de mudanças para o local nos últimos dez anos. A coleta de dados ocorreu com a utilização de narrativas geradas pelos moradores, por observação simples e por pesquisa documental. Os resultados indicam que tanto os serviços diretos como os indiretos geraram uma série de benefícios para os comunitários, permitindo a melhoria da qualidade de vida local e uma diminuição da característica de isolamento da comunidade. Deve-se ressaltar a importância da atitude da comunidade em relação à geração de energia no local, bem como a autonomia da comunidade sobre a gestão do sistema de geração, e sobre outras atividades existentes na vila, como uma cooperativa agroextrativista. Porém, é necessário ressaltar que a disponibilidade de energia elétrica causa alguns efeitos inesperados, como um crescimento populacional descontrolado, e a sobrecarga do sistema de geração de eletricidade. Embora a comunidade seja capaz de se libertar de um ciclo vicioso de pobreza energética, para que consiga gerar um circuito virtuoso de desenvolvimento a comunidade deve ser capaz de manter a geração de energia ao longo do tempo ao mesmo tempo em que se adapta às mudanças inesperadas e cria novas oportunidades. Apenas dessa maneira a comunidade irá viver em um estado de desenvolvimento sustentável local. / Currently much is debated on the energy issue in Brazil and worldwide, and a topic that frequently is present at these discussions is the energy situation of isolated communities. These communities, as are located in difficult access regions, have only solutions driven by energy isolated systems, which frequently use diesel generators, a source that is considered unsustainable. Thus, many communities face an energy poverty situation, where the lack of safe and reliable sources of energy will hinder many aspects of people's lives, such as health, education and work. As a result, people become trapped in a vicious circle linking energy services and poverty. In Brazil, this type of situation can be found mainly in the Amazon region, where the geographical features implies many communities living an insulation and energy poverty situation, as they have no source of electricity or are subject to inadequate sources by relying on fossil fuels. Several studies have been developed in order to find solutions to this situation, in which the authors indicate that initiatives aimed at mitigating this problem should be guided by a deep understanding of the Amazon reality, as well as the appreciation of the characteristics of each community. There is also focus on projects that use the potential of renewable natural resources in the Amazon region for power generation, as in the case of small-scale hydroelectric plants, photovoltaic systems and biomass-based technologies. And above all, all of these debates highlight the importance of creating situations where the community can use the energy in productive ways. In this context, the objective of this dissertation is to analyze the energy path of an isolated Amazonian community, especially considering the direct and indirect energy services, productive or not, and their contribution to the community sustainable local development. From these ideas, the theoretical framework was organized to assist in understanding the reality experienced by these communities being presented theories on the Bottom of the Pyramid and energy poverty, and also the characteristics of energy services in its direct and indirect aspects as well as its basic and productive uses. The Service Logic has been studied to facilitate the understanding of the creation of contextual value for energy services, especially by combining operand and operant resources. To understand how the energy services could affect the community development, approaches aimed at local sustainable development in its social, environmental and economic dimensions were brought to discussion. Finally, to assist the assimilation of the scenario in study, institutional and technological aspects related to the issue of electrification in the Amazon were also presented. The operationalization of the research was carried out through a case study in Cachoeira do Aruã Village, in Pará state. The community has a micro hydroelectric power plant in operation since 2005, which brought to the local a series of changes over the past decade. Data collection occurred with the use of narratives generated by residents, by simple observation and documentary research. The results indicate that both direct and indirect services generated a number of benefits to the community population, allowing improvement of local quality of life and a decrease in community isolation characteristic. It should be emphasized the importance of community attitude in relation to power generation on site, as well as community autonomy over the system generation management, and over other existing activities in the village, as the agro-extractivist cooperative. However, it is necessary to point out that the availability of electricity causes some unexpected effects such as uncontrolled population growth, and the overload of the electricity generation system. Although the community is able to break free from a vicious cycle of energy poverty, for generating a virtuous circuit of development it should be able to keep generating energy over time while adapts to unexpected changes and creates new opportunities. Only in this way the community will live in a state of local sustainable development.

Magister Philosophiae - MPhil / Increasing energy needs globally have recently led to an interest in effectively bringing energy services in the trading system. Energy services were part of the Uruguay Round of negotiations, whose main achievement was the General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS). The objective of the GATS is to achieve progressive liberalisation and reduction or elimination of trade barriers of all services sectors, including energy services. The GATS has made commendable progress in liberalising many service sectors, however it has not made meaningful progress with energy services. Furthermore though the SADC region engages in energy services trade through bilateral and regional agreements, a variety of barriers inhibit major successes from being achieved. Effective energy services trade and liberalisation has therefore proved problematic both at the multilateral, regional and bilateral level. This study, seeks to investigate why energy services liberalisation and trade at the multilateral, regional and bilateral level is problematic, with a particular focus on the SADC region. / South Africa