The main objective of this paper is to show the economic and environmental benefits that can be attained through the coupling of borehole thermal energy storage (BTES) and combined heat and power (CHP). The subject of this investigation is the University of Massachusetts CHP District Heating System. Energy prices are significantly higher during the winter months due to the limited supply of natural gas. This dearth not only increases operating costs but also emissions, due to the need to burn ultra low sulfur diesel (ULSD). The application of a TES system to a CHP plant allows the plant to deviate from the required thermal load in order to operate in a more economically and environmentally optimal manner. TES systems are charged by a heat input when there is excess or inexpensive energy, this heat is then stored and discharged when it is needed. The scope of this paper is to present a TRNSYS model of a BTES system that is designed using actual operational data from the campus CHP plant. The TRNSYS model predicts that a BTES efficiency of 88% is reached after 4 years of operation. It is concluded that the application of BTES to CHP enables greater flexibility in the operation of the CHP plant. Such flexibility can allow the system to produce more energy in low demand periods. This operational attribute leads to significantly reduced operating costs and emissions as it enables the replacement of ULSD or liquefied natural gas (LNG) with natural gas.

No description available.

Accurate performance prediction for a system utilizing solar energy requires accurate estimates of the solar radiation received by the collector surface. This thesis compares the performance of five different diffuse solar radiation models in estimating the diffuse radiation received by a tilted surface in the warm, humid climate of Central Florida. The following models were studied: Isotropic Model, Temps and Coulson Model, Klucher Model, Hay Model, and Perez Model. The models were evaluated for both a fixed south facing surface and for three different tracking schemes suitable for photovoltaic applications. Model estimates were then compared to the solar radiation data collected at the Florida Solar Energy Center, Cape Canaveral, Florida. Based on smallest root-mean-square error, the Perez model gave the best performance. For all the models, the root-mean-square error for the tracking surfaces was significantly greater than that for the fixed south facing surface. Actual solar radiation received by a tracking surface was greater than indicated by model estimates, and was most evident on clear days for the early morning and late afternoon hours. Changes in the mean bias error for different periods of the year demonstrated that the models are also seasonally dependent.

The role of liquid biofuels in transportation to minimize the effects of climate change is  evident and has led to a number of studies on finding effective solutions to replace fossil fuels. Liquid biofuels are especially important for heavy duty transports as the effective ‘green’ alternatives are not as many compared to light duty vehicles; for which for e.g. electrification is an option. This thesis presents a comparison study of 8 liquid biofuels with a total of 13 different fuel pathways for use in road freight transports; both current and potential future fuels are assessed in terms of their environmental effects, fuel properties and compatibility with the heavy duty vehicle engines (see Table 10, page 36). Furthermore, a case study is performed to assess the practicality of the results of the study.  Hydro-treated vegetable oil, Bio Dimethyl ether, Liquefied Bio Methane/ ED95 are identified as fuels with considerable potential in the shorter term. Algal biofuel and Biomass to liquid (BTL) fuels from synthesis gas, if realized commercially would be a breakthrough for biofuels in overall transportation sector. However, life cycle analysis has to be performed for the different fuel pathways to completely understand the various impacting factors.

Building sector takes a large part of Swedish domestic energy use. Swedish government had set goal that required energy consumption should decrease by 20% in year 2020 compared to 1995. Public house companies will play an important role in the process.  The work studies a typical Swedish Multi-family dwelling, built in 1960s and belonging to Älvkarlebyhus AB. These buildings were given enhanced air tightness in recent years which yielded a good result. This work focuses on improving the old ventilation system and decreasing energy consumption.  Building energy simulation tool IDA ICE was used to model the object building and to examine the effectiveness of the new system. The tested energy efficiency measures include upgraded ventilation system with heat exchanger, and the installation of demand control (DCV) to the ventilation. Both energy, environmental and economic aspects are considered in the study. The result showed the total energy demand decreased 35% with renovation. Total investment for all buildings correspond to 5 760 000 SEK. New system could save 237 872 SEK/year and payback time will be 24 years.

Idag spenderas en stor del av vår tid inomhus, det ställer krav på inomhusluften.  Koldioxid och andra föroreningar, som stannar i luften vid dåligt ventilerade  lokaler, påverkar negativt och är bevisat att påverka prestationen och produktiviteten  hos människor i specifika uppgifter. Idag läggs mycket fokus på miljösmarta  lösningar och effektiviseringar, men ibland glöms inomhusklimatet bort. För att  människor ska få en behaglig upplevelse av inomhusklimatet krävs  kvalité på inomhusluften men också på den termiska komforten. Huvudsyftet med examensarbetet är att förklara hur det går att uppnå  förbättrat inomhusklimat och samtidigt minska energiförbrukningen. Genom att minska energibehovet kan företag bli mer konkurrenskraftiga och samtidigt rusta sig mot de stigande elpriserna. Det finns även en ekonomisk fördel för företag såväl som för privata bostäder. Examensarbetet består utav en fallstudie, där luftenstemperatur och fuktighet kommer at loggas och data genereras. Loggning kommer att  ske vid två tillfällen. Först i början för att få en uppfattning om varför  personalen upplever dåligt inomhusklimat och sedan efter justering av luftflödena  för att se skillnaden i förändringen av inomhusklimatet och energipåverkan.   Genom att justera systemet och sammanställa resultat har forskningsfrågan ”Kan inomhusklimatet förbättras samtidigt och samtidigt minska energiförbrukningen?”  besvarats. Litteraturstudien visar att om alternativa ventilationsprinciper  används, istället för det konventionella omblandande systemet, går det att minska  energiförbrukningen samtidigt som inomhusklimatet förbättras. Detta har gjorts  genom att golvventilation använts där tilluften tillförts lågt och undertempererad för att luften ska stiga genom de termiska krafterna. Resultatet visar att termisk komfort försämrats enligt enkätstudierna, men samtidigt visar det en förbättring av  inneklimatet i enskilda frågor. Mätresultaten indikerar även på förbättrad  ventilation och inomhusklimat. Slutligen presenterades energibesparingsåtgärder som företaget kan göra för att minska energibehovet och samtidigt förbättra den termiska komforten.

On the basis of a legislative amendment that came into force in January 2019, which states that all dams will have to achieve modern environmental conditions, all hydropower dams in  Sweden will need to be licensed. Arvika Kraft has two regulating dams Kivilamp and Rolamp  which they do not believe will achieve the modern environmental conditions. Arvika Kraft  therefore wants to have a feasibility study for an environmental impact assessment carried out  in order to be able to study possible measures for the dams. They wanted a potential  demolition of the two regulatory ponds to be studied in this preliminary study. In an environmental impact statement, several alternatives are to be studied, and in this  feasibility study, the zero alternative is to maintain the regulating dams as they are today, the  main alternative being to demolish the two damsand the third alternative that was chosen to be  studied is the introduction of turbines in the dams along with the construction of fish roads  passing them.  In the report, a literature study is carried out to deepen the knowledge in the area, a modeling of the three alternatives to be able to study how the energy production of the power dam  downstream as Kivilamp and Rolamp acts as a regulator are affected, and finally the actual  collection of information for the preliminary study of the environmental impact assessment.  The result of the study shows that the zero alternatives contribute to regulation that increases energy production of the power dam downstream but that the two ponds Kivilamp and  Rolamp are migratory obstacles to the aquatic animals. The problem with the zero alternative  also remains that there is a great risk that the dams do not meet the modern environmental  goals at present.  The result of the main alternative shows that, according to the models, energy production would be lowered in the event of a demolition of the two regulating dams. The water flow, on  the other hand, would be more natural and the two migratory obstacles would disappear for  the aquatic animals. However, the flow would continue to be dammed downstream, which  would mean that only a small section of the total flow path would be free from migratory  obstacles.  For the third option studied, the result was an increased energy production but not as high as expected because the two regulating dams had a relatively low drop height compared to the  power dam downstream and that the flow was somewhat lower for Kivilamp and Rolamp in  comparison. By way of the constructed fishing roads, on the other hand, free movement would be facilitated and this would be a positive change for the aquatic animals.  The conclusion was that the best alternative where energy production was weighed together with an improved environment for the aquatic animals was the third option. However, this can  be costly and difficult to implement in practice and in such cases the best thing would be to  demolish the regulating dams.

In a synchronous electric grid the consumption of electricity must always be met by an equal amount of generation. In the Nordic power system, this balance is first and foremost kept by the balance responsible parties in the electric markets. However, from one hour before delivery, it is the Swedish Transmission System Operator (TSO), Svenska kraftnät (Svk) together with its Nordic counterparts, who take over the responsibility. They achieve this by for example purchasing ancillary services such as Frequency Restoration Reserves (FRR) to compensate for frequency deviations. A way of explaining the frequency deviations that would have occurred without the TSO taking actions, is that they are caused by imbalances. Imbalances are the difference between measured and traded energy volumes in the bidding areas, where volumes equals HVDC-connections, consumption and different kinds of power production. In the future, these imbalances will be one of the dimensioning factors of FRR. The purpose of this thesis is to study the imbalances caused by wind power production and to create a model that can simulate future wind power imbalances. The long term goal is that the model will be part of a larger project whose purpose is predicting the future need of FRR. The model has been designed to use future market data, such as traded volumes and spot prices to make the predictions. The model has been developed using statistical methods in MATLAB together with another master student, who has studied consumption imbalances. Due to lack of deterministic correlations, the final model created was an Autoregressive-Moving-Average (ARMA) model together with a linear correlation between quarterly average traded volumes and quarterly standard deviations of the wind power imbalances. The model can recreate the historical autoregressive behaviour and the historical distribution of the imbalances to a satisfactory degree, as well as scaling up the imbalances with a correlation of 0.92. Applying future market data on the model, imbalances are expected to increase by 50\% to 180\% from today to the year 2023, depending on bidding area. However, there are uncertainties due to yearly variations in the wind power production. One conclusion is therefore that a windy year probably also will increase the required need of FRR. Before applying the model to evaluate the future need for FRR, the reliability used in the traded data for developing the model should be checked. A final validation of the total simulated imbalances, not just wind power imbalances, against historic data should also be performed. To develop the model further, a suggestion is to study possible spatial correlations of the imbalances between bidding areas.

Energy use in buildings is an important contribution to global CO2 emissions and contributes to global warming. In recent years, there has been concern about creating energy efficiency buildings, green buildings and healthy buildings but this development needs guidance by multidisciplinary scientists and experts. Since energy saving can influence the indoor environment in different ways, epidemiological research is needed in different climate zones to evaluate the health consequences of making the buildings more energy efficient. Epidemiological studies and modelling studies are available on health effects and indoor effects of energy conversation, improved thermal insulation, increased air tightness and creating green buildings. The health-related literature on this issue was reviewed, by searching scientific articles in the medical Database PubMed and in the general database Web of Science as well as Nature database. In this literature review, 53 relevant peer reviewed articles on health effects of energy use and energy saving were found. Most of the studies had investigated residential buildings. One main conclusion from the review is that combined energy efficiency improvements in buildings can be associated with improvement of general health, such as less asthma, allergies, sick building syndrome (SBS) symptoms, respiratory symptoms, and reduced cold-related and heat-related mortality. Moreover, combined energy efficiency improvements can improve indoor air quality, increase productivity and satisfaction and reduce work leave and school absence. Effective heating of buildings can reduce respiratory symptoms and reduce work leave and school absence. However, some potential health problems can occur if increased energy efficiency will reduce ventilation flow. Energy saving by increasing air tightness or reducing ventilation is associated with impaired indoor air quality and negative health effects. In contrast, improved ventilation may reduce SBS, respiratory symptoms and increase indoor air quality. Installation of mechanical ventilation can solve the negative effects of making the building construction in dwellings more air tight. In future research, more studies are needed on health impacts of single energy efficiency improvement methods. Existing studies have mostly used a combination of improvement methods. In addition, modelling software programs should more often be used, since they can take into account effects of different energy efficiency improvement methods on indoor air quality in different types of buildings and in different climates.

No description available.