Le travail présenté traite la question quelle architecture hybride est la plus adapté pour quel type de véhicule. Une approche multi-architecture/multi-application capable d’identifier l’architecture hybride plus efficace en énergie qui considère à la fois les components clés (batterie, moteur électrique, moteur à combustion interne) et la commande optimale, est présenté. La base de cette modélisation est la représentation énergétique macroscopique (REM), qui est combiné avec la programmation orienté objet (POO) afin d’améliorer la modularité et la réutilisation. Les résultats obtenus montrent que des architectures hybrides différents sont le plus adaptés pour différentes applications. De plus, la robustesse des résultats en utilisant des approches de contrôle en temps réel sont étudiés, montrant l’importance de la stratégie de commande. Les résultats obtenus contribuent à la simplification et l’harmonisation de la conception des solutions hybrides pour des applications multiples. / The presented work deals with the question which hybrid architecture is most adapted for which type of vehicle. Therefore, a multi-architecture/multi-application approach capable to identify the most energy efficient hybrid architecture considering both the dimensions of key components (battery, electric motor, internal combustion engine) and the optimal control is presented. Basis of the model is the energetic macroscopic representation (EMR), which has been combined with object oriented programming (OOP) in order to enhance its modularity and reuse capabilities. The obtained results show, that different hybrid architectures are most adapted for different applications. Moreover, the robustness of the results using real time control algorithms are studied, showing that control strategy matters. The obtained results contribute to simplify and harmonize the design of hybrid solutions for multiple applications.

Η παρούσα διπλωματική αφορά στον έλεγχο του ανεστραμμένου εκκρεμούς. Γίνεται μια σύντομη σύνοψη της σχετικής θεωρίας και ακολούθως ασχολείται αρχικά με τη σταθεροποίηση του γραμμικοποιημένου, γύρω από την ασταθή κατακόρυφη θέση ισορροπίας, συστήματος και στη συνέχεια με τη μελέτη δύο διαφορετικής λογικής ελέγχων για την πλήρη λύση του προβλήματος ελέγχου του εκκρεμούς, δηλαδή αφ’ ενός την ανύψωση και αφ’ ετέρου τη σταθεροποίηση του. Γίνεται και μια προσπάθεια εκτίμησης της περιοχής ελκτικότητας του συστήματος για κάποιους ελέγχους / In the present thesis the control of an inverted pendulum is presented. A brief summary of the relevant theory is presented. In the following the stabilization of the linearized system around the unstable upright position is developed. Furthermore, the study of two different control approaches for the complete solution of the pendulum; the swing up phase and stabilization phase. Lastly an effort for the rough estimation of the region of attraction is attempted

Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-08T14:53:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Arquivototal.pdf: 2427540 bytes, checksum: 8c8c01e629803bce7b58199e6cbe458d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-04-20 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The concept of mental load of work is a product concept originated the concept of workload, generally understood as a field of interaction between the task requirements and the ability of human achievement. It follows from the fact, the worker perform the task itself. Currently there has been a significant increase of the changes imposed work situations in organizations especially with the introduction of information technology and process automation. Some factors associated with these changes need to be improved, there are still accidents and incidents in organizations, mainly induced by fatigue, lack of concentration or due to inadequate operator / screen / machine / computer. This study aims to evaluate the mental workload of the employees of the Centers of Technical Operation and Control of Electric Power. It identifies factors that contribute to the perception of their workload. For that we used a questionnaire with questions pertaining to demographic and functional aspects of members of the operators, questions about the workload and the method NASA-TLX. The survey was conducted in the centers for Disease Control and Operation of company of Electric Power in the states of Paraiba, Rio Grande do Norte and Pernambuco. The results indicated that the thermal environment and lighting are appropriate for work activities. The demands that contributed most to the overall rate of mental workload in terms of weight were followed by the Mental Required Time Requirement. The demand was less weight Frustration showing the engagement and commitment of the operators with the same work. It is intended that the results of this research can support improvements in management of the operation of companies in the electric sector, contributing to an improved quality of work. / O conceito de carga mental do trabalho é um produto conceitual originado da noção de carga de trabalho, entendida genericamente como um campo de interação entre as exigências da tarefa e a capacidade de realização humana. Ela resulta do fato, do trabalhador executar a tarefa em si. Atualmente constata-se um aumento significativo das mudanças imposto as situações de trabalho nas organizações principalmente com a introdução da informática e automação de processos. Alguns fatores associados a estas mudanças necessitam serem aperfeiçoados, pois ainda existem acidentes e incidentes nas organizações, ocasionados principalmente por fadiga, falta de concentração ou devidos à inadequação operador/tela/máquina/computador. O presente trabalho tem como objetivo avaliar a carga mental dos trabalhadores Técnicos dos Centros de Operação e Controle de Energia Elétrica. São identificados os fatores que mais contribuem para a percepção da sua carga de trabalho. Para tanto se utilizou um questionário contendo questões referentes aos aspectos sócios demográficos e funcionais dos operadores, questões sobre a carga de trabalho e o método NASA-TLX. A pesquisa foi realizada nos centros de Controle e Operação de uma empresa de energia elétrica nos estados da Paraíba, Rio Grande do Norte e Pernambuco. Como conclusão as demandas que mais contribuíram para a taxa global da carga mental de trabalho em termos de peso foram a Exigência Mental seguida da Exigência Temporal. A demanda com menor peso foi a Frustração demonstrando o engajamento dos operadores e o comprometimento dos mesmos com o trabalho. Pretende-se que os resultados desta pesquisa possam subsidiar melhorias nos processos de gestão da operação das empresas do Setor Elétrico, contribuindo para uma melhoria da qualidade do trabalho.

No description available.

Le challenge de ces prochaines années est de réduire le plus possible les émissions de CO2 qui la première cause du réchauffement climatique. L’émission de CO2 est principalement due à l’utilisation du moteur thermique dans le milieu du transport. Pour diminuer cette émission, la solution réside à utiliser des véhicules électriques qui sont non polluants et rechargés par des sources émettant le moins possible de CO2. Mais cela impliquerait une production supplémentaire d’énergie. Aujourd’hui l’énergie électrique est produite principalement par des centrales thermiques au niveau mondial, des centrales nucléaires enFrance et des centrales hydrauliques au Québec. Les pics d’utilisations et de productions restant une problématique posant encore beaucoup de problèmes.Une utilisation croissante de véhicules électriques ou hybrides rechargeables permettrait de pouvoir disposer de systèmes de stockage d’énergie, permettant à la fois d’alimenter le moteur électrique du véhicule ou d’aider le réseau électriques. Ce flux est appelé Vehicle-to-Grid ou plus précisément dans le travail présenté ici, ce flux s’appelle Vehicle-to-Home. Alimenter la maison via la batterie du véhicule, permet de diminuer le pic de consommation du foyer. De plus, la batterie du véhicule peut être chargée durant la nuit lorsque la production d’énergie est au plus bas et la moins chère.Ce document présente une optimisation offline du système qui inclut les différents flux d’énergie. Cette optimisation a été réalisée à l’aide de la programmation dynamique. L’objectif de cette optimisation est de minimiser le coût de l’énergie que ce soit le coût de l’essence ou de l’électricité ou encore des énergies renouvelables installées localement.Ensuite deux contrôleurs flous localisés dans le véhicule et dans la maison ont été dimensionnés, testés par simulation (simulation online) et validés expérimentalement.Finalement cette recherche a mis en avant deux cas d’études: un en hivers et l’autre en été. Le cas d’hiver présente une réduction budgétaire de 40% dans la simulation offline, 27% dans la simulation online et 29% en expérimentation. D’autre part, le cas d’été montre une réduction budgétaire de 62% dans la simulation offline, 60% dans la simulation online et 64% en expérimentation. / The challenge for the next few years is to reduce CO2 emissions, which are the cause of global climate warming. CO2 emissions are mainly due to thermal engines used in transportation. To decrease this emission, a viable solution lies in using non-polluting electric vehicles recharged by low CO2 emission energy sources. New transportation penetration has effected on energy production. Energy production has already reached peaks. At the same time, load demand has drastically increased. Hence, it has become imperative to increase daily energy production. It is well-known that world energy production is mainly produced thermal pollutant power plants, except in Québec, where energy is produced by hydro power plants.The more recent electricity utility trend is that electric, and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (EV, PHEV) could allow storage and/or production of energy. EV/PHEV batteries can supply the electric motor of the vehicle, and act as an energy storage that assists the grid to supply household loads. This power flow is called vehicle-to-grid, V2G. In this dissertation, the V2G power flow is specifically called vehicle-to-home, V2H. That is battery is used during peak. Moreover, the EV battery is charged during the night, when energy production is low and cheap. This important aspect of V2H is that the vehicle battery is not connected to the grid, but is a part of a house micro-grid.This dissertation presents an offline optimization technique, which includes different energy flows, between the home, EV/PHEV, and a renewable energy source (such as photovoltaic - PV and/or wind) which forms the micro-grid. This optimization has been realized through the dynamic programming algorithm. The optimization objective is to minimize energy cost, including fuel cost, electricity cost, and renewable energy cost.Two fuzzy logic controllers, one located in the vehicle and the second one in the house, have been designed, tested by simulation (online simulation) and validated by experiments.The research analyses two seasonal case studies: one in winter and the other one in summer. In the winter case, a cost reduction of 40% for the offline simulation, 27% for the online simulation and 29% for the experiment is realized whereas in the summer case a cost reduction of 62% for the offline simulation, 60% for the online simulation and 64% for the experiment is presented.

L'objectif de ces travaux de thèse était de concevoir et de développer un outil de simulation et d'optimisation multicritères de centrales couplant des sources d'énergies renouvelables (EnR) et des moyens de stockage. L'optimisation porte sur le dimensionnement de l'installation (taille des unités de production EnR et de stockage) et sur la ou les stratégies de gestion de la centrale EnR-stockage selon des critères technico-économiques évalués par l'outil. L'originalité de l'outil développé réside dans la modularité de définition de l'architecture EnR-stockage, dans la prise en compte de plusieurs niveaux de modélisation (échelle et précision) des différents composants du système et dans l'intégration du vieillissement. L'outil développé est également illustré sur des cas d'études afin d'apprécier sa pertinence. / The objective of this work was to design and develop a simulation and multi-criteria optimization tool of energy systems composed of renewable energy (RE) production and storage units. Optimization concerns the systems sizing (renewable production and storage units) and the systems control strategies based on techno-economic criteria. Originality of the tool resides in the modularity of definition of the RE-storage plant architecture, in taking into account several levels of modeling (scale and accuracy) of the different system components and in the consideration of ageing through performances degradation. The developed tool is also illustrated on application cases to highlight its usefulness.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:24:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2005-08-12Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:11:55Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 andreoli_al_me_bauru.pdf: 2837768 bytes, checksum: 899d0f484921dccf16d7027e336d500b (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / O presente trabalho é o resultado de uma pesquisa aplicada ao desenvolvimento de um equipamento eletrônico microprocessado destinado ao controle de demanda máxima e de fator de potência em instalações elétricas. Motivado pelo aumento na demanda e pela limitação nos recursos do sistema elétrico interligado, o uso de equipamentos que permitam o gerenciamento de energia pelo lado da demanda tem se difundido com grande velocidade, pois é o método de racionalização do uso de energia elétrica que apresenta boa relação entre custo e benefícios, trazendo resultados favoráveis em curto prazo. O uso de controladores de demanda máxima e de fator de potência nas instalações atendidas por contratos de fornecimento horo-sazonal é uma forma de garantir que o sistema não ultrapasse os limites contratuais, que resultam em aplicação de multa, e também um modo de se operar o sistema dentro de parâmetros conhecidos evitando perdas excessivas, racionalizando a utilização de seus componentes. Embora não exista regulamentação relacionada a tarifas diferenciadas de energia elétrica para unidades atendidas em baixa tensão, a utilização de controladores de demanda máxima e fator de potência pode trazer à esta classe de consumidores os benefícios do gerenciamento de energia, reduzindo perdas e em muitos casos permitindo a diminuição no valor da fatura de energia. Pelo ponto de vista do fornecimento, a existência de controle de demanda nas unidades consumidoras permite um melhor planejamento e maior aproveitamento do sistema de distribuição, minimizando investimentos no setor. Para aplicação em unidades consumidoras de porte reduzido, os equipamentos de gerenciamento de energia disponíveis no mercado apresentam dois inconvenientes principais: o excesso de recursos que na maioria dos casos não é explorado em sua... / The present work is the result of an applied research to the development of an electronic microcontrolled device used in the control of maximum demand and power factor in small and medium range electric facilities. Stimulated by the increase of demand and limitation of electrical resources of the interconnected system, the use of demand-side energy management devices was increased, since this method is the better mode to provide the energy rationalization, good cost-benefits relationship and presents best results in a short time interval after its implementation. The use of maximum demand and power factor controllers in facilities with differential billing fares is a method of guarantee that the agreement limits will not be exceeded, resulting in penalties, and also a safe mode of system operation, reducing losses and rationalizing the use their components. Although don't exist regulation related to the differential billing applied to low-voltage supplied consumers, the use of maximum demand and power factor controllers can bring to this consumers category the benefits of energy management, reducing losses and in most cases decreasing the energy billing. In the supply point of view, the demand control in consumers units allow the better planning and the best utilization of distribution system, minimizing the investment in this sector. For application in small-size consumer units, the commercially available energy management devices have two inconvenient: excess of resources, in the most cases sub-utilized which increase the price, and the need of a special external energy meter or energy transducer, uncommon in this class of facility. The device developed in this research have an electronic energy measurement system and associated signals independent of the supplier's meter, and also... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)