The aim of this thesis is to suggest the ways of promoting energy efficiency in Turkey in the light of best practices at the level of European Union and most energy efficient Member States, Denmark and Gremany. This thesis provides a critical evaluation of Turkish energy efficiency policies in transmission, distribution and consumption stages of energy by pointing out their weaknesses. The evaluations highlight the fact that Turkey has substantial energy saving potential in electricity distribution grids and end-use sectors. The EU, Danish and German experiences demonstrate that the greatest energy efficiency improvement could be achieved in industry sector. By taking these experiences and the problems of Turkey into consideration, this thesis recommends possible measures. It is concluded that, when the energy efficiency potential is evaluated, primarily attention could be paid to industry sector.

The continuously increasing energy intensity internationally is recognised as one of the greatest dangers the human race is facing nowadays with regards to future climate change and its detrimental consequences. Improving the intensity of energy consumption is an important step towards decreasing greenhouse gas emissions originating from fossil fuel-based electricity generation and consumption. As a result of this, South Africa took the bold step in 2010 to commit itself to the Secretariat of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) in taking all the necessary actions to decrease the country’s greenhouse gas emissions by 34% to below the “business-as-usual” scenario by 2020 (Republic of South Africa, 2010). In order to do so, the country has to substantially reduce its energy consumption. This should be done without affecting the economic output; however, major energy consumers might prefer to decrease their output in order to comply with the rules focusing on the reduction of energy use. In South Africa, harmful environmental effects are created mainly from the electricity consumption’s unprecedented rise. The bulk of the country’s greenhouse gas emissions (more than 60%) originate from the electricity generation sector which is heavily dependent on coal-fired power stations. The purpose of this study is to promote a benchmark-and-trade system to improve electricity efficiency in South Africa with the ultimate objective to improve the country’s greenhouse gas emissions. The uniqueness of this study is two-fold. On the one side, South African policy-makers have rarely discussed or proposed the implementation of a cap-and- trade system. On the other side, the same mechanism has never been proposed regarding electricity efficiency. In order to do so, it is first required to acquire an in-depth knowledge of the electricity consumption and efficiency of the South African economy in its entirety and on a sectoral level. The key findings of the empirical analysis are as follows: A decreasing effect of electricity prices to electricity consumption existed during the period 1980 to 2005, contrary to the increasing effect of total output to electricity consumption. Also, the results indicated that the higher the prices, the higher the price sensitivity of consumers to changes in prices (price elasticity) and vice versa. The relationship between electricity consumption and electricity prices differ among various sectors. The findings of the exercise point towards ambiguous results and even lack of behavioural response towards price changes in all but the industrial sector, where electricity consumption increased with price decreases. On the other side, economic output affected the electricity consumption of two sectors (industrial and commercial) presenting high and statistically significant coefficients. Based on a decomposition exercise, the change in production was the main factor that increased electricity consumption, while efficiency improvement was a driver in the decrease of electricity consumption. In the sectoral analysis, increases in production were part of the rising electricity usage for all the sectors with ‘iron and steel’, ‘transport’ and ‘non-ferrous metals’ being the main contributors to the effect. On the decreasing side of consumption, only five out of fourteen sectors were influenced by efficiency improvements. The country’s electricity intensity more than doubled from 1990 to 2007 and the country’s weighted growth of intensity was higher than the majority of the OECD countries by a considerable margin. Also, nine of the thirteen South African sectors were substantially more intensive than their OECD counterparts. Although the picture presented is rather dismal, there is scope for improvement. This study proposes a sectoral benchmark-and-trade system. This system aspires to steadily improve the participants’ efficiency performance by awarding the successful participants with monetary incentives through trading with the less successful ones. The benchmark is chosen to be subject to the average of OECD members for each sector. Depending on the sectors’ performance compared with the standard chosen, they will be awarded credits or allowances to sell if they do better than the benchmark. If they are worse-off, they will have to buy credits in the market created. The price per credit will be determined by the interaction of demand and supply in the market. The findings of a comparison with a carbon tax system show that the proposed system benefits the majority of the sectors and gives them better incentives to change their behaviour and production methods to more efficient ones. The system also fulfils the desired characteristics of a benchmark-and-trade system: certainty of environmental performance; business certainty; flexibility; administrative ease and transparency. / Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2011. / Economics / unrestricted

This diploma thesis addresses the issues regarding fast-growing wood (hereinafter referred to as FGW). Its goal is to analyze the energy intensity of fuels in a selected municipality, namely Úsilné u Českých Budějovic, and to determine the necessary agricultural land expanse for the eventual introduction of FGW vegetation which could replace the usual energy sources in the future.

The diploma thesis deals with the impact of insulation of a residential building on the price of apartment buildings and the payback period of investments in thermal insulation. The theoretical part deals with the topic of energy intensity, methods of thermal insulation and valuation. In the second part of the thesis, the values of selected apartment buildings are determined by the direct comparison method and the time of return of investment in thermal insulation. In addition, the thesis deals with energy saving depending on thermal insulation. The aim of the thesis is to determine whether and how much will increase the price of an apartment house or housing units due to additional thermal insulation, what are the savings for heat and what is the period of return to investment.

This thesis tries to solve a problem of energy intensity evaluation in professional laundry process via analysis of factors, which influence the energy intensity of the process and presents some computational tools needed for this challenge.

Several studies have been conducted and revealed that household is the major energy consumer sector in developing countries like Ethiopia. This study focuses on evaluation of the existing residential energy consumption and projection of the energy demand.   The energy consumption has been studied by conducting survey on 350 households using stratified random sampling technique. Then the analyzed data have been used to model the energy demand and to project the future energy consumption till 2030 using LEAP (Long Range Energy Alternative Planning) simulation software.   The model is done based upon baseline scenario and energy efficiency improvement scenario (mitigation scenario). The total energy consumption in Bahir dar in 2014 is nearly 330 Giga watt hour per year, and of this value about 83.8% is used for cooking and TV, lighting, refrigerator, and water heater consume 7%, 4.5%, 3.5%, 1%  of the total energy and remaining 0.2% is consumed for other auxiliary appliances. The projection of the energy consumption in 2030 will be more 450 Giga-watt-hour with business as usual scenario compared to just less than 350 Giga-watt-hour with mitigation scenario. As the result of the poor consumption efficiency, households that use traditional biomass tend to have more primary energy intensity than household that use electricity. The consumption of electricity is projecting rapidly while charcoal and firewood will still be the significant energy sources. The potential for energy saving is from improving the efficiency of stoves. Comparing with developed countries, for example Sweden, where the energy in dwellings is mostly used for space and water heating and the energy saving mostly target on improving wall insulations, the energy saving on Bahir dar is based mostly on cooking. The findings obtained in this shows options to improve household energy efficiency intervention planning and to enhance the effectiveness of policy interventions. Further studies could be done on modeling of other sectors.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・論文博士 / 博士(エネルギー科学) / 乙第12808号 / 論エネ博第61号 / 新制||エネ||60(附属図書館) / 80852 / (主査)教授 東野 達, 教授 石原 慶一, 教授 手塚 哲央 / 学位規則第4条第2項該当 / Doctor of Energy Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(経済学) / 甲第20785号 / 経博第557号 / 新制||経||282(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院経済学研究科経済学専攻 / (主査)教授 諸富 徹, 教授 劉 徳強, 教授 依田 高典 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Economics / Kyoto University / DFAM

The ICT technologies and their adoption from the population are growing fast, and the energy that this industry requires has followed the same trend, even considering all the improvements in efficiency during the last decades. This is because the increment in data centers and information outpaces all the efficiencies that have been adopted over the years. The HTTP servers have been optimizing data usage performance over the years, however, data centers still consume more and more energy due to the high demand they have. The objective of this study is to develop a tool that compares cache and non-cache servers' energy, hence CO2 emissions performances, using a simple and an advanced model. The simple model is based on a compilation of extensive data analysis including more detailed information and inputs, and the advanced model considers an energy consumption comparison between cache and non-cache technology. A database of CO2 emissions per MWh of 49 countries is created that forecasts this rate until 2030. The results show that cache servers are between 20% and 5% more efficient than non-cache in terms of energy consumption for files under 5MB. However, the efficiency level varies depending on the file size that is transferred. Therefore, improved ICT technology has the potential to reduce thousands of tons of CO2 per year if more websites adopt it. For example, an average news website with 300k visits per day could reduce around 150 tonCO2/year. / IKT-teknikerna och deras antagande från befolkningen växer snabbt, och den energi som denna industri kräver har följt samma trend, även med tanke på alla effektivitetsförbättringar under de senaste decennierna. Detta beror på att ökningen av datacenter och information överträffar alla effektivitetsvinster som har antagits under åren. HTTP-servrarna har optimerat dataanvändningsprestanda under åren, men datacenter förbrukar fortfarande mer och mer energi på grund av den höga efterfrågan de har. Syftet med denna studie är att utveckla ett verktyg som jämför cache- och icke-cache-servrars energi, därav CO2-utsläppsprestanda, med hjälp av en enkel och en avancerad modell. Den enkla modellen är baserad på en sammanställning av omfattande dataanalyser inklusive mer detaljerad information och indata, och den avancerade modellen tar hänsyn till en energiförbrukningsjämförelse mellan cache- och icke-cache-teknik. En databas med CO2-utsläpp per MWh för 49 länder skapas som prognostiserar denna takt fram till 2030. Resultaten visar att cacheservrar är mellan 20% och 5% effektivare än icke-cache vad gäller energiförbrukning för filer under 5MB. Effektivitetsnivån varierar dock beroende på filstorleken som överförs. Därför har förbättrad IKT-teknik potential att minska tusentals ton CO2 per år om fler webbplatser använder den. Till exempel kan en genomsnittlig nyhetswebbplats med 300 000 besök per dag minska cirka 150 ton CO2/år.

The purpose of this research is to determine the average energy intensity of multi-unit residential buildings (MURBs) in Toronto, and evaluate whether certain building characteristics influence energy intensity. This information is particularly important in the Toronto market. Relative to the city’s population, Toronto has an unusually high proportion of MURBs with more than half of residential dwellings in apartment buildings. Additionally, Toronto MURBs are significant consumers of energy and produce an estimated 1.3M tonnes of CO2e each year. The ultimate goal is to assess the most efficient building retrofit measures. Energy consumption data for Toronto MURBs were collected and weather normalized. Correlations between the energy data and the building characteristics were examined. Window characteristics and heating system type were found to have the most significant influence on energy intensity. Establishing energy consumption characteristics of MURBs is the first step towards improving the energy efficiency of Toronto’s MURBs stock.