Les bâtiments commerciaux et industriels présentent une part non négligeable de la demande énergétique. L’objectif de ce travail de thèse est d’étudier par des simulations numériques, le comportement thermoaéraulique des bâtiments de grand volume à usage commercial ou industriel et d’améliorer leurs performances afin de réduire leurs consommations énergétiques tout en assurant le confort thermique des occupants. La première partie de l’étude consiste à définir et à évaluer les paramètres d’enveloppe et de ventilation qui affectent la consommation d’énergie et le confort thermique de ce type de bâtiment. À travers des modèles développés (multizone et zonal) sur un bâtiment « générique », nous présentons l’impact des paramètres les plus importants (orientation du bâtiment, isolation thermique de l’enveloppe, propriétés radiatives de la toiture, sol, inertie thermique interne, diffusion de l’air…) sur la consommation énergétique et le confort. Ces paramètres sont déterminants surtout dans la conception de la toiture et du plancher de par leur influence sur les performances énergétiques du bâtiment étudié. Cette modélisation thermoaéraulique est ensuite appliquée à un bureau-entrepôt commercial existant. L’exploitation du modèle, dont les résultats sont confrontés aux mesures, et des études paramétriques permettent de démontrer l’efficacité de stratégies de ventilation naturelle nocturne. Dans la deuxième partie, nous évaluons certaines solutions de rafraîchissement passif (isolation thermique, ventilation naturelle nocturne, revêtement de toiture « cool roof ») permettant de maintenir le confort thermique en hiver aussi bien qu’en été tout en minimisant la consommation énergétique. Enfin, une étude d’optimisation nous permet de déterminer les paramètres optimums en fonction des conditions climatiques et des deux objectifs de confort et de performance énergétique. Ce travail ouvre de nombreuses perspectives sur la méthodologie de conception des enveloppes et l’adaptation du fonctionnement des installations de ventilation pour le rafraîchissement passif des bâtiments. / Commercial and industrial buildings represent a significant part of total energy demand. The objective of this thesis is to study the thermal behavior and airflows of commercial or industrial buildings (low-rise and large volume) by numerical simulations, to improve their thermal performance in order to reduce their energy consumption while maintaining thermal comfort of the occupants. The first part of this study consists in identifying and evaluating the keys factors that affect the energy demand and thermal comfort of these buildings. Using the developed models (multizone and zonal), we present the impact of the most important parameters (building orientation, thermal insulation, radiative properties of the roof, soil, internal thermal inertia, air diffusion…) on energy consumption and thermal comfort. We have identified here that the main influencing parameters can be found in the design of the roof and the ground floor considering the energy performance of the studied building. The developed model is then applied to a real commercial building. Results showed that the predictions are in good agreement with the measurements and that night-time natural ventilation can be an efficient passive cooling technique to avoid overheating in summer. In the second part, we evaluate the efficiency of different passive cooling techniques (thermal insulation, night-time natural ventilation, cool roof…) applied to ensure the thermal comfort in winter as well as in summer while minimizing the energy consumption. Finally, an optimization study is proposed to determine the optimal set of parameters for both objective functions considering the passive cooling techniques and the energy demand according to different climatic zones.

Dans le contexte actuel d'urgence environnementale, la consommation de carburant dans le secteur du transport routier, vu son impact négatif sur l'environnement et son rôle socioéconomique, doit évoluer dans une logique de durabilité. Nous initions notre travail de thèse par une approche comparative de 90 pays quant à leur intensité énergétique et leur intensité de CO2 dans le transport routier durant la période 1980-2010. En calculant le coefficient de Theil, nos résultats empiriques mettent en évidence l'existence d'une disparité spatiale et temporelle. En 2010, la Tunisie occupe le 48ème rang et le 38ème rang, respectivement en terme d'efficiences énergétique et environnementale. Elle a une performance énergétique moyenne tout en occupant le 34ème rang selon l'indice général de performance énergétique. Dans une deuxième partie, nous adoptions la démarche de modélisation conceptuelle dont l'objectif est la construction des indicateurs du transport routier énergétique durable. La définition d'un tel indicateur économique est confronté au problème de mesure de la valeur ajoutée réelle de ce secteur du transport. Par l'intermédiaire de l'approche de filtre de Kalman, nous pouvons conclure que la valeur ajoutée de transport informel est d'environ 61% de total de valeur ajoutée de secteur de transport durant la période 1980-2010 en Tunisie. Enfin, nous procédons à une modélisation économétrique des interactions entre les indicateurs de transport routier énergétiquement durable en Tunisie. L'étude de la dynamique des relations causales entre la consommation du carburant dans le transport routier, les émissions de CO2 dus au secteur de transport, la valeur ajoutée réelle de secteur du transport, le prix moyen du carburant, la longueur de l'infrastructure routière et le taux de motorisation se base sur la technique de cointégration de Johansen et le modèle de la Courbe Environnementale de Kuznets (CEK). Les résultats empiriques confirment, d'une part, l'hypothèse de neutralité entre la consommation de carburant et la valeur ajoutée réelle de secteur de transport et, d'autre part, l'hypothèse de CEK stipulant une relation en U-inversée entre les émissions de CO2 et la croissance économique du secteur du transport. Aussi, nous mettons en exergue une relation de causalité unidirectionnelle au sens de Granger allant de prix de carburant vers la consommation du carburant à court terme. Dans ce sens, en utilisant la technique de décomposition de prix, les résultats infirment l'hypothèse d'asymétrie de l'effet de prix sur la consommation de carburant. Avec la prise en compte de facteur technologique, nous estimons l'effet de rebond à l'ordre de 18% à court terme et 51% à long terme. En termes d'implications politiques, ce travail de thèse montre l'importance d'adopter des politiques publiques transversales où la question énergétique du transport routier est résolue en adéquation avec l'offre infrastructurel, la politique de prix de carburant, le droit à la mobilité individuelle et la protection de l'environnement. Une combinaison optimale entre divers instruments fiscal, économique et de régulation parait la meilleure stratégie pour atteindre un tel objectif. Le rôle de la gouvernance énergétique est central pour concevoir et opérationnaliser toute politique de transport routier énergétiquement durable. / As global concern about climate increases, road transport energy consumption, given its impact on the environment and its socio-economic role, must evolve to sustainability logic. First, the present work provides an international comparison of the energy intensity and the CO2 intensity in road transport for a group of 90 countries oer the period 1980-2010. Through the calculated Theil coefficient, our empirical findings highlight the existence of spatial and temporal disparities between coustries. In 2010, Tunisia occupies the 48th and the 38th rank respectively in terms of energy and environmental efficiency.Based on a general index of energy performance in the road transport sector, it is deemed to have a medium energy performance by occupying the 34th rank. Secondly, through the adoption of conceptual modeling approach, several indicators for sustainable energy development in road transport sector are constructed. To measure the real transport value added, we used filter Kalman approach. We denote that the informal transport value added is about 61% during the period 1980-2010.Finally, this thesis studies causal mechanisms between indicators for sustainable energy development related to energy consumption from Tunisian road transport sector. The investigation is made using the Johansen cointegration technique and the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) approach. It examines the nexus between real transport value added , road transport-related energy consumption, road infrastructure, fuel price, rate of motorization and CO2 emissions from Tunisian transport sector during the same period. Empirical results support the hypothesis of neutrality between energy and income for Tunisian road transport sector, and the hypothesis of an inverted U-shaped EKC for transport CO2 emissions. Also, there is a unidirectional Granger causality running from fuel price to road transport-related energy consumption with no feedback in the short run. In this sense, using price decomposition technique, we refute asymmetric fuel price effect hypothesis. By the introducing of the technological factor, the rebound effect is about 18% in the short run and 51% in the long run. The study shows the importance if enhancing a number of policies for the road transport system through the joint improvement of the fuel price policy, of the road infrastructure policy and of the road vehicles policy. The optimal combination of fiscal, economic and regulatory instruments is the main strategy to achieve these objectives. The energetic governance is necessary in order to maintain sustainable energy road transport.

This thesis deals with the computational comparison of the energy performance of buildings of various construction materials. The work aims at assessing the building as a thermal system. The theoretical part describes the methods for calculating the energy performance of buildings. The experimental part of the work focuses on quantifying the heat consumption of specific buildings in terms of thermal stability and it is later compared with the results calculated in accordance with the applicable technical standards.

The aim of the diploma thesis is to design austerity measures of an apartment building in the form of an energy card. The theoretical part deals with heat pumps. The computational part solves the evaluation of the current state of the building, the proposal of two variants, the assessment in terms of energy and economic and recommendations of the selected variant. There is also an experimental measurement specializing in thermovision imaging. The project contains energy certificates of individual states of the solved object.

The aim of this diploma thesis is to design a low-energy corporate kindergarten with extended opening hours for the Thomas Bata Regional Hospital in Zlín. The building has one wheelchair accessible floor. It includes two separate classes for children with necessary facilities for children and staff. Envelope walls are designed from prefabricated wooden wall panels with PUR foam filing and ETICS. Internal walls are designed from ceramic blocks with clay plasters to provide heat accumulation and stable indoor environment. The superstructure is supported by strip foundations. The building has flat extensive green roof supported by timber I-beams. Energy for floor heating and domestic hot water is provided by a cascade of two air-water heat pumps and solar thermal collectors. Ventilation in the building is provided by air conditioning unit with heat recovery. Its operation is divided in two zones, kitchen and other spaces. The adjacent plot includes a garden with play elements, a stormwater storage basin with an overflow into an infiltration tank. The infiltration tank also serves for threated water from a wastewater treatment plant. Separate part of the thesis includes assessment of 2D thermal field with change proposal and evaluation of selected building structures, . The thesis is elaborated in Revit 2020, DEKSOFT and other software.

The master’s thesis on the topic Kindergarten is processed in the form of project documentation for the implementation of the new building. The building is designed on a plot of 1840/1 in the cadastral Brno - Husovice. It is the kindergarten with a basement and two floors. The building is brick, partial basement and roofing flat roof with single shell. The building contains two classes for a total of 40 children. Food and washing bedding is provided by imports.

The theme of this diploma thesis are the issue of energy evaluation of buildings and the reduction of energy consumption in the Czech legal system in the theoretical part, an analysis of energy consumption of the judged building in an old and new state in the calculation part and an energy audit of the main building of SRC Lihovar in Třemošnice according to Decree no. 480/2012 Coll. The three-storey main building of sports and rehabilitation center is located on the southern edge of city Třemošnice and it used to be a distillery until it has been renovated in 2013. There is a restaurant with a bowling room, hotel with two conference lounges, wellness, fitness and a swimming pool. The heat source for this building are two gas boilers, three heat pumps and solar collector array. There is partly forced and partly natural ventilation installed in the building.

This theoretical diploma thesis deals with „nearly zero energy buildings“. The aim of the thesis is to evaluate building constructions based on their impact on thermal requirements fulfilment and apply results of the evaluation on a design of a nearly zero energy building. The thesis describes individual factors impacting energy consumption of a nearly zero house building, evaluates individual types of insulations systems for roof constructions, analyses window details, foundation details and connection of roof and external wall or the floor structure and external wall. The basic criteria for the evaluation is the fulfilment of the thermal requirements as well as the costs of the construction itself and energy consumption for the individual construction or detail. The specialized part of the thesis deals with design and comparison of 2 types of timber roof truss systems, the purlin roof and the collar roof. The suitability of the roof systems for nearly zero energy building is evaluated as well. The result of he thesis is the proposal of solutions for the nearly zero energy building. The proposal consists of layout solutions, design of suitable construction system, load-bearing system including drawings. The output is also Energy Performance Certificate.

This master’s thesis is dealing with the plan of reconstruction of the house in an effort to get closer to "near zero building". Total heat loss along with calculation of the cost of the house operation and the energy performance of buildings were computed for the given house. Then we have enclosed suggestions of individual methods of building´s insulation (replacing of windows, doors and gates, insulation of exterior walls, roof and ceiling between floor and attic) and a draft of a new technical building services (forced ventilation with heat recovery, photovoltaic system and heat pump). Furthermore, the suitability of the original heating system was evaluated and the also the energy performance for the renovated building was analyzed during the reconstruction. An economic evaluation was calculated for each method of reconstruction, together with the new green subsidy programme. At the end of the dissertation is drawn up the economic evaluation of the whole proposed reconstruction, together with an assessment, what class of the building we have achieved according to its the energy intensity.

The thesis deals with the issue will be nearly zero energy. The theoretical part is divided into several chapters. Describes the requirements of applicable legislation of the Czech Republic and the EU and the application of renewable energy in these buildings. The third and last part serves as a basis for part of the experiment. Calculation section applies theoretical knowledge into practice. The subject has become a new residential building in which they are designed to ensure the technical equipment required internal environment. The proposal concerns the heating, ventilation, cooling, domestic hot water and lighting. At the end are attached graphic of energy performance certificates (PENB) and evaluated the economic and ecological point of view. The experiment deals with the measurement of the internal microclimate administrative building type in Brno, with regard to the requirements of current legislation of the Czech Republic.