The task of the master project is to design a building for sports activities in Sehradice, Zlín region. First the documentation was elaborated, the second part HVAC was designed and the last part focussed on daylighting. The building has one floor and flat green roof. The building includes a fitness, a yoga room, a relax room, two saunas, changing rooms and staff room. The superstructure is designed using Heluz ceramic block walls and Spiroll panel floor structure. Façade is insulated with ETICS. HVAC is provided by two gas boilers, two mechanical ventilation units (indoors) and a cooling unit (outdoor). Domestic hot water is provided by the gas boiler and solar panels. The building uses LED lights. Electricity consumption is partially covered by photovoltaics on the roof. The building plot also includes a large carpark in front of the building. The designs were elaborated in Revit, AutoCAD and energy assessment in Deksoft software.

In my master's project I design a nearly zero energy consumption house with a café in Zaječí. The 1ST part of this project deals with a structural part of the building, which has two above-ground floors and basement. On the basement are storerooms and rooms for technical equipment, on the ground floor is café and living room with kitchen, and on the second floor are bedrooms, bathrooms and cloakrooms. Footings are from cast-in-place concrete, the load bearing walls on basement are from formwork blocks with cast-in-place concrete, on above-ground floors are from ceramic blocks and every non-load bearing walls are also from ceramic blocks. On whole floor are reinforced concrete floor slab and flat green roof. The 2ND part deals with technical equipment of the building. There are gas boiler, floor heating, air conditioning, mechanical ventilation (HVAC), photovoltaics panels with energy storage, retention tank, external blinds and biodynamic lighting. The 3RD part compares several options for using solar energy in combination with different heat sources in terms of energy and economic efficiency of the building.

This master thesis describes the design of a detached two-storey home for the eldery in Holešov with seventeen apartment units. The thesis includes architectural and structural designs, concept of technical systems and assessment of the building’s energy performance. The last part of the master thesis is about the vegetated roof water-balance. On the first floor there are facilities, canteen, a doctor´s office, a caretaker´s office, hairdresser´s and pedicure, buffet, tool storage and eight apartment units (1+kk – seven flats, 2+kk – one flat). On the second floor there are caregiver´s office, rehabilitation room, common room with library, and nine apartment units (1+kk – seven flats, 2+kk –two flat). The building has concrete foundations. Loadbearing walls are made of ceramic blocks. Floor structures and staircase are designed from cast-in-place reinforced concrete. The building is covered with a flat extensive green roof. The envelope is insulated with ETICS. There are nineteen parking spaces on the plot. The drawings were elaborated in AutoCAD software.

Buildings account for up to 40% of the total energy use in the world. Directives from the European Union have pointed out the significance of increasing the energy efficiency in buildings. New regulation in countries like Sweden has established that new buildings should fulfil regulations of Nearly Zero Energy Buildings (NZEB), providing the opportunity for renewable energy technologies to achieve these goals. In this paper, the retrofitting potential of renewable energy technologies for a single-family home in Sweden was investigated.The present work studied the characteristics of several renewable energy technologies and their applications for a single-family home in Sweden, including biomass, solar photovoltaics, solar thermal, heat pump, and small-scale wind turbine. Three renewable energy technologies (solar thermal, heat pump and small-scale wind turbine) and one renovation method (window) were selected to investigate. The analysis was made of the current energy use and the potential energy (and cost) savings from each retrofitting of these facilities by means of simulation models using IDA ICE software. The study results show that the proposed renewable energy technologies are technically feasible and economically viable as a source of alternative renewable energy in order to produce clean energy and reduce electricity bills for an electric-heated single-family home located in Sweden. Moreover, the combined retrofitting scheme consist of solar thermal system and window renovation was also proposed and explored. As a result the energy performance of the single-family home would satisfy the nearly-zero energy building requirements and thermal comfort could be maintained at an acceptable level.

There is a need to reduce unsustainable use of fossil fuels. Increased usage of renewable energy by combined use of photovoltaic solar panels (PV) with battery storage is one way. Another way is to increase awareness of energy usage and reduce the energy performance gap by building energy-efficient buildings. Buildings have a long lifetime and high energy usage will have an impact for a long time. Barriers, drivers and non-energy benefits (NEBs) for investments in battery storage in photovoltaic systems (PV) in the context of farmers in Sweden with PV systems was investigated by a questionnaire study. The questionnaire was sent to farmers in Sweden who already have photovoltaics installed and about 100 persons answered, a response rate of 59%. Among the drivers for investments in battery storage in PV systems in agriculture it was found that the highest-ranked driver, i.e., to use a larger part of the electricity produced oneself, turns out to be the highest priority for grid owners seeking to reduce the need for extensive investments in the grid. The primary NEBs found were the possibility to become more independent of grid electricity. A method for the building process, called ByggaE, which aims to reduce the energy performance gap, has been developed and described. The method is based on two main processes with activities. Documents that support the activities can be found and stored in the energy documentation, a digital map structure. The two main processes are: The client’s activity to formulate requirements and ways to verify these requirements. The main process for other actors is to identify, handle and follow up risks or critical parts. An overall relation between the energy efficiency gap and the energy performance gap has been identified. Realistic assumptions and follow-up related to the assumptions are found to be important to reduce both the energy efficiency gap and the energy performance gap. / För att uppnå klimatmålen är det nödvändigt att minska den ohållbara användningen av fossila bränslen. Ett sätt är att öka användning av förnybar energi genom att kombinera solel med batterilager. Ett annat sätt är att öka medvetenheten om energianvändningen med dess negativa påverkan på miljön och uppfylla energikraven för nya byggnader bättre. Eftersom byggnader har lång livslängd ger onödigt hög energianvändning påverkan under lång tid.   Hinder, drivkrafter och andra icke energirelaterade fördelar med att investera i batterilager till solel har undersökts i en enkätstudie bland svenska lantbruk. Det kom in 100 svar från lantbrukare som har solel, vilket motsvarar en svarsfrekvens på 59 %. Den viktigaste drivkraften för att investera i batterilager till solelanläggningen är en högre egenanvändning av el. Detta visade sig också vara högst prioriterat av elnätsägare för att minska behovet av kostsamma investeringar i elnätet. Den största icke energirelaterade fördelen med batterilager är större oberoende av elnätet.   En kvalitetsäkringsmetod för byggprocessen har utvecklats och beskrivits. Syftet med metoden, som kallas ByggaE, är att minska skillnaden mellan verklig energianvändning och energikrav i nya byggnader. Metoden bygger på två huvudprocesser med aktiviteter. Beställarens huvudprocess är att formulera krav och metoder att kontrollera och följa upp dessa krav. De andra aktörernas huvudprocess är att identifiera, hantera och följa upp risker eller kritiska moment som kan påverka energianvändningen. Dokument som stödjer aktiviteterna lagras i en digital mappstruktur.   Det är viktigt med realistiska antaganden och uppföljning som relaterar till dessa antaganden för att fler lönsamma energieffektiviseringsåtgärder ska bli genomförda och för att de energiprestanda som krävs eller förväntas ska bli uppfyllda.

Complying with the Paris agreements requires substantial efforts in the building sector, and especially within the existing building stock which is responsible for a considerable amount of emissions and energy consumption. This master thesis focuses on the residential district of Minneberg, located in the west of Stockholm in Bromma. The urban building energy modelling (UBEM) approach is used to model the situation of the current district. This method uses real-life data provided by the district, as well as information found in energy performance certificates and in public databases. Based on that, a virtual archetype building representing the whole district is modelled and calibrated. Suitable energy-efficient solutions that can contribute to reducing the energy consumption are identified and applied in two different scenarios. The first scenario consists in retrofitting the current building stock, while the second represents the case where the building has to be designed from scratch today to comply with Boverket’s requirements on nearly zero-energy buildings ("New Minneberg" scenario). The aggregation of the results shows that the current district is already quite energy-efficient, with the installation of solar panels seeming to be the only economically viable retrofitting option. As for the "New Minneberg" scenario, it is possible to comply with the requirements and achieve a C-class building by reducing the primary energy consumption, but that comes at the expense of a higher actual energy consumption. / Att följa Parisavtalen kräver stora ansträngningar inom byggsektorn, och särskilt inom det befintliga byggnadsbeståndet som står för en betydande mängd växthusgasutsläpp och energianvändning. Examensarbetet fokuserar på det svenska bostadsområdet av Minneberg, som ligger i västra Stockholm i Bromma. UBEM-metoden (urban building energy modelling) används för att modellera situationen i det nuvarande distriktet. Metoden använder verkliga data från fastighetsområdet, liksom information som finns i energideklarationer och offentliga databaser. Därefter modelleras och kalibreras en virtuell arketypsbyggnad som representerar hela distriktet. Lämpliga energieffektiva lösningar som kan bidra till att minska energiförbrukningen identifieras och tillämpas i två olika scenarier. Det första scenariot består i renovering av det nuvarande byggnadsbeståndet, medan det andra representerar fallet om byggnaden hade designats från grunden idag, för att uppfylla Boverkets krav på nollenergihus ("New Minneberg" scenario). Resultaten visar att det nuvarande distriktet redan är ganska energieffektivt, där installation av solpaneler verkar vara den enda ekonomiskt lönsamma åtgärden. Gällande "New Minneberg" scenariot är det möjligt att uppfylla kraven och uppnå en C-klass byggnad genom att minska primärenergitalet, men det resulterar i en högre verklig energiförbrukning.

The purpose of this thesis is to investigate the impact that the energy performance certificate rating and the energy consumption has on the transaction price on detached housing in Sweden during 2023. Additionally, the thesis researches whether there is a regional disparity in the premium based on municipality size and if the premium varies depending on which energy zone the dwelling is located in. To answer these questions a quantitative method with a hedonic pricing model was used with transactions from the entirety of Sweden. To capture the effect of the energy premia three models were constructed including locational and individual traits of the dwellings. The first model compares the housing with A-C rating to those with D-G. The second model tested every rating against the omitted D rating. Finally, the third model tested for energy consumptions impact on transaction price of housing. These models were then also tested to see if there was a regional disparity using SKR’s definition on municipality size and if the energy zones in Sweden impacted the premium. The results of the study indicate the existence of a premium for energy efficient housing, a price increase of 12,3% for housing with an energy rating of A-C on the national level. The study also finds an existence of a regional disparity in the premium, with the smallest municipalities having the highest premiums. Lastly, it’s found that the highest premium for green buildings when measuring on energy zones is found in the northern regions of Sweden. / Syftet med denna uppsats är att undersöka vilken inverkan energideklarationer och energiförbrukning har på transaktionspriset för villor i Sverige under 2023. Dessutom undersöker uppsatsen om det finns regionala skillnader i en eventuell prispremie baserat på kommunstorlek och om premien varierar beroende på vilken energi-zon bostaden är belägen i. För att besvara dessa frågor användes en kvantitativ metod med en hedonisk prismodell som appliceras på data med transaktioner i hela Sverige. För att mäta effekten av en möjlig prispremie konstruerades tre modeller som inkluderade lokala och individuella egenskaper hos bostäderna. Den första modellen jämför bostäder med A-C betyg med de med D-G betyg. Den andra modellen testade varje betyg mot det uteslutna D-betyget. Slutligen testade den tredje modellen energiförbrukningens inverkan på transaktionspriset för bostäder. Dessa modeller testades sedan också för att se om det fanns regionala skillnader med hjälp av SKR:s definition på kommunstorlek och om elområdet som huset finns i påverkade premien. Resultaten av studien indikerar existensen av en premie för energieffektiva bostäder, en prisökning på 12,3% för bostäder med ett energibetyg på A-C på nationell nivå. Studien finner också att det finns en regional skillnad i premien, med de minsta kommunerna som har de högsta premierna. Slutligen fanns det att den högsta prispremie för byggnader, när man mäter vid energizoner, finns i de norra regionerna av Sverige.

Under tidsperioden 1965-1974 byggdes i Sverige omkring en miljon nya bostäder, även kallat för Miljonprogrammet. Idag utgörs närmare en tredjedel av det svenska bostadsbeståndet av bostäder från denna period och många byggnader börjar uppnå sin tekniska livslängd. Sverige har efter EU-direktiv tagit fram nationella mål om en effektivare energianvändning. För att snabbare nå dessa mål kan renovering och upprustning av miljonprogrammet kombineras med våningspåbyggnad.   Sverige står också inför växande bostadsbrist, likt under miljonprogrammet, samtidigt som samhället har begränsade ytor såväl i stadskärnor som i tätorter. Genom att rusta upp bostäder från miljonprogrammet i samband med en våningspåbyggnad kan nya bostäder skapas på ett resurseffektivt sätt och energiprestandan för den befintliga byggnaden förbättras.   I det här projektet har energiprestandan för ett tidstypiskt flerbostadshus utvärderats och därefter jämförts mot då flerbostadshuset utrustats med en våningspåbyggnad. Projektet tilldelades ett referenshus i Nacka som efter uppbyggnad och simulering i programvaran IDA ICE resulterade i en årlig energianvändning på 197,1 kWh/m2. En våningspåbyggnad lades till på referenshuset och visade efter simulering i programvaran IDA ICE en ny årlig energianvändning på bland annat 169,7 kWh/m2.   Efter projektet stod det klart att med en våningspåbyggnad kan energiprestanda för ett miljonprogramshus förbättras och i bästa fall kan en byggnad likt referenshuset gå från en energiklass G till E. Bostadsförtätning med hjälp av våningspåbyggnad är gynnsam ur många aspekter. Förutom att det sänker den totala byggnadens energianvändning skapar det också nya bostäder på ett resurseffektivt sätt. Samhället måste försöka skapa incitament för fastighetsägare till att renovera och hitta energieffektiva åtgärder för sina fastigheter. Ett sådant exempel skulle kunna vara tredimensionell fastighetsbildning vilket även är en alternativ form till att finansiera investeringar som exempelvis renoveringar. / During the years 1965-1974 around one million new housing were built in Sweden, this was also known as the “miljonprogrammet”. Today, nearly a third of the Swedish housing stock is from this particular period, and many buildings are reaching the end of their technical lifetime. After the new EU directives Sweden have decided on developing it's on national goals to achieve smart energy consumption. To speed up this development can the renovations of the existing "miljonprogrammet" executed in combination with storey extension.   Sweden is also facing growing housing shortage, much like during construction of the “miljonprogrammet” as well as limited areas both in urban and densely populated areas. By refurbishing buildings from the “miljonprogrammet” in conjunction with a storey extension, new housing can be built in a resource and energy efficient way. This should also improve the energy performance of the existing building.   In this project, the energy performance of an apartment building, typical from this time, was evaluated and then compared to a modified building with a storey extension. A reference house located in Nacka, Sweden was used to simulate the annual energy usage in the software IDA ICE. The simulation yielded an energy usage of 197.1 kWh/m2 for the reference building and 167.1 kWh/m2 for the building with a storey extension.   After the project it became clear that a storey extension on a building from the “miljonprogrammet” improved the existing building's energy consumption. At best, a building like the reference house can improve the energy classification from energy class G to E. Residential densification using storey extension is beneficial in many aspects. In addition to lowering the total energy consumption of the building it also creates new homes in a resource efficient manner. Society must seek to create enticements for property owners to renovate and execute energy efficient measures on their properties. One such example would be three-dimensional property formation which is also an alternative form of financing investment such as a renovation. / <p>Denna studentuppsats, som inte är ett examensarbete, är genomförd i projektkursen 5EN040 under hösten 2015. Studentarbetet har bedrivits i sammarbete med Tyréns Umeå.</p> / Uppsatsen ingår som ett kursmoment i projektkursen 5EN040 i energiteknik

À mesure que les performances intrinsèques des bâtiments s’améliorent, les usages énergétiques non réglementés, que nous associons à une notion d’intensité énergétique des usages, prennent de plus en plus d’importance dans le bilan des consommations des bâtiments. De plus, les bâtiments performants font apparaître des problématiques au niveau de l’exploitation des installations. Ces constats nous permettent d’affirmer qu’il est aujourd’hui important de proposer un cadre pour le suivi et l’optimisation de la sobriété énergétique des usages et l’exploitation performante pour la maîtrise des consommations énergétiques réelles des bâtiments. Cette thèse propose tout d’abord de développer des modèles polynomiaux de prédiction de la consommation énergétique tous usages en fonction des facteurs caractérisant l’intensité d’usage, la qualité d’usage et la qualité d’exploitation. Pour cela, nous utilisons le logiciel EnergyPlus afin de réaliser des simulations énergétiques dynamiques (SED) sur des valeurs de paramètres définis par la méthode des plans d’expérience D-optimaux. Le modèle polynomial créé permet alors d’effectuer, avec un faible temps de calcul, une propagation des incertitudes sur les consommations d’énergie calculées. Pour ce faire, nous utilisons les données mesurées en exploitation dans le cadre de la mesure et de la vérification de la performance énergétique, associées à une incertitude concernant leur valeur. Nous pouvons alors déterminer l’incertitude globale sur les consommations énergétiques et identifier les pistes pour la réduire, permettant ainsi un meilleur suivi et encadrement de la consommation énergétique réelle. / Since building envelope and MEP systems characteristics regularly improve, the weight of non-regulatory energy end-uses increases. These energy end-uses are typically associated with tenants or owners’ activities. In addition, high performance buildings show new issues related to HVAC systems operations. Therefore, it is important to evaluate and improve non-regulatory energy end-uses energy as well as HVAC systems operations efficiencies. We have developed polynomial energy models that can predict energy consumption as a function of building’s activities characteristics and HVAC systems operations factors. We used EnergyPlus software in order to build reliable energy models along with the D-optimum design of experiments method (DOE). Then, we used measurement and verification (M&V) data, associated with probability functions, to determine the associated uncertainty of the calculated energy consumption. Finally, we combine the latter with the polynomial modeling error to calculate the energy consumption global uncertainty, with the goal to identify strategies to reduce it.

Στις χώρες της Ευρωπαϊκής Ένωσης ο κτιριακός τομέας απορροφά περίπου το 40% της συνολικής ενεργειακής κατανάλωσης, γεγονός που καθιστά απαραίτητο το λειτουργικό και φιλικό προς το περιβάλλον σχεδιασμό των κτιρίων, παράλληλα με τον περιορισμό των συνολικών ενεργειακών αναγκών τους για την εξοικονόμηση ενέργειας. Όσον αφορά τα ήδη υπάρχοντα κτίρια, μπορούν να γίνουν διάφορες παρεμβάσεις ώστε να επιτευχθεί η μέγιστη δυνατή εξοικονόμηση ενέργειας. Από την άλλη, η Ε.Ε.,στα πλαίσια της βιώσιμης ανάπτυξης και της προστασίας του περιβάλλοντος, έχει θέσει ως στόχο για το 2020 τα καινούρια κτίρια να είναι μηδενικών εκπομπών διοξειδίου του άνθρακα. Για την υλοποίηση του στόχου αυτού, είναι αναγκαίος ο σχεδιασμός των κτιρίων σύμφωνα με τις αρχές της βιοκλιματικής αρχιτεκτονικής, για την ελαχιστοποίηση των ενεργειακών τους αναγκών αλλά και η εφαρμογή συστημάτων Ανανεώσιμων Πηγών Ενέργειας για την παραγωγή θερμικής και ηλεκτρικής ενέργειας και την ελαχιστοποίηση έτσι των εκπομπών CO2 στην ατμόσφαιρα από τα ορυκτά καύσιμα. Στην παρούσα διπλωματική εργασία, αναπτύσσονται στρατηγικές που αποσκοπούν στην αρμονική ένταξη των κτιρίων στο φυσικό περιβάλλον, παρουσιάζονται τα θέματα εξοικονόμησης ενέργειας στα κτίρια, διατυπώνονται οι βασικές παράμετροι για την επίτευξη ολιστικής ενεργειακής κάλυψης των κτιρίων και την προετοιμασία του επόμενου βήματος σχετικά με την ενέργεια στα κτίρια για το έτος 2020 και δίνονται νέες τεχνολογικές λύσεις που αναπτύχθηκαν στο εργαστήριο ηλιακής ενέργειας, με σκοπό την βέλτιστη αξιοποίηση της ηλιακής ενέργειας και των άλλων ΑΠΕ στα κτίρια. Στα πλαίσια της πλήρους κάλυψης των κτιριακών ενεργειακών αναγκών από ΑΠΕ και της προώθησης των κτιρίων σχεδόν μηδενικής κατανάλωσης από συμβατικές ενεργειακές πηγές, μελετάται πειραματικά η συμβολή των φωτοβολταϊκών σε δυσμενή κλίση και προσανατολισμό. Εξετάζεται η συνεισφορά διάχυτων ανακλαστήρων στην ενεργειακή τους απόδοση, η επίδραση του υλικού της θερμομόνωσης και του περιορισμού των θερμικών απωλειών. Τέλος, εξετάζεται η αξιοποίηση κάθε τμήματος του κτιρίου που μπορεί να έχει θετική συμβολή στο ενεργειακό θέμα. Έτσι προτείνονται τρόποι τοποθέτησης φωτοβολταϊκών σε οριζόντιες και επικλινείς στέγες και στις προσόψεις των κτιρίων, με προσθήκη ανακλαστήρα όπου είναι δυνατό, που μπορούν να συνεισφέρουν στην επίτευξη μηδενικού ενεργειακού ισοζυγίου στα κτίρια. / In the countries of the European Union the building sector accounts for about 40% of the total energy consumption, so it is necessary that the buildings should be designed in a functional and environmentally-friendly way, in addition to the minimization of of the total energy needs to achieve energy savings. As for the existing buildings, they should be renovated so that maximum energy savings is achieved. On the other hand, the EU’s target for 2020 is that new buildings must be of zero carbon dioxide emissions. For the implementation of this goal, buildings should be designed according to the principles of bioclimatic architecture to minimize energy needs, but also systems of Renewable Energy Sources should be applied to produce thermal energy and electricity, in order to minimize carbon dioxide emissions from fossil fuels. In the present thesis, strategies aiming to harmonic integration of buildings in the natural environment are developed, holistic energy saving aspects for buildings are presented, aspects regarding the next step to the target for 2020 are given, and some new designs of building integrated RES, investigated at the Solar Energy Laboratory, are suggested. Approaching the holistic contribution of the renewable energy sources (RES) to buildings for total cover of their energy demand, and the achievement of nearly zero energy buildings, the contribution of photovoltaics in disadvantageous inclination and azimuth angle is experimentally studied. The contribution of diffuse reflectors to pV’s energy efficiency, the impact of thermal insulation materials and the impact of limitating the thermal losses to PV’s operation, are studied as well. Furthermore, the use of every single part of the building in order to contribute to its energy supply, is considered. Designs for photovoltaic integration on horizontal and inclined roofs and facades are suggested, combined with booster reflector if possible, aiming to achieve zero energy balance of buildings.