This research examines variation in average household energy consumption for space heating in municipalities in Massachusetts in order to explore the magnitude of variation among communities and potential causes. A dataset that aggregates natural gas consumption at the municipal level is used for a sample of municipalities in Massachusetts. Based upon this data, a regression model is developed to determine building and household occupancy characteristics that influence household energy consumption. The findings suggest dwelling size, tenure, and age are related to average household energy consumption. Based upon these findings, recommendations are developed for the restructuring of federal and state level energy efficiency programs.

Based on federal and state experience of the late 1970's and early 1980's, this paper examines various policy alternatives that government could implement in promoting renewable energy. The paper assumes that government has an interest in promoting renewables. Therefore, it makes no attempt to advocate why federal or state governments should promote renewable energy. It merely presents a variety of options that these governments might choose to promote renewables as a viable alternative to meet present and future energy demands. The Carter and Reagan administrations at the federal level and the Brown, Deukmejian, and Wilson governorships in California are examined. This time period was selected because of the significant changes which occurred during the 1970's and 1980's in the energy economy and political arena and their resulting impact on the renewable energy industry. The contrast between one decade and the next starkly revealed the effects that government policy had in both cultivating and undermining a relatively infant industry. The thesis presents a detailed case study of Luz International to illustrate those effects. The discussion focuses on the factors affecting the policy formulation process, with emphasis on the importance of the executive office, interest groups, and the legislature. This thesis argues that energy policy formulation is governed or shaped largely by factors that are beyond the control of the renewable energy industry. Examples of such factors are benefit coalitions, short-term mentality of elected officials, and lack of public awareness. Effective policy to facilitate the commercialization of renewable energy technologies must account for the conditions of the marketplace and the political process. / Master of Urban Affairs

Thesis. 1977. M.C.P.--Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Dept. of Urban Studies and Planning. / MICROFICHE COPY AVAILABLE IN ARCHIVES AND ROTCH. / Includes bibliographical references. / M.C.P.

The key focus of this dissertation is to produce research upon energy and climate change issues in the UK in a policy relevant and theoretically sound way. It aims to inform industry and policy makers to allow politically palatable, successful and effective future energy and climate change policy to be developed by identifying the preferences of the public for different policy scenarios. The Choice Experiment method was employed throughout this dissertation as the consistent methodological approach allowed for greater comparability of the results in addition to allowing the method’s robustness and reliability to be tested. The first part of this research (Chapter 3) is concerned with investigating attitudes and willingness to pay for future generation portfolio of Scotland by investigating household preferences for various energy generating options, such as wind, nuclear and biomass compared to the current generation mix. We identified the Scottish public have positive and significant preference towards wind and nuclear power over the current energy mix. We also found heterogeneity in public preferences depending on where respondents live which is reflected in their preferences towards specific attributes. Presence of non-compensatory behaviour in our sample is another element which was investigated in this part. Chapters 4 and 5 contain analyses of two independent choice experiments which were run in parallel. They take a UK-wide approach and investigate public preferences for more general areas of future energy and climate change policy, such as: carbon reduction targets, focus on energy efficiency improvements and attitudes to micro-generation versus large scale renewable generation. In addition the preferences for adaptation to and mitigation of climate change are investigated. Micro-generation is not often considered by energy companies when it comes to planning their generation strategies and was therefore of particular relevance to this research. As such Chapter 6 identifies the importance that the public places on this particular energy option and how it compares with their preferences towards other key energy and climate change policies of the UK. To analyse reliability of the results and to contribute to the theoretical field of stated preference valuation, each of the experiments contained two overlapping attributes, i.e. increase in level of micro-generation and an increase in total cost to a household, comparison of which was also carried out in Chapter 6. Finally in Chapter 7 the results found in the sections described above are discussed with reference to the policy background in the UK and Scotland. Also issues with the research and areas for further study are identified.

published_or_final_version / Public Administration / Master / Master of Public Administration

Theol. Hochsch., Habil.-Schr.--Neuendettelsau, 2003.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Melbourne, Melbourne School of Land and Environment, 2009. / Typescript. Includes bibliographical references (p. 361-386)

Alors que la construction communautaire prend ses racines dans l'adoption par six États européens du traité portant création de la Communauté du charbon et de l'acier (CECA), il faudra attendre 2009, pour qu'une politique de l'énergie soit introduite dans le droit primaire par le traité de Lisbonne. En dépit de cette consécration tardive, l'activisme de l'Union dans le domaine de l'énergie est incontestable, bien qu'il ne soit pas appréhendé uniformément au sein de la doctrine. Une partie d'entre elle estime qu'il n'existe toujours pas de politique énergétique européenne, tandis que l'autre considère que cette politique européenne existe mais qu'elle ne mérite pas, le qualificatif de« politique commune ». Ce débat doctrinal, qui s'insère dans le cadre de la théorie juridique des politiques en droit de l'Union, renvoie à une interrogation sur la nature et la portée exacte des interventions de l'Union dans le domaine de l'énergie. En effet l'analyse des actions entreprises par l'Union dans le secteur de l'énergie, depuis le traité CECA jusqu'à l'aune des années 90, révèle une montée en puissance de ces dernières, qui se traduit par une première mutation visant à substituer aux nombreuses actions partielles une première ébauche de vision globalisée des problématiques énergétiques au sein de la Communauté et ce, alors même qu'aucune politique de l'énergie n'avait été introduite dans le TCE. Les Etats membres étaient, en effet, très réticents à reconnaître une compétence à l'Union dans ce domaine, et ce pour différentes raisons liées aux multiples dimensions, économique, sociale, environnementale et sécuritaire d'une politique énergétique ainsi qu'à leur dépendance énergétique très diversifiée. Cet embryon de politique énergétique, enserrée dans des contraintes particulièrement fortes trouvera donc son ancrage juridique dans des bases juridiques indirectes ou subsidiaires et en particulier dans celles relatives à l'établissement d'un marché intérieur (Partie I). Pourtant, l'énergie est loin d'être un « objet économique ordinaire » et la soumission de ce secteur aux seules règles du marché pourrait générer de multiples menaces, notamment pour l'accomplissement des missions de service public, les exigences environnementales ou encore la sécurité de l'approvisionnement. Il aurait donc fallu, à l'occasion de l'introduction dans les traités d'une politique de l'énergie, mieux reconnaître la spécificité de ce secteur et prévoir en la matière la mise en place d'une politique véritablement commune. Or, le droit primaire hérité du traité de Lisbonne déçoit quelque peu : le nouvel article 194 du TFUE relatif à l'énergie, parait faire le choix d'une forme de statu quo et semble même remettre en cause certains aspects de cette politique. Pourtant, la dynamique communautaire parait enclenchée. Que ce soit dans le cadre du marché intérieur de l'énergie, via la régulation commune des marchés et la prise en compte de ses spécificités (sociale, sécuritaire, environnementale) ou dans celui du volet externe, au travers le renforcement des relations énergétiques avec les Etats tiers, la politique énergétique européenne s'oriente de plus en plus vers une vraie politique commune (Partie II). / The European Union construction has its origins in adoption by six European States of the ECSC Treaty. However, it will be necessary to wait until 2009, when a policy in the field of energy was integrated in the primary law by the treaty of Lisbon. Despite this late consecration, the activism of the Union in the field of energy is evident, even if it is far from being uniformly comprehended within the doctrine. One part of them considers, that the European energy policy still does not exist, while others consider that the European policy exists but that it should not be qualified as a “common policy”. This doctrinal debate, which is inserted as a part of the legal theory of polices in the European Union law, addresses a question on the nature and precise significance of the intervention of the Union in energy field.En fact, the analysis of actions undertaken by the EU in the energy sector since the ECSC Treaty up to the beginning of the nineties, reveals an increasing power of these last, ending up as a first mutation trying to substitute a number of partial actions by a first global vision of energetic policies within the Community. This was taking place without any energy policy introduction the TEC. The Member states were in reality very reluctant to acknowledge that the EU has a competence in this domain. This was due to numerous reasons linked to multiple dimensions: economic, social, environmental, and security issues of an energy policy, as well as their energetic dependence, which was quite varying. This embryo of an energy policy, inserted in particularly strong constraints, finds therefore its legal frame in indirect or subsidiary legal bases and especially in those relating to the establishment of the internal market (Part I). However, energy is far from being an “ordinary economic good” and the submission of this sector to market rules could generate multiple threats, notably for public service missions, environmental requirements or the security of supply. It would therefore have been necessary, on the occasion of introduction in the treaties of an energy policy, to better admit the specificity of this sector and to envisage in this field the establishment of a real common policy. But the primary law inherited from Lisbon Treaty is disappointing: the new article 194 of the TFUE relating to energy, seems to make the choice of status quo and even seems to put back some aspects of this policy. However, the Community dynamism is functioning. And either as a part of the internal market of energy, via common regulation of markets and taking into consideration of its specific characteristics (social, security, environmental), or in the one of external aspect, by reinforcing energy relations with third States, the European energy policy turns progressively into a real common policy (Part II).

Orientador: José Bonifácio de Souza Amaral Filho / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Economia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-27T10:41:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Macedo_LuzieneDantasde_D.pdf: 5437306 bytes, checksum: fe8fc2d876d5d667391d01fdac4dc165 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015 / Resumo: Esta tese tem como objetivo explicar a presença do setor eólica na região Nordeste, em geral, e no Rio Grande do Norte, em particular, explorando as oportunidades de negócios que a atividade engendra. Para tanto, retoma o debate sobre o planejamento setorial elaborado no âmbito da Empresa de Pesquisa Energética (EPE), buscando averiguar o sentido dos estudos e pesquisas para efeito de implantação de políticas específicas no campo da inserção das novas fontes renováveis para geração de eletricidade, bem como trata de aspectos ligados à inovação tecnológica do setor eólico no mundo e no Brasil. A tese está estruturada em seis capítulos que discorrem sobre o sentido dessa atividade no país e sobre as políticas específicas e de inovação que o setor vem desenvolvendo. Por meio de um estudo teórico-empírico, envolvendo levantamento bibliográfico e de documentos oficiais, além da coleta de dados secundários, pode-se apontar os seguintes resultados: i) a capacidade instalada de geração de energia elétrica por fonte eólica, no mundo, em 2013, é liderada por China, EUA, Alemanha, Espanha e Índia. Os países em desenvolvimento vêm investindo em novas alternativas tecnológicas no campo da energia, cuja tendência para os próximos anos é sustentar taxas de crescimento significativas no setor eólico, assim como nos países desenvolvidos; ii) o Brasil, que ocupava em 2013 a 11ª posição mundial em capacidade instalada em turbinas eólicas, destaca-se no mundo no campo da energia, haja vista sua matriz elétrica ser limpa e renovável, baseada na hidroeletricidade, bem como porque pode manter sua geração de eletricidade baseada em fontes renováveis; nesse contexto, sobressai-se no processo de inserção dessas fontes para efeito de complementaridade à energia hidráulica existente dentro dos aspectos normativos que envolvem a questão ambiental, os critérios de modicidade tarifária e segurança energética; iii) no tocante à energia eólica, objeto dessa pesquisa, sua essencialidade em tempos de esgotamento progressivo das fontes hídricas vem confirmando a importância da implementação de duas políticas importantes: o PROINFA, em 2002, e a realização, desde 2009, de leilões para a contratação da energia eólica no ambiente regulado. Tudo isso, atrelado à potencialidade que o Brasil apresenta para transformar o vento em eletricidade, permite constatar a direção do investimento que o setor eólico vem imprimindo em alguns espaços do país, os quais são beneficiados com a qualidade do vento necessária à geração de energia elétrica por fonte eólica; iv) dentre esses espaços, o Nordeste apresenta-se como a melhor fronteira para geração de energia elétrica por fonte eólica do país, razão pela qual vem sendo criado um encadeamento produtivo desse setor em alguns Estados, que oferecem escala de produção e a capacidade dos governos estaduais de introduzir políticas específicas com o objetivo de atrair os fabricantes de equipamentos eólicos - casos da Bahia, Pernambuco e Ceará; v) o Rio Grande do Norte destaca-se no número de projetos eólicos em construção, outorgados e em operação, mas a cadeia produtiva de fabricantes de equipamentos não está adensada nesse espaço, em virtude de alguns gargalos que dificultam a esse Estado atrair a cadeia fornecedora de equipamentos no mesmo patamar em que recebe um número significativo de parques eólicos instalados ou em vias de se instalar. Ou seja, não basta ter vento mas, além disso, é preciso fomentar a indústria com infraestrutura de transmissão e de logística, além de incentivos financeiros adequados; caso contrário, perderá competitividade no médio e longo prazo, assim como a capacidade de transformar a criação de oportunidades que o setor propicia em desenvolvimento socioeconômico nos espaços onde estiverem sendo implantados os parques eólicos / Abstract: This thesis aims to explain the presence of the wind power industry in the Northeast region of Brazil, in general, and in the State of Rio Grande do Norte, more specifically, with the business opportunities that this activity generates. To do so, it resumes the debate on sectoral planning developed within the Empresa de Pesquisa Energética (EPE, Energy Research Agency, linked to the Ministry of Energy) seeking to find out the meaning of the studies and researches elaboration for implementation of specific policies in the field of integration of alternative energy to electricity generation, as well as the aspects related to technological innovation in the wind sector, worldwide and in Brazil. Through a theoretical and empirical study, involving specific literature and official documents, in addition to the collection of secondary data, it is possible to point out the following results: i) wind power in the world in terms of MW installed as of 2013, is dominated by China, USA, Germany, Spain and India. Developing countries have been investing in new alternative technologies in the energy field, whose trend for the coming years is to sustain significant growth rates, just like developed countries; ii) Brazil, which in 2013 was placed in the 11th position in terms of global cumulative capacity of wind turbines, occupies a special place in the world in the energy field, due to its clean and renewable hydropower-based electricity generation matrix, and also because it can keep alternative sources and, in this context, excel in the integration process of these sources for complementary effect to the existing hydropower under the normative aspects involved in environmental issues, the criteria for tariffs moderateness and in energy supply security; iii) regarding wind power - the subject of this work - its essentiality in times of gradual depletion of new water sources, has just confirmed the importance of the implementation of two important policies: the PROINFA in 2002 (a program to stimulate the generation of electricity by alternative sources), and the auctions carried out since 2009 for the contracting of wind energy to supply the "regulated environment" (retail market served by electricity distributors). These measures, and the country¿s wind potential as a natural resource to generate electricity, allows to detect the direction that the investments in the wind sector is showing in some regions of the country, which are benefited with the wind quality needed to generate electricity by its power; iv) among these, the Northeast region is presented as the best wind border of the country, reason why a productive chain has been created in states that offer production scale, scope economy and the capacity of the state government to introduce specific policies in order to attract the wind equipment manufacturers. These are the cases of the states of Bahia, Pernambuco and Ceará; v) Rio Grande do Norte state is remarkable in the number of wind projects under construction, granted and in operation, but the supply chain is not dense in that state, due to some bottlenecks that hinder this State to attract the chain of equipments suppliers in a similar degree it receives a significant number of wind farms or in setting up routes. Wind only is not enough, but it is necessary to promote this industry with infrastructure - electricity transmission and logistics-, and financial incentives; otherwise, state will loose competitiveness in the medium and long term, and the ability to transform the creation of opportunities that the sector provides in socioeconomic development in areas where wind farms are being deployed / Doutorado / Desenvolvimento Economico, Espaço e Meio Ambiente / Doutora em Desenvolvimento Econômico

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