Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-29T13:31:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Rodrigo de Oliveira Feitosa Vaz.pdf: 2224647 bytes, checksum: b67c795b4c4173a9c7d1d07d5ed4c712 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-04-06 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This thesis deals with the practices of care on harm reduction (forged in a context/field of fights) that challenges its constitution as an effective common policy for alcohol and other drugs. The Cartographic attention used as a methodology in this study, sets out to follow the daily life of care practices in harm reduction undertaken by a living center for drug users in social vulnerability in the city of São Paulo - Centro de Convivência É de Lei. The following activities were accompanied and observed in the Center: team meeting; assembly; Chá de Lírio; and video and hip hop workshops. During the activities, a team that produced ways of care was formed through participant observation and daily life conversations (in a way that all participants had a good neighborly relation). From these actions, it was possible to extract some clues for the analysis. It was also used as field analysis the notion of self care in Foucault, and we situated the emergency and the paths of health policies in regard to the use of psychoactive substances and the ways that harm reduction appears in it. Such practices, that we named as cuidar con-vivendo/con-viver cuidando (Care living together / live together care), constitute a certain precarious dimension and challenge, when harm reduction becomes a war machine, a narrow defile. We consider that such proposals of the care center are also affirmed when passing borderlines and crossroads / Esta dissertação se debruça sobre as práticas de cuidado em Redução de Danos forjadas em um contexto/campo de lutas que desafiam a sua constituição enquanto uma efetiva política do comum para álcool e outras drogas. Nosso trabalho, ao utilizarmos da atenção cartográfica como metodologia, propõe-se a acompanhar o cotidiano de práticas de cuidado em Redução de Danos empreendidas por um centro de convivência para usuários de drogas em vulnerabilidade social na cidade de São Paulo o Centro de Convivência É De Lei. Foram acompanhadas algumas das atividades do Centro: reunião da equipe, assembleia, o Chá-de- Lírio, as oficinas de vídeo e hip hop, quando pudemos, por meio de observação participante e de conversas no cotidiano, nos colocando numa relação de vizinhança com conviventes e equipe nos modos de produzir o cuidado e delas extrair nossas pistas de análise. Tomamos também como campo de análise a noção de cuidado de si em Foucault e situamos a emergência e os trajetos das políticas de saúde relativas ao uso de substâncias psicoativas e os modos como a Redução de Danos aí comparece. Tais práticas que nomeamos de um cuidar con-vivendo/con-viver cuidando, constituem-se numa certa dimensão precária e desafiadora, quando a Redução de Danos se faz máquina de guerra, desfiladeiro estreito. Consideramos ainda, que tais propostas de cuidado do Centro se afirmam também pelas encruzilhadas e fronteiras por onde passa

近十數年來，「移民」議題在歐洲國家引起相當大的注意，隨著各種不同的種族在歐洲落地生根，許多問題也紛紛浮現。各式各樣懷抱著不同目的的移民已為歐盟各國帶來了相當大的衝擊。由於本論文除了對國際移民問題作整體的探討外，並以歐洲國家移民政策與規定為例進行研究，研究探討的時空範圍乃是以第二次世界大戰之後的英國、德國移民政策為主。並將「移民」限制在來自非歐盟國家的第三國人民，而排除來自歐盟會員國國民的內部流動。 本論文首先敘述國際移民的種類、歷史與現象，次為產生國際移民的原因與國際移民帶來的影響。在本論文中是以推力和拉力來探討國際移民形成的原因。探討的層次從個人、家庭，一路延伸到社群、國家與國際層面的不同因素。至於國際移民行為所帶來的影響，則僅止於討論移入國受到的衝擊，並分就人口、經濟、社會、政治、安全等各方面來討論。 本論文的主要部份為英國與德國移民政策與規定的分析，除了兩國外來移民簡史與現況的介紹之外，主要重點為兩國現行移民法規的整理與說明。接著是針對英、德兩國移民政策與規定，從事比較研究。藉由比較兩國政策變遷與法規之異同，瞭解影響兩國移民政策與法規制訂之原因、其政策的重點與隱含的意義，進而探討歐洲共同移民政策之發展，以及英、德兩國對於歐洲共同移民政策所持的立場與與參與程度。最後並試圖預測未來兩國移民政策及歐洲共同移民政策可能之走向。 目　　錄 圖表目錄 壹 第一章 緒論 1 第一節 研究動機與研究目的 1 第二節 研究範圍與研究限制 4 第三節 研究方法與研究架構 5 第四節 文獻回顧 8 第二章 人口遷移與歐洲移民簡史 12 第一節 人口遷移 12 第二節 歐洲人口遷移簡史與現況 21 第三章 國際移民之因果 35 第一節 國際移民的產生與持續 35 第二節 移民對移入國的影響 52 第四章 二次大戰後英國移民政策與規定 63 第一節 二次大戰後英國移民情況與政策發展 64 第二節 英國移民相關規定 75 第五章 二次大戰後德國移民政策與規定 100 第一節 第二次大戰後德國移民政策發展與移民情況 101 第二節 第二次世界大戰後德國移民相關規定 117 第六章 英德移民政策與歐洲共同移民政策 147 第一節 英、德兩國移民之背景與特徵 147 第二節 英德移民政策之因果 156 第三節 歐洲共同移民政策之發展歷程 166 第七章 結論 172 參考書目 184 / For decades, immigration issues have caused extensive problems and attention in European countries. The author intends to research the international immigration phenomenon and immigration policies of European countries. The research focuses on post-war British and German immigration policies, and defined "immigrants" as non-European immigrants. In Chapter 2, this thesis starts from categories, brief history and phenomenon of international immigration, then describing factors influencing international immigration and effects brought to receiving countries by international immigration in Chapter 3. The research aspects contain individual, family, community, states and international relations. The main parts of this thesis are, in Chapter 4 and 5, introductions of British and German immigration rules and policies. Chapter 6 is a comparative study of the two countries' immigration rules and policies. Further, the author tried to explore development of European common immigration policy, then predict future inclination of British, German and European immigration policies.

Alors que la construction communautaire prend ses racines dans l'adoption par six États européens du traité portant création de la Communauté du charbon et de l'acier (CECA), il faudra attendre 2009, pour qu'une politique de l'énergie soit introduite dans le droit primaire par le traité de Lisbonne. En dépit de cette consécration tardive, l'activisme de l'Union dans le domaine de l'énergie est incontestable, bien qu'il ne soit pas appréhendé uniformément au sein de la doctrine. Une partie d'entre elle estime qu'il n'existe toujours pas de politique énergétique européenne, tandis que l'autre considère que cette politique européenne existe mais qu'elle ne mérite pas, le qualificatif de« politique commune ». Ce débat doctrinal, qui s'insère dans le cadre de la théorie juridique des politiques en droit de l'Union, renvoie à une interrogation sur la nature et la portée exacte des interventions de l'Union dans le domaine de l'énergie. En effet l'analyse des actions entreprises par l'Union dans le secteur de l'énergie, depuis le traité CECA jusqu'à l'aune des années 90, révèle une montée en puissance de ces dernières, qui se traduit par une première mutation visant à substituer aux nombreuses actions partielles une première ébauche de vision globalisée des problématiques énergétiques au sein de la Communauté et ce, alors même qu'aucune politique de l'énergie n'avait été introduite dans le TCE. Les Etats membres étaient, en effet, très réticents à reconnaître une compétence à l'Union dans ce domaine, et ce pour différentes raisons liées aux multiples dimensions, économique, sociale, environnementale et sécuritaire d'une politique énergétique ainsi qu'à leur dépendance énergétique très diversifiée. Cet embryon de politique énergétique, enserrée dans des contraintes particulièrement fortes trouvera donc son ancrage juridique dans des bases juridiques indirectes ou subsidiaires et en particulier dans celles relatives à l'établissement d'un marché intérieur (Partie I). Pourtant, l'énergie est loin d'être un « objet économique ordinaire » et la soumission de ce secteur aux seules règles du marché pourrait générer de multiples menaces, notamment pour l'accomplissement des missions de service public, les exigences environnementales ou encore la sécurité de l'approvisionnement. Il aurait donc fallu, à l'occasion de l'introduction dans les traités d'une politique de l'énergie, mieux reconnaître la spécificité de ce secteur et prévoir en la matière la mise en place d'une politique véritablement commune. Or, le droit primaire hérité du traité de Lisbonne déçoit quelque peu : le nouvel article 194 du TFUE relatif à l'énergie, parait faire le choix d'une forme de statu quo et semble même remettre en cause certains aspects de cette politique. Pourtant, la dynamique communautaire parait enclenchée. Que ce soit dans le cadre du marché intérieur de l'énergie, via la régulation commune des marchés et la prise en compte de ses spécificités (sociale, sécuritaire, environnementale) ou dans celui du volet externe, au travers le renforcement des relations énergétiques avec les Etats tiers, la politique énergétique européenne s'oriente de plus en plus vers une vraie politique commune (Partie II). / The European Union construction has its origins in adoption by six European States of the ECSC Treaty. However, it will be necessary to wait until 2009, when a policy in the field of energy was integrated in the primary law by the treaty of Lisbon. Despite this late consecration, the activism of the Union in the field of energy is evident, even if it is far from being uniformly comprehended within the doctrine. One part of them considers, that the European energy policy still does not exist, while others consider that the European policy exists but that it should not be qualified as a “common policy”. This doctrinal debate, which is inserted as a part of the legal theory of polices in the European Union law, addresses a question on the nature and precise significance of the intervention of the Union in energy field.En fact, the analysis of actions undertaken by the EU in the energy sector since the ECSC Treaty up to the beginning of the nineties, reveals an increasing power of these last, ending up as a first mutation trying to substitute a number of partial actions by a first global vision of energetic policies within the Community. This was taking place without any energy policy introduction the TEC. The Member states were in reality very reluctant to acknowledge that the EU has a competence in this domain. This was due to numerous reasons linked to multiple dimensions: economic, social, environmental, and security issues of an energy policy, as well as their energetic dependence, which was quite varying. This embryo of an energy policy, inserted in particularly strong constraints, finds therefore its legal frame in indirect or subsidiary legal bases and especially in those relating to the establishment of the internal market (Part I). However, energy is far from being an “ordinary economic good” and the submission of this sector to market rules could generate multiple threats, notably for public service missions, environmental requirements or the security of supply. It would therefore have been necessary, on the occasion of introduction in the treaties of an energy policy, to better admit the specificity of this sector and to envisage in this field the establishment of a real common policy. But the primary law inherited from Lisbon Treaty is disappointing: the new article 194 of the TFUE relating to energy, seems to make the choice of status quo and even seems to put back some aspects of this policy. However, the Community dynamism is functioning. And either as a part of the internal market of energy, via common regulation of markets and taking into consideration of its specific characteristics (social, security, environmental), or in the one of external aspect, by reinforcing energy relations with third States, the European energy policy turns progressively into a real common policy (Part II).

Research object: export sponsorship of agricultural and food products. Research subject: export subsidies and their influence on Lithuanian agricultural foreign trade. Research aim: prediction of alternative developmental trends on agricultural economy in case of export subsidies revocation of agricultural and food products since 2013. Objectives: • to analyse theoretical rules of export sponsorship policy; • to analyse Lithuanian export sponsorship policy of agricultural and food products; • to test influence of export subsidies on Lithuanian foreign trade expansion of agricultural and food products; • to predict of alternative developmental trends on agricultural economy in case of export subsidies revocation of agricultural and food products since 2013. Research methods: • in case of prospect and analyse of theoretical grounds on international trade policy also evolution of Lithuanian foreign trade policy used common scientific methods - analysis and synthesis of scientific literature and juridical/law documents; • in case of valuation of export subsidies influence on Lithuanian agricultural and food products foreign trade expansion used economical - statistical methods for data compilation and analysis; • in case of compute and systematize of statistical information used means of bunching, comparison and diagrammatical representation.