This study links rural electrification and the transition to modern energy services with poverty reduction and rural development in Ethiopia. Benefits of rural electrification in reducing poverty and accelerating rural development in low-income developing countries have been insufficiently researched. This study analyses available empirical evidence at a local level and examines how electricity access translates into productive use beyond powering radios and lighting. A survey of 336 households was conducted in Northern Ethiopia on impacts of electrification on four rural towns with varying number of years of access to electricity. Evidence at household and community levels shows that access to electricity was followed by an increase in household connectivity rate, and slow transition to modern energy services based on level of household income and number of years of a household’s connection to electricity services. The pace of transition to modern energy services was slow, and household energy poverty and dependence on biomass fuels continued in most rural towns, having little impact on improved environmental management practices. Improvement in rural livelihood, poverty reduction, and delivery of public services was highest for those with more years of access to electricity, and higher income households. The fact that impacts of RE depend on number of years of a household’s electricity connection implies gradual improvements rather than immediate benefits after connection. In the short-term, households improved their quality of life through better lighting and reduced indoor-air pollution. In the medium and longer-term, households and communities diversified their income and received improved public services such as education, health, and potable water. Further benefits were wider off-farm and non-farm employment, increased rural markets, and improved environment for rural development. Very poor households benefited least, while those better-off utilized opportunities created through rural electrification. Though necessary for development, rural electrification alone is insufficient, and requires strong government commitment and political will to invest in public services and infrastructure, and encourage private sector participation. / Graduate

京都大学 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(エネルギー科学) / 甲第23997号 / エネ博第433号 / 新制||エネ||82(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院エネルギー科学研究科エネルギー社会・環境科学専攻 / (主査)教授 石原 慶一, 教授 白井 康之, 准教授 尾形 清一 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Energy Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

Smart Prosperity (SP) brings together multi-sectoral business leaders, policy experts, unions and progressive NGO change makers to align Canada’s civil society messaging on climate change action and policy. SP has recently found national relevance thanks to considerable policy uptake by Justin Trudeau’s ruling federal Liberal party. Rooted in a neoclassical economic model of demand-management, SP positions themselves as the architects of an energy transition regime of consumer price signals. This study examines 118 of SP’s academic and policy reports from 2008 to 2018 using an institutional ethnographic approach to textual analysis to consider the ideological and ontological consequences of SP’s policy program for the tender geographies of communities in Canada. SP is found to contrive a terrain of energy possibilities that rests on administrative abstraction, economism and market fetishism, and which places the economic administrator at the heart of Canada’s social and natural relations. / Graduate

Après avoir montré l’existence d’un impact inflationniste des biocarburants de première génération sur les prix agricoles via un renforcement du lien entre les prix agricoles et du pétrole, nous soulignons l’absence d’un réel effet positif de leur expansion sur les économies émergentes et en développement. De plus, la hausse des prix agricoles a contraint certains pays importateurs de ces produits agricoles à mettre en place des politiques de protection de leurs marchés domestiques. Ces résultats prouve qu’il s’avère impératif de développer une production de biocarburants ne nécessitant pas de matières premières à visée alimentaire. Or, nous mettons en évidence la préférence de la population française pour ces biocarburants de deuxième génération, d’autant plus pour une production issue de résidus agricoles. Enfin, nous établissons – en prenant l’exemple d’un marché américain – que la mise en place de marchés dérivés des biocarburants en Europe pourrait permettre aux industriels de se protéger efficacement face à la volatilité des prix. / Having shown the existence of an inflationary impact of first-generation biofuels on agricultural prices through a stronger link between agricultural and oil prices, we highlight the lack of a real positive effect of their expansion on the emerging and developing economies. In addition, the rise in agricultural prices has required some importing countries of these agricultural products to implement policy measures to protect their domestic markets. These results prove that it is imperative to develop a production of biofuels that do not use food crops. However, we highlight the preference of the French population for these second-generation biofuels, especially for a production based on agricultural residuals. Finally, we establish – using the example of the US market of ethanol – that the establishment of biofuel derivatives markets in Europe could enable industrials to protect themselves efficiently against price volatility.

abstract: The main purpose of this dissertation is to examine the effects of migration and household capitals on agricultural and energy transitions in the setting of rapidly changing socioeconomic and environmental conditions of Chitwan, Nepal. The environmental aspects of agricultural and energy transitions are also discussed to weave the changes in the livelihoods of rural households into the discourse of sustainable development, especially in the context of underdeveloped countries. The data used for the analysis is the Chitwan Valley Family Study which has been collected since 1996 at the individual and household level with the focuses on agriculture and family. The results from first difference model and multilevel logistic regression model using discrete-time event history approach deliver a couple of important messages for the future plans for local and national development. Most of all, migration plays an important role in the livelihoods of rural households in Chitwan. It might not have a direct impact, but the findings indicate that social and financial remittances from migration interact with how a household utilizes their current capitals under a given context for the future. Particularly, available labor in a household, prior investment in agriculture, exposure to modern life style, and what other people do, all these factors moderate the association between migration and the transitions. The implications of these results on sustainable development for the future of Chitwan and Nepal in the coming years are discussed afterwards. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Sociology 2014

Principales places d’importations et de transformation des énergies d’origine fossile, les espaces portuaires concentrent des défis de mutations industrielles, de réduction des émissions de gaz à effet de serre et de diversification du bouquet énergétique. En mobilisant les cadres théoriques de l’écologie industrielle et de la complexité, ce travail de de thèse vise à à mieux comprendre et caractériser les processus d’adaptation actuels développés au sein de ces territoires. Appréhendé dans une acception large de son périmètre, le territoire portuaire se révèle être un formidable terrain d’expérimentations de nouvelles pratiques basées sur une plus grande coopération entre acteurs, à la croisée des chemins entre une économie circulaire globale et une écologie industrielle locale. Partant d’un retour d’expériences mené à l’échelle internationale de démarches d’écologie industrielle, ayant permis la mise en évidence de différents modèles territoriaux d’organisation, ce travail de recherche a ensuite comparé l’évolution socio-écologique de trois territoires portuaires européen et asiatiques. Si la dynamique de métropolisation semble apparaître comme une constante dans la plupart de ces grands espaces côtiers, celle-ci contribue aussi à la complexification de la matrice territoriale portuaire. De nouvelles approches d’ordre organisationnel viennent ainsi compléter les évolutions technologiques. Dans une troisième partie, l’étude de l’espace portuaire de Marseille-Fos a ainsi permis de mettre en lumière un phénomène d’interactions fonctionnelles opéré au sein du territoire, au profit de sa transition progressive vers une société à bas-carbone. / One of the major issues facing our industrialized societies is the energy transition, which induces major industrial and social transformations. Port and harbor areas, which are strategic places concerning import and transformation of fossil fuels, concentrate these industrial challenges, dealing with mitigation of emissions of greenhouse gases and diversification of energy mix. By mobilizing the theoretical frameworks of industrial ecology and complexity, this PhD work aims to better understand and characterize current adaptation process developed within these territories. In this work, we consider the industrial, urban and agricultural subsystems present in a port area. When doing this, the port area is proving to be a formidable field of experimentation of new practices based on greater cooperation between players at the crossroads between a global circular economy and a local industrial ecology. Starting from an international feedback which enabled the identification of different territorial organization models, this research then compared the socio-ecological evolution of three European and Asian port areas. If the dynamics of metropolisation seem to appear as a constant in most of these large coastal areas, it also contributes to the whole complexity of the port territorial matrix. Indeed, new organizational approaches now complement technological developments. In the third part, the study of the port area of Marseille-Fos has enabled to highlight a phenomenon of functional interactions operated within the territory for the benefit of its gradual transition to a low-carbon society.

La question de la transition énergétique se situe aujourd’hui en haut de l’agenda politique. L’objectif de cette thèse est de s’interroger sur l’émergence d’un nouveau modèle électrique, de déterminer quelles sont ses caractéristiques et s’il représente une alternative au modèle centralisé. En combinant trois perspectives d’analyse – institutionnelle, technologique et territoriale –, elle démontre que ce modèle centralisé a vécu. Un faisceau de changements a transformé en profondeur le système électrique dans sa matérialité et son organisation : libéralisation, production distribuée, décentralisation politique, etc. La nouvelle configuration qui s’élabore est hybride. Elle est le résultat de tensions entre d’un côté des innovations porteuses de changements sociotechniques importants et de l’autre des mécanismes de centralisation politico-administrative et de concentration technico-économique.L’État a perdu son hégémonie mais pas sa centralité, alors même que le secteur s’est diversifié (acteurs, technologies) et que l’électricité se diffuse dans toute la société (accession à la production, processus législatif, etc.). Ni la montée en compétence contrariée de l’UE, ni la libéralisation, ni l’émergence des collectivités n’ont totalement remis en cause sa capacité à se positionner au centre de la régulation du secteur. Son action est tout à la fois sélective (désengagement de l’opérationnel), intégratrice (EnR, collectivités), diffuse (financement, R&D, législation, etc.) et parfois interventionniste (actionnariat, tarification, réseaux de transport et de distribution, etc.). Dans un contexte libéral, l’État s’adapte par une réforme pragmatique de son action et par l’intégration contrôlée des alternatives. Ce « libéralisme apprivoisé » correspond à une territorialisation de la politique publique de l’énergie à l’intérieur de laquelle les collectivités s’imposent selon une logique à la fois ascendante et descendante.Celles-ci sont en train, d’une part, principalement autour des EPCI et des conseils régionaux, de s’imposer comme des partenaires obligés de l’État dans la mise en œuvre et la gestion d’une pluralité de processus et de dispositifs techniques infranationaux. D’autre part, elles souhaitent s’affirmer dans ce secteur et disposent pour cela de leviers opérationnels (concession, planification, soutien aux EnR, information, etc.). Cette appropriation reste encore aujourd’hui partielle et inégale mais représente une tendance forte qui fait du local le nouvel horizon du secteur, y compris pour l’État qui adapte son organisation administrative autour de l’échelle régionale. Un processus d’autonomisation des collectivités, de nature juridique, est donc à l’œuvre, organisé par l’État et relevant d’une libre administration énergétique qui ne peut être réduite au développement d’une capacité de production d’énergie. Les nouvelles délimitations issues de cette autonomisation aboutissent à un agencement de territoires institutionnels qui ne remettent pas fondamentalement en question l’échelle nationale et le rôle de l’État.Cette configuration hybride dépend des modalités de développement de la production soumis à des mécanismes de concentration technico-économiques propres à l’industrie de réseau électrique, à son contexte, ainsi qu’aux logiques spatiales et territoriales dépendants de paramètres infrastructurels. C’est ce que démontre le déploiement contre-intuitif de la production distribuée qui s’effectue sous une forme mixte centralisée/décentralisée, résultat de l’interaction entre des formes de contrôle et des conditions sociotechniques spécifiques (spatialisation, logiques d’échelle, concentration des acteurs, etc.).La configuration qui émerge combine des éléments de rupture/décentralisation et de continuité/centralisation. Compte tenu de l’importance des évolutions à venir – NTIC, stockage –, celle-ci ne représente cependant probablement qu’une étape d’un long cheminement vers un nouveau modèle énergétique / Energy transition finds itself high on the political agenda, with electricity occupying its own specific place. The aim of this thesis is to reflect on the emergence of a new electricity model, and to determine its features and whether it offers an alternative to the centralised model. Using three perspectives for analysis – institutional, technological and regional – this thesis demonstrate that this model has had its day. An accumulation of changes has transformed the electricity system, both materially and in relation to its organisation: liberalisation, rise of distributed generation, political decentralisation, and so on. The new configuration currently under production is the result of contradictory socio-technical pressures; these are creating a hybrid system between a general trend towards decentralisation on one side and mechanisms for political-administrative centralisation and technico-economic concentration on the other.The state has lost its monopoly but not its central position, even though the sector has diversified in terms of actors and technologies and become more open to society (access to production, legislative process, etc.). Neither the frustrated progression of EU operations, liberalisation, nor the greater presence of local authorities has thus far been able to entirely undermine the state's ability to position itself at the centre of operational control of the sector. It acts in different ways: withdrawal from operational matters, integration of renewables, finance, R&D, legislation, etc. On occasions it is also interventionist (shareholders, price structures, networks, etc.). In a liberal climate, the state is adapting by undertaking pragmatic reform of its activities and controlling the integration of socio-technical alternatives. This adaptation equates to a greater role for the regional authorities in public energy policy, as local areas continue to gain in importance. These regions and areas are currently defining themselves as indispensable partners of the state – largely on the basis of the bodies for intercommunal cooperation and the regional councils – for the management and implementation of a multitude of processes and technical measures at sub-national level. In parallel, they wish to assert their importance in the sector and can make use of their levers for operational control (planning, support for renewables, etc.) Today, they have still only appropriated the terrain partially and unevenly, but this strong trend means that local is the sector's new horizon, including for the state, which is adapting the organisation of its administration around the regions. And so a process, which is legal in nature and organised by the state is at work, whereby the administrations gain in autonomy to form an unhindered energy administration which cannot be reduced to a capacity to produce energy. The new boundary lines resulting from this growing autonomy are ultimately drawing up institutional territories which pose no challenge to the national scale or the role of the state.This hybrid character arises from technico-economic concentration mechanisms which are specific to the electricity network industry and its context and from rationales concerning space and territories which are connected to infrastructural factors. They result in particular from the counterintuitive deployment of distributed generation carried out in a mixed centralised/decentralised manner, highlighting the interaction between forms of control and socio-technical conditions (spatialisation conditions, concentration of actors, etc).With regard to regulation, the configuration currently emerging presents a balance between shortage/decentralisation and continuity/centralisation. Account taken of developments to come in the areas of storage and new information and communication technologies, it is nevertheless probable that this configuration will only be a long progression towards a new energy model

Growing populations are contributing to resource scarcity, making it ever more important for governments to address resource challenges in a holistic and integrated manner. Energy, water and food are examples of these critical resources, and the province of Alberta in Canada faces an interesting opportunity to tackle all three in tandem. Alberta struggles with food insecurity, with one in ten households affected on an annual basis. The province has the additional issue of an abating fossil fuel-based energy sector. Retrofitting oil and gas wells to harness geothermal heat is a possible initiative that encourages an energy transition and boasts lesser environmental impacts. Further, combining geothermal heat with agricultural greenhouse production and thermally driven water filtration systems has the potential to reduce food insecurity and water scarcity in the province. The system thus handles all three food, energy and water security at once. As such, this report compares the overall sustainability of a conventional, natural gas-burning greenhouse against a novel, geothermally-heated greenhouse featuring thermally driven water filtration (membrane distillation) technology. The area of study is constrained to the greenhouse-rich region in Alberta between Edmonton and Red Deer that also has a high accessibility to geothermal heat. The comparison is conducted through a multi-criteria analysis following economic, social and environmental objectives, and is analyzed using quantitative data, scientific literature and surveys. The results indicate that the novel greenhouse exhibits a higher score as compared to the conventional greenhouse, implying that it is the preferred option on economic, social and environmental bases. The results are in keeping with economic and technical feasibility reports, though they shed new light on the social and environmental aspects – which were under-studied in the province. The geothermally-heated greenhouse system with membrane distillation acts as a holistic solution that targets energy, water and food issues in tandem, while contributing to Canada’s Sustainable Development Goals. The novel greenhouse is an avenue of exploration and development by policy-makers, greenhouse operators and researchers interested in attaining sustainable agriculture in Alberta, Canada.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(地球環境学) / 甲第22137号 / 地環博第193号 / 新制||地環||38(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院地球環境学舎地球環境学専攻 / (主査)准教授 森 晶寿, 教授 諸富 徹, 教授 宇佐美 誠 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Global Environmental Studies / Kyoto University / DFAM

京都大学 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(エネルギー科学) / 甲第23534号 / エネ博第425号 / 新制||エネ||81(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院エネルギー科学研究科エネルギー社会・環境科学専攻 / (主査)准教授 MCLELLAN Benjamin, 教授 石原 慶一, 教授 下田 宏 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Energy Science / Kyoto University / DFAM