Despite the destructive and limited nature of fossil fuels, most human-made systems are dependent on the use of oil, gas and coal. Especially agriculture relies on diesel machinery, fertilizer, transport, and cooling systems that are commonly powered by non-renewable energy sources. This independent project in design specifically focuses on the dependency on fossil fuels within agriculture. With the investigation “Vägen mot fossiloberoende jordbruk” (Utredningen om fossiloberoende jordbruk, 2021), or “Pathway to fossil independent agriculture”, Sweden is aspiring to make farming fossil-free by 2030. Consequently, a lot of responsibility to invest in new technologies and alternative energies lies on farmers. In collaboration with Länsstyrelsen Kronoberg, the author explores how farmers can be supported to transition towards renewable energies, focusing on the Swedish region Kronoberg. Through participatory design and design research, notions of fossil fuel (in)dependency are being explored in collaborative ways. Here, the farmers become the ‘experts of their experience’ (Sanders & Stappers, 2012). This independent design project examines ways to transition towards fossil fuel independent agriculture in Sweden, existing challenges and potential solutions. To communicate the complex network of energy and agriculture in Kronoberg to Länsstyrelsen, the author designed an Actor-Network-Model, which highlights the necessity of systems thinking and collaboration.

Transitioning towards renewable energy sources is crucial in mitigating climate change and reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Global energy consumption is expected to increase 50 % by 2050, meaning one of today’s main challenges is complying with those demands without tampering with the uncertainties of global climate change. To address climate change renewable energy sources are essential and wind power plays a great role in the energy matrix. Brazil is one of the front runners in the energy transition, where wind power has expanded since the early 2000’s. The state of Bahia, in Northeastern Brazil, is currently the region where wind energy is expanding the most. However, conflicts related to territoriality and justice aspects are increasing in the state due to the fast-expanding wind energy sector. This study applies document and content analysis to explore the multiple narratives regarding the wind energy expansion in the state of Bahia, Brazil. Framing theory and theories addressing power struggles and conflicts in relation to the energy transition will guide the analysis of the 27 documents included in the material.  Based on the analysis of the Bahian case, this study shows that different actors frame the matter of wind energy expansion differently depending on their positionings. Civil society and local perspectives are not present in policies and decision-making processes, including the planning and installation of wind energy parks in the studied case. The results suggest that inclusion and participation of local actors, stakeholders and the civil society is essential to ensure a just and sustainable transition to clean energy sources.

By 2050, the Netherlands wants to reduce its use of natural gas for heating to zero. Currently, over 90%of houses are dependent on the fossil resource to warm their houses. As such, the phase-out of natural gas hasbecome an important policy project. The government delegated the formulation of the phase-out strategy andexecution to the 347 municipalities. This thesis examines how one municipality, Leiden, has formulated andimplemented this strategy. In doing so, the thesis addresses two matters in the literature on energy transitionswhich have received little attention: heating and deliberate decline. Traditionally, the focus within this field hasbeen on electricity and innovation. This thesis aims to find out to what extent the Transition Management (TM)framework by Derk Loorbach (2010) can be applied as a guide to a phase-out policy formulation process of theWarmtevisie of the Dutch municipality of Leiden. The thesis uses the process tracing methodology to combinedata generated from document analysis and two interviews with policy makers involved in the policy formulationprocess. By comparing the process followed in Leiden with the analytical framework of TM, the thesis shows thatthe TM framework could be used to guide to the phase-out policy formulation process to a large extent. However,the case study also shows that knowledge and expertise must increase substantially for a sound strategy to emerge.Additionally, it shows that even within phase-out strategies the focus remains on innovation practises.

The importance of increasing renewable energy production to facilitate a sustainable energy transition has been well-discussed and reinforced worldwide. In land- and resource-scarce and tropical Singapore, solar has been deemed the most feasible renewable energy technology for the country moving forward. Previous studies have focused on assessing the feasibility of various solar technologies. This paper instead analyses the rooftop solar power production potential of existing high-rise residential buildings in Singapore, and thus contributes to reaching the national solar goal using geographic information system geospatial imagery.  For this study, the chosen focus area is the south of Jurong East in Singapore. Results show that solar deployment on all available public high-rise residential building rooftop areas in the focus area will be able to generate a total potential solar peak power and annual solar energy output of 2-megawatt peak and 2.8-gigawatt hour per year respectively. This equates to meeting the energy demand of 679 public residential apartments in the focus area and meeting 0.18% of the national solar goal of reaching 1.5- gigawatt peak by 2025. In an urban context, the use of geospatial analysis has been presented to benefit urban planning especially with regards to the integration of rooftop solar photovoltaic systems.

The aim of this thesis is to objectify the discussion regarding the availability of technologies related to the German energy transition. This work describes the state of development of relevant technologies on the basis of Technology Readiness Levels. Further, it points out development potentials and limits as well as the necessary power capacities needed for a certain energy system design that is mainly based on electricity. Thus, the scope is set to renewable energy sources suited to provide electricity in Germany, technologies that convert primary electricity for other energy sectors (heating and mobility) and storage technologies. Additionally, non-conventional technologies for electricity supply and grid technologies are examined. The underlying Technology Readiness Assessment is a method used to determine the maturity of these systems or their essential components. The major criteria for assessment are scale, system fidelity and environment. In order to estimate the relevant magnitudes for certain energy technologies regarding power and storage capacities, a comprehensible simulation model is drafted and implemented. It allows the calculation of a renewable, volatile power supply based on historic data and the display of load and storage characteristics. As a result, the Technology Readiness Level of the different systems examined varies widely. For every step in the direct or indirect usage of renewable intermittent energy sources technologies on megawatt scale are commercially available. The necessary scale for the energy storage capacity is in terawatt hours. Based on the examined storage technologies, only chemical storages potentially provide this magnitude. Further, the required total power capacities for complementary conversion technologies lay in the two-digit gigawatt range.:Abstract 2 Contents 3 1. Introduction 7 2. General remarks on the current state of the German energy system 12 3. Method of Technology Readiness Assessment 16 3.1. Fundamentals of the method 16 3.2. Drawbacks of TRA 19 3.3. Extended Readiness Levels 20 3.4. Conducting the Technology Readiness Assessment 21 3.5. Expert interviews 23 3.6. References 24 4. Preliminary remarks on the TRL assessment 25 4.1. Mission and environment 25 4.2. Simplifications and neglected aspects 26 4.3. References 26 5. Wind power 27 5.1. Technology description 27 5.2. Estimation of potential 32 5.3. Representation of the achieved state of expansion 37 5.4. TRL assessment 39 5.5. References 40 6. Solar energy 44 6.1. Technology description 44 6.2. Solar thermal energy 44 6.3. Photovoltaic technologies 45 6.4. Estimation of potential 48 6.5. Representation of the achieved state of expansion 52 6.6. TRL assessment 53 6.7. References 54 7. Geothermal energy 56 7.1. Technology description 56 7.2. Estimation of potential 59 7.3. Description of the current level of expansion 62 7.4. TRL assessment 63 7.5. References 64 8. Hydropower 66 8.1. Technology description 66 8.2. Estimation of potential 68 8.3. Description of the current level of development 70 8.4. TRL assessment 71 8.5. References 72 9. Biomass 73 9.1. Technology description 73 9.2. Estimation of potential 75 9.3. Representation of the achieved state of expansion 79 9.4. TRL assessment 81 9.5. References 82 10. Transmission and distribution grids 84 10.1. Technology description 84 10.2. Estimation of potential 90 10.3. Representation of the achieved state of expansion 94 10.4. TRL assessment 95 10.5. References 96 11. Power-to-heat 100 11.1. Technology description 100 11.2. Estimation of potential 104 11.3. Representation of the achieved state of expansion 107 11.4. TRL assessment 108 11.5. References 109 12. Power-to-cold 111 12.1. Technology description 111 12.2. Estimation of potential 114 12.3. Representation of the achieved state of expansion 117 12.4. TRL assessment 118 12.5. References 120 13. Power-to-chemicals 122 13.1. Technology description 122 13.2. Estimation of potential 134 13.3. Representation of the achieved state of expansion 137 13.4. TRL assessment 138 13.5. Manufacturer overview for electrolysis systems 140 13.6. References 142 14. Mechanical storage 146 14.1. Technology description 146 14.2. Estimation of potential 148 14.3. Representation of the achieved state of expansion 155 14.4. TRL assessment 155 14.5. References 158 15. Thermal storage 160 15.1. Technology description 160 15.2. Estimation of potential 164 15.3. Representation of the achieved state of expansion 169 15.4. TRL assessment 170 15.5. References 172 16. Chemical storage systems 175 16.1. Technology description 175 16.2. Estimation of potential 180 16.3. Representation of the achieved state of expansion 185 16.4. TRL assessment 186 16.5. References 188 17. Electro-chemical storage systems 191 17.1. Technology description 191 17.2. Estimation of potential 198 17.3. Representation of the achieved state of expansion 202 17.4. TRL assessment 202 17.5. References 204 18. Gas engines/gas turbines for hydrogen combustion 207 18.1. Technology description 207 18.2. Estimation of potential 208 18.3. Representation of the achieved state of expansion 211 18.4. TRL assessment 211 18.5. References 213 19. Chemicals-to-Power – Fuel cells 214 19.1. Technology description 214 19.2. Estimation of potential 218 19.3. Representation of the achieved state of expansion 221 19.4. TRL assessment 223 19.5. References 225 20. Interim conclusion for TRA 227 21. Evaluation of system integration 230 21.1. Modelling approach 230 21.2. Scenarios for a renewable energy supply 238 21.3. Results of the simulation 238 21.4. Consequences 244 21.5. References 245 22. Summary and Outlook 247 23. Abbreviations and symbols 249 24. Indices 254 25. List of Figures 255 26. List of Tables 258 27. Appendix 260 27.1. DOE TRL definition and description 260 27.2. Visualized summary of TRLs 262

Dieser Konferenzband stellt alle schriftlich eingereichten Beiträge zum 3. Freiberger Kolloquium Elektrische Antriebstechnik zusammen. Thematische Schwerpunkte waren 2021: Modellierung und Simulation von elektrischen Maschinen und Antrieben, Auslegung und Fertigung neuer Motorenkonzepte, Thermische Untersuchungen an elektrischen Maschinen, Regelung elektrischer Maschinen, Ladetechnologien für Elektrofahrzeuge, Theoretische Elektrodynamik von Traktionsantrieben

Le parc électrique français, caractérisé par une part élevée d’électricité nucléaire, est à l’aube d’une période de transition qui s’étendra au-delà de 2050. Cette transition est caractérisée par une augmentation de la part de l’éolien et du solaire et, en parallèle, une réduction de la part du nucléaire dans le mix électrique, laquelle devrait rester toutefois significative. L’intégration de l’éolien et du solaire dans un mix nécessite de mobiliser des moyens de flexibilité supplémentaires pour maintenir le niveau de fiabilité objectif du système, tant dans le court terme que dans le long terme. L’ensemble des leviers du côté de l’offre et de la demande électrique devra être mis en oeuvre pour répondre à ces nouveaux besoins de flexibilité. Le parc nucléaire aura son rôle à jouer.Dans ce contexte, comment la France peut-elle adapter son parc électrique vers plus de flexibilité, tout en conservant un mix bas carbone et en maîtrisant les coûts associés ? L’objectif de la thèse est d’apporter des éclairages à cette question, par l’intermédiaire d’analyses technico-économiques.Les interactions entre énergie nucléaire et énergies renouvelables variables sont analysées grâce à deux approches complémentaires : l’une, essentiellement technique, confronte les sollicitations futures du parc nucléaire à ses possibilités théoriques ; l’autre, technico-économique, évalue le coût pour le système électrique de voir assurée une partie de la flexibilité par le nucléaire et examine des leviers pour réduire ce coût et rendre compétitif un parc nucléaire fonctionnant en mode flexible. Ces deux approches sont basées sur la construction de scénarios aux horizons 2030 et 2050.Nous montrons que les sollicitations en suivi de charge du parc nucléaire croîtront fortement avec l’augmentation de l’éolien et du solaire. Même si le parc possède des marges de manoeuvre pour réaliser plus d’opérations de suivi de charge, celles demandées au parc nucléaire en présence de solaire et d’éolien à des taux supérieurs à 30% de la demande électrique paraissent difficilement soutenables techniquement par lui seul. Du point de vue de la gestion opérationnelle du parc nucléaire, nous remarquons qu’il est souhaitable de favoriser le développement de l’éolien par rapport à celui du solaire, puisque c’est ce dernier qui induit les sollicitations extrêmes en puissance.Le coût de production du nucléaire pourrait augmenter significativement avec la réduction de l’utilisation du parc. Il apparaît alors essentiel de promouvoir un remplacement progressif du parc pour réduire l’impact économique d’une participation à la flexibilité dans la période de transition. Dans le cas de nouveaux investissements nucléaires, une augmentation du prix de la tonne de CO2 pourrait rendre le back-up nucléaire compétitif face aux centrales à gaz à cycle combiné. Par ailleurs, anticiper le développement de nouveaux débouchés devient crucial pour éclairer les choix d’investissements électriques bas-carbone.Pour contourner la difficulté posée par la réduction du taux d’utilisation du nucléaire, nous examinons la flexibilité du nucléaire comme un levier d’offre de service énergétique plus vaste, tout en contribuant à la fiabilité du système électrique. La production d’hydrogène permet des synergies entre renouvelables et nucléaire pour valoriser ses surplus de production. Cette solution paraît intéressante dès 2030 si les capacités du parc nucléaire sont conservées et que l’opérateur choisit une stratégie économique adaptée pour s’ouvrir à de nouveaux débouchés. Le développement des exportations ou des usages de la chaleur sont aussi des options envisageables pour l’utilisation des surplus.Au global, nous recommandons, afin d’encourager les synergies possibles entre énergies bas-carbone, d’appréhender la part du nucléaire en France dans une dynamique adaptée à la pénétration des renouvelables, et au déploiement des marchés des coproduits nucléaires, dont l’hydrogène. / The French power system is transitioning towards a more diversified low carbon mix. The power mix is characterised by a high nuclear share which is to remain significant and the target to increase variable renewables (wind and solar) by 2050. When introduced massively, wind and solar trigger new needs for back-up power, both in the short and long term, to answer the flexibility required in order to maintain the reliability target level of the power system. All flexibility options should be complementarily developed, given their characteristics, and nuclear will have a role to play in this context.How could the French power mix be adapted towards more flexibility while maintaining a low-carbon level and mastering associated costs? The purpose of this PhD thesis is to shed light on this issue thanks to a techno-economic analysisAt first, interactions between nuclear and variable renewables are analysed thanks to two complementary approaches. On the one hand, a technical perspective is adopted by confronting prospective nuclear load-following requirements to the fleet theoretical capabilities. On the other hand, thanks to a techno-economic approach, we evaluate the additional cost of ensuring part of the flexibility requirements with the nuclear fleet and examine options to reduce this cost to make nuclear back-up competitive. These two approaches are based on the construction of realistic scenarios by 2030 and 2050.The French nuclear fleet will be asked for a strong increase of the load following operations with growing wind and solar shares. Even if the nuclear fleet can enable higher power ramps and amplitude variations, when wind and solar account for more than 30% in the total demand, compensating for the power variations induced would require complementary means. From a fleet management perspective, it would be beneficial to favour wind compared to solar in the power mix. The latter induces extreme power ramps and amplitudes for the nuclear fleet.The nuclear production cost could be significantly increased with the decrease of the nuclear utilisation rate. In the transition phase, it would be of great importance to promote a progressive replacement of the nuclear fleet to compensate for the production cost increase. In the case of new nuclear investments, a carbon price increase could make nuclear back-up able to compete with combined-cycle gas turbine plants as the alternative back-up option. Anticipating the development of new outlets becomes crucial to guide future investments in low-carbon power plants.To bypass the issue of the nuclear utilisation rate reduction, it would be worth considering taking advantage of the available excess energy to produce valuable products while providing flexibility services to the grid. Hydrogen production, as a flexible power demand, could enhance synergies between nuclear and variable renewables through new markets to valorise the excess nuclear energy. When wind and solar shares increase, along with the hydrogen market expected growth driven by mobility uses, opportunities are created for the nuclear operator. If the French nuclear capacities are maintained and if an adapted business model is developed, nuclear-hydrogen coproduction could answer the hydrogen demand by 2030. Other options could be considered to find outlets to the excess power such as the development of power exportations or the coproduction of heat and electricity.Overall, in order to foster synergies between low-carbon power plants, the change of the nuclear share in the French power mix should be apprehended through dynamics adapted to the penetration of renewables as well as to the deployment of hydrogen markets, and new markets in general.

With a high reliance on fossil fuels, the need to transition the transportation sector to clean energy is great. Traditional public transportation has been used to reduce congestion and emissions in urban spaces but faces implementation challenges in rural areas from settlements being spread out with low density populations. This study used a survey to look at different groups living in one rural community on Gotland, Stenkyrka, to identify how their needs differ depending on belonging to these groups, to answer the research question: What are the public transportation needs of different groups within Stenkyrka?   The survey received 50 responses, enabling the respondents to be grouped into those who have children, those who do not have children, and by age group, 25-30, 21-40, 41-50, 51-65, and over 65. The results show that people aged 31-40 are most likely to have younger children and appear to need more flexibility and frequent trips in a public transportation system, while people aged 41-50 are more likely to have older children and seem to need shorter trips along with convenience and flexibility. People over 65 value travel time and need flexibility but, while they are more likely to use public transportation than other groups, are not very likely to be drawn to or use more flexible public transportation options such as taxis or dial-a-ride services. Based on these results, it can be said that different groups in Stenkyrka have different needs and look for different solutions in public transportation. Suggestions for how to create a successful public transportation system in Stenkyrka was discussed to provide examples for how resident needs can affect the design of a transit system. In this case, a demand responsive transportation system that uses a variety of transportation options and goes to the places most often used by residents in the community is important to help ensure that all resident’s needs are met.

Climate change represents a critical threat to electrical infrastructure. With reliance on electricity expected to increase in Sweden due to the transition from fossil fuel based energy to greener energy sources, it is important that the reliability of the electrical grid be upheld. This thesis studies the potential climate affected effects of extreme precipitation, annual average temperature change, water pooling after 100/500-year rains, and sea level rise. The RCP scenarios used for extreme precipitation and temperature change are RCP 4.5 and RCP 8.5. These climate effects will be studied in this thesis to understand and determine the extent of the climate effects on the electrical grid of Gotland and Klintehamn. The possible issues on infrastructure that can be exacerbated by these climate effects will be presented. This thesis will use spatial analysis to find results using GIS as a tool. GIS will be used to compare the various climate effects over the electrical grid data. Data was received from various sources, extreme precipitation and temperature change were sourced from SMHI, water pooling, and sea level rise were sourced with permission from Region Gotland. The electrical grid data for both Gotland and Klintehamn was received from GEAB, this data is considered nationally sensitive information therefore the location of this data is not shown. The results generally show that climate change, no matter the scenario presents a threat to the infrastructure. Although it should be noted as well that the scenario will impact the severity of the effects. RCP 8.5 will likely have more of an effect for both extreme precipitation and temperature than RCP 4.5. Water pooling is expected to have a greater effect on the <20kV lines than on the 70kV infrastructure. Finally, sea level rise is expected to have a much greater effect from 2-meter sea level rise over the 1-meter sea level rise. The overarching theme found is that climate change will have impacts over the electrical grid.

Waste-to-Energy incineration (WtE), coupled with Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS), especially Bioenergy with Carbon Capture and Storage (BECCS), suggest a way to simultaneously retrieve energy from the otherwise disposed waste and reduce CO2 emissions. Independent of one another, WtE, CCS, and BECCS are implemented in a few regions of the world, but their joint diffusion is uncommon in comparison. Regardless of how the future of their combined implementation unfolds, social acceptance is almost certainly expected to play a role in their diffusion. This thesis categorically identified overlaps and contrasts between factors that have been subjects of investigation in public acceptance research on WtE and CCS/BECCS’s social acceptance using Huijts et al’s (2012) energy technology acceptance framework. To allocate peer-reviewed international literature from the two fields for analysis, a systematic literature review was conducted. The results revealed that WtE and CCS/BECCS studies most commonly measured the public’s wide array of emotional experiences regarding the respective technologies and addressed their knowledge and experience with the technologies to the smallest degree. Energy technology projects are bound to attract emotionally charged responses, thus the commonality to address affect makes probing for emotional responses possible. Whereas knowledge can be difficult to measure due to its subjectivity. Factors that were commonly measured in one field but not in the other included public perceptions of fairness, trust, and climate change. The findings provided a comprehensive overview of factors to take into consideration when collecting public opinions on a WtE incineration facility that is coupled with CCS technology.