Le parc électrique français, caractérisé par une part élevée d’électricité nucléaire, est à l’aube d’une période de transition qui s’étendra au-delà de 2050. Cette transition est caractérisée par une augmentation de la part de l’éolien et du solaire et, en parallèle, une réduction de la part du nucléaire dans le mix électrique, laquelle devrait rester toutefois significative. L’intégration de l’éolien et du solaire dans un mix nécessite de mobiliser des moyens de flexibilité supplémentaires pour maintenir le niveau de fiabilité objectif du système, tant dans le court terme que dans le long terme. L’ensemble des leviers du côté de l’offre et de la demande électrique devra être mis en oeuvre pour répondre à ces nouveaux besoins de flexibilité. Le parc nucléaire aura son rôle à jouer.Dans ce contexte, comment la France peut-elle adapter son parc électrique vers plus de flexibilité, tout en conservant un mix bas carbone et en maîtrisant les coûts associés ? L’objectif de la thèse est d’apporter des éclairages à cette question, par l’intermédiaire d’analyses technico-économiques.Les interactions entre énergie nucléaire et énergies renouvelables variables sont analysées grâce à deux approches complémentaires : l’une, essentiellement technique, confronte les sollicitations futures du parc nucléaire à ses possibilités théoriques ; l’autre, technico-économique, évalue le coût pour le système électrique de voir assurée une partie de la flexibilité par le nucléaire et examine des leviers pour réduire ce coût et rendre compétitif un parc nucléaire fonctionnant en mode flexible. Ces deux approches sont basées sur la construction de scénarios aux horizons 2030 et 2050.Nous montrons que les sollicitations en suivi de charge du parc nucléaire croîtront fortement avec l’augmentation de l’éolien et du solaire. Même si le parc possède des marges de manoeuvre pour réaliser plus d’opérations de suivi de charge, celles demandées au parc nucléaire en présence de solaire et d’éolien à des taux supérieurs à 30% de la demande électrique paraissent difficilement soutenables techniquement par lui seul. Du point de vue de la gestion opérationnelle du parc nucléaire, nous remarquons qu’il est souhaitable de favoriser le développement de l’éolien par rapport à celui du solaire, puisque c’est ce dernier qui induit les sollicitations extrêmes en puissance.Le coût de production du nucléaire pourrait augmenter significativement avec la réduction de l’utilisation du parc. Il apparaît alors essentiel de promouvoir un remplacement progressif du parc pour réduire l’impact économique d’une participation à la flexibilité dans la période de transition. Dans le cas de nouveaux investissements nucléaires, une augmentation du prix de la tonne de CO2 pourrait rendre le back-up nucléaire compétitif face aux centrales à gaz à cycle combiné. Par ailleurs, anticiper le développement de nouveaux débouchés devient crucial pour éclairer les choix d’investissements électriques bas-carbone.Pour contourner la difficulté posée par la réduction du taux d’utilisation du nucléaire, nous examinons la flexibilité du nucléaire comme un levier d’offre de service énergétique plus vaste, tout en contribuant à la fiabilité du système électrique. La production d’hydrogène permet des synergies entre renouvelables et nucléaire pour valoriser ses surplus de production. Cette solution paraît intéressante dès 2030 si les capacités du parc nucléaire sont conservées et que l’opérateur choisit une stratégie économique adaptée pour s’ouvrir à de nouveaux débouchés. Le développement des exportations ou des usages de la chaleur sont aussi des options envisageables pour l’utilisation des surplus.Au global, nous recommandons, afin d’encourager les synergies possibles entre énergies bas-carbone, d’appréhender la part du nucléaire en France dans une dynamique adaptée à la pénétration des renouvelables, et au déploiement des marchés des coproduits nucléaires, dont l’hydrogène. / The French power system is transitioning towards a more diversified low carbon mix. The power mix is characterised by a high nuclear share which is to remain significant and the target to increase variable renewables (wind and solar) by 2050. When introduced massively, wind and solar trigger new needs for back-up power, both in the short and long term, to answer the flexibility required in order to maintain the reliability target level of the power system. All flexibility options should be complementarily developed, given their characteristics, and nuclear will have a role to play in this context.How could the French power mix be adapted towards more flexibility while maintaining a low-carbon level and mastering associated costs? The purpose of this PhD thesis is to shed light on this issue thanks to a techno-economic analysisAt first, interactions between nuclear and variable renewables are analysed thanks to two complementary approaches. On the one hand, a technical perspective is adopted by confronting prospective nuclear load-following requirements to the fleet theoretical capabilities. On the other hand, thanks to a techno-economic approach, we evaluate the additional cost of ensuring part of the flexibility requirements with the nuclear fleet and examine options to reduce this cost to make nuclear back-up competitive. These two approaches are based on the construction of realistic scenarios by 2030 and 2050.The French nuclear fleet will be asked for a strong increase of the load following operations with growing wind and solar shares. Even if the nuclear fleet can enable higher power ramps and amplitude variations, when wind and solar account for more than 30% in the total demand, compensating for the power variations induced would require complementary means. From a fleet management perspective, it would be beneficial to favour wind compared to solar in the power mix. The latter induces extreme power ramps and amplitudes for the nuclear fleet.The nuclear production cost could be significantly increased with the decrease of the nuclear utilisation rate. In the transition phase, it would be of great importance to promote a progressive replacement of the nuclear fleet to compensate for the production cost increase. In the case of new nuclear investments, a carbon price increase could make nuclear back-up able to compete with combined-cycle gas turbine plants as the alternative back-up option. Anticipating the development of new outlets becomes crucial to guide future investments in low-carbon power plants.To bypass the issue of the nuclear utilisation rate reduction, it would be worth considering taking advantage of the available excess energy to produce valuable products while providing flexibility services to the grid. Hydrogen production, as a flexible power demand, could enhance synergies between nuclear and variable renewables through new markets to valorise the excess nuclear energy. When wind and solar shares increase, along with the hydrogen market expected growth driven by mobility uses, opportunities are created for the nuclear operator. If the French nuclear capacities are maintained and if an adapted business model is developed, nuclear-hydrogen coproduction could answer the hydrogen demand by 2030. Other options could be considered to find outlets to the excess power such as the development of power exportations or the coproduction of heat and electricity.Overall, in order to foster synergies between low-carbon power plants, the change of the nuclear share in the French power mix should be apprehended through dynamics adapted to the penetration of renewables as well as to the deployment of hydrogen markets, and new markets in general.

With a high reliance on fossil fuels, the need to transition the transportation sector to clean energy is great. Traditional public transportation has been used to reduce congestion and emissions in urban spaces but faces implementation challenges in rural areas from settlements being spread out with low density populations. This study used a survey to look at different groups living in one rural community on Gotland, Stenkyrka, to identify how their needs differ depending on belonging to these groups, to answer the research question: What are the public transportation needs of different groups within Stenkyrka?   The survey received 50 responses, enabling the respondents to be grouped into those who have children, those who do not have children, and by age group, 25-30, 21-40, 41-50, 51-65, and over 65. The results show that people aged 31-40 are most likely to have younger children and appear to need more flexibility and frequent trips in a public transportation system, while people aged 41-50 are more likely to have older children and seem to need shorter trips along with convenience and flexibility. People over 65 value travel time and need flexibility but, while they are more likely to use public transportation than other groups, are not very likely to be drawn to or use more flexible public transportation options such as taxis or dial-a-ride services. Based on these results, it can be said that different groups in Stenkyrka have different needs and look for different solutions in public transportation. Suggestions for how to create a successful public transportation system in Stenkyrka was discussed to provide examples for how resident needs can affect the design of a transit system. In this case, a demand responsive transportation system that uses a variety of transportation options and goes to the places most often used by residents in the community is important to help ensure that all resident’s needs are met.

Climate change represents a critical threat to electrical infrastructure. With reliance on electricity expected to increase in Sweden due to the transition from fossil fuel based energy to greener energy sources, it is important that the reliability of the electrical grid be upheld. This thesis studies the potential climate affected effects of extreme precipitation, annual average temperature change, water pooling after 100/500-year rains, and sea level rise. The RCP scenarios used for extreme precipitation and temperature change are RCP 4.5 and RCP 8.5. These climate effects will be studied in this thesis to understand and determine the extent of the climate effects on the electrical grid of Gotland and Klintehamn. The possible issues on infrastructure that can be exacerbated by these climate effects will be presented. This thesis will use spatial analysis to find results using GIS as a tool. GIS will be used to compare the various climate effects over the electrical grid data. Data was received from various sources, extreme precipitation and temperature change were sourced from SMHI, water pooling, and sea level rise were sourced with permission from Region Gotland. The electrical grid data for both Gotland and Klintehamn was received from GEAB, this data is considered nationally sensitive information therefore the location of this data is not shown. The results generally show that climate change, no matter the scenario presents a threat to the infrastructure. Although it should be noted as well that the scenario will impact the severity of the effects. RCP 8.5 will likely have more of an effect for both extreme precipitation and temperature than RCP 4.5. Water pooling is expected to have a greater effect on the <20kV lines than on the 70kV infrastructure. Finally, sea level rise is expected to have a much greater effect from 2-meter sea level rise over the 1-meter sea level rise. The overarching theme found is that climate change will have impacts over the electrical grid.

Waste-to-Energy incineration (WtE), coupled with Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS), especially Bioenergy with Carbon Capture and Storage (BECCS), suggest a way to simultaneously retrieve energy from the otherwise disposed waste and reduce CO2 emissions. Independent of one another, WtE, CCS, and BECCS are implemented in a few regions of the world, but their joint diffusion is uncommon in comparison. Regardless of how the future of their combined implementation unfolds, social acceptance is almost certainly expected to play a role in their diffusion. This thesis categorically identified overlaps and contrasts between factors that have been subjects of investigation in public acceptance research on WtE and CCS/BECCS’s social acceptance using Huijts et al’s (2012) energy technology acceptance framework. To allocate peer-reviewed international literature from the two fields for analysis, a systematic literature review was conducted. The results revealed that WtE and CCS/BECCS studies most commonly measured the public’s wide array of emotional experiences regarding the respective technologies and addressed their knowledge and experience with the technologies to the smallest degree. Energy technology projects are bound to attract emotionally charged responses, thus the commonality to address affect makes probing for emotional responses possible. Whereas knowledge can be difficult to measure due to its subjectivity. Factors that were commonly measured in one field but not in the other included public perceptions of fairness, trust, and climate change. The findings provided a comprehensive overview of factors to take into consideration when collecting public opinions on a WtE incineration facility that is coupled with CCS technology.

In order to reach the global set sustainability goals, it is of the utmost importance that we phase out fossil fuels and reduce our total emissions. We also need to ensure that we minimize and make our energy use more efficient. In 2020, Sweden's construction and property sector accounted for approximately 34% of Sweden's total final energy use. As an answer to this problem, a new energy business model has emerged in recent years, called Energy-as-a-Service (EaaS). The basic idea is to service energy supply and offer an overall solution rather than a product. The customer offer also includes installation of the energy plant, maintenance, operation, etc. Customers only pay a monthly fee and the energy companies provide full responsibility for sustainable energy production. The purpose of this work is to investigate whether Energy-as-a-Service as a business model can function as a driving force to reach a more sustainable energy supply within the Swedish real estate sector. In addition, which factors are missing for this business model to reach its full potential are examined. For this study, three different methods are implemented to answer the research question. A systematic literature study, an interview study with the company Greenergy and a survey study with the companies Vattenfall, Sweco and Recap Energy. The results show that there is a certain potential for the Energy-as-a-Service business model to influence and drive the green transition forward. Above all, it is the business model's ability to enable customers to change to a more sustainable energy supply that is the contributing factor. On the other hand, there is some limitation for the EaaS business model to influence the transition completely on its own. Some of the obstacles for EaaS at the moment are partly the lack of knowledge about the business model among the customers. A functioning digital infrastructure is also missing to implement more advanced technology in the business model. Technology like AI will be a necessary factor in the future to improve this business model and for it to reach its full potential. In order for the business model to spread more widely in society, a change in perspective is required when it comes to society's view of the energy issue, a more decentralized approach with smaller local energy production units is necessary. In addition, a restructuring of current incentives regarding green energy investments is needed. These also need to include the procurement of services, such as EaaS, to reach a greater spread. / För att nå de globala uppsatta hållbarhetsmålen är det av största vikt att vi fasar ut fossila bränslen och minskar våra totala utsläpp. Vi behöver också se till att minimera och effektivisera vår energianvändning. År 2020 stod Sveriges bygg- och fastighetssektor för ca 34% av Sveriges totala energianvändning. Som ett svar på denna problematik har en ny energiaffärsmodell vuxit fram under de senaste åren, kallad Energy-as-a-Service (EaaS). Grundidén är att tjänstefiera energiförsörjningen och erbjuda en helhetslösning snarare än en produkt. Kunderbjudandet innehåller exempelvis även installation av energianläggning, underhåll, drift m.m. Kunderna betalar enbart en månatlig avgift och energiföretagen tillhandahåller fullt ansvar för en hållbar energiproduktion. Syftet med detta arbete är att undersöka om Energy-as-a-Service som affärsmodell kan fungera som en drivkraft för att nå en mer hållbar energiförsörjning inom den svenska fastighetssektorn. Dessutom undersöks det vilka faktorer som saknas för att denna affärsmodell ska nå sin fulla potential. För denna studie genomförs tre olika metoder för att besvara forskningsfrågan. En systematisk litteraturstudie, en intervjustudie med företaget Greenergy samt en enkätstudie med företagen Vattenfall, Sweco och Recap Energy. Resultaten visar att det finns en viss potential för affärsmodellen Energy-as-a-Service att påverka och driva den gröna omställningen framåt. Framförallt är det affärsmodellens förmåga att möjliggöra för kunder att ställa om till en mer hållbar energiförsörjning som är den bidragande faktorn. Däremot finns viss begränsning för EaaS affärsmodellen att påverka omställningen helt på egen hand. Några av hindrena för EaaS i dagsläget är dels bristen på kunskap kring affärsmodellen hos kunderna. Även en fungerande digital infrastruktur saknas för att implementera mer avancerad teknologi i affärsmodellen. Teknologi likt AI kommer att vara en nödvändig faktor i framtiden för att förbättra denna affärsmodell och för att den ska nå sin fulla potential. För att affärsmodellen ska få en större spridning i samhället krävs det ett perspektivskifte när det kommer till samhällets syn på energifrågan, ett mer decentraliserat synsätt med mindre lokala energi-produktionsenheter är nödvändigt. Dessutom behövs en omstrukturering av nuvarande incitament vad gäller gröna energi investeringar. Dessa behöveräven inkludera upphandling av tjänster, likt EaaS, för att nå en större spridning.

The ongoing energy transition in Germany foresees significant increases in the share of renewable energies in the country’s electricity mix until 2030. A share of 80% is targeted and photovoltaics should have a major contribution with a total capacity of 215 Gigawatts aimed to be installed. Since the beginning of the energy transition in Germany, the Renewable Energy Sources Act (EEG) has played a key role with its regulations and support measures. The latest amendment of the EEG in January 2023 includes updated capacity addition targets and regulatory measures. In recent years, the solar branch in Germany has experienced growth after a period of drought from 2013 to 2017. The governmental plans are the basis to enable further growth, but challenges and uncertainties remain if the targets can be reached under the present and anticipated future constraints. This paper presents an evaluation of the feasibility of the capacity addition targets for photovoltaics and outlines the potential contribution of different photovoltaics system types within the installation plans. Through the conduction of semi-structured interviews with different stakeholders of the solar branch in Germany, a large variety of knowledge, experiences, perspectives and assessments is combined to theory which provides answers to the research questions. The results of the data analyses show, that the governmental targets are theoretically feasible but it is doubtful whether they will be reached in practice. Two of the main challenges which will need to be overcome are lacking installation capacities in form of skilled workers and hindering bureaucratic processes regarding planning, approvals, operations and accounting of photovoltaics plants. Moreover, the results indicate that the share of large-scale systems should increase, as scale-effects make them more cost-efficient and more capacity can be installed in the same amount of time. Most of these systems will be ground-mounted, but industrial roof-top systems will also contribute to a certain extent. Furthermore, integrated photovoltaic applications will increase in importance, due to the scarcity of areas and potential synergies. However, most of the stakeholders do not see a major contribution of such systems until 2030, as costs are too high, specific regulations are missing and market awareness is still low. Despite the dominance of large-scale systems, the segment of residential roof-top photovoltaic systems also has a high potential and consumers will want to produce their own electricity due to high energy prices and supply uncertainties.

The Turów open pit lignite mine in Poland is currently the subject of intense debates and influences coexistence in the German-Czech-Polish border region. The European Court of Justice has provisionally prohibited further operation following a lawsuit from the Czech Republic, but Poland refuses to implement it. The judgment and the previous disputes have led to great uncertainty in local society. The article examines various processes of border demarcation (boundaries) along national borders. These are thought of simultaneously in the present field and must be related to each other. In addition to political and geographical markers, social and cultural boundaries are drawn in discourses of the mining company and the trade unions. Using ethnographic methods, I approach the complex field of transformation in this region and clarify the underlying interdependencies from the perspective of those who continue to see the future of the region in open pit lignite mining.

Today, the current energy situation is particularly difficult for major French energy players. Indeed, they have to face high energy prices - that go up and down -, have to look at renewable energies – by integrating them into their energy mix or into their distribution model - and digitize to manage their customer relations - customers’ behavior has changed and utilities have to adapt to this new behavior. They must respond to these problems while being confronted with the arrival of new entrants to the energy market: multiplication of energy players but also appearance of players in telecommunications, data. To cope with this energy revolution, the great French utilities have no choice but to transform themselves. They must evolve technologically, digitally and also organically, structurally and culturally. The strategy of major historical energy players is therefore completely redesigned in order to give them the possibility of remaining competitive in their market and not losing their place in this revolution. They have to adapt to these new challenges and to transform themselves. Major French energy players, as ENGIE, EDF and RTE, have already started to imagine and implement new strategies to face the current energy challenges.  Operational strategy consulting firms such as Weave are there to assist them in their transformation. The consultants of Weave carry out indeed numerous missions to answer the problems of these companies. Weave is here to help these companies to evolve and transform by giving them accompaniment throughout a good overview of the current energy market and current challenges of the society. Weave helps the major French energy actors to deploy new strategies, from the design of the strategy to its implementation. Indeed, Weave has developed a recognized expertise to accompany its clients in the energy transition and respond to the challenges of development and transformation of their value chain. On the basis of innovative offers, Weave intervenes with general management and dedicated businesses. / Den nuvarande situationen på energimarkanden är en utmaning för många stora franska energiaktörer. Huvudutmaningarna består idag av höga elpriser som går upp och ned på en volatil marknad, en övergång till förnyelsebara energikällor samt en nödvändig och omfattande digitalisering där särkslit kundrelationerna förändras och utvecklas. Nya aktörer från andra branscher etablerar sig på energimarknaden med nya typer av tjänster och detta innebär att befintliga aktörer måste utveckla nya affärsmodeller. Nya preferenser och beteenden hos kunderna ställer även det nya krav. För att klara denna energirevolution, har franska etablerade energibolag inget annat val än att transformera sig. De måste utvecklas teknologiskt, digitalt men också organisatorisk, strukturellt och kulturellt. Stora historiska energiaktörer behöver därför nya strategier för att förbli konkurrenskraftiga på sina marknader och inte förlora marknadsandelar. Stora franska energiaktörer som ENGIE, EUF och RTE har redan påbörjat detta arbete och nya strategier utvecklas för att möta de aktuella utmaningarna på energiområdet. Strategikonsultföretag som Weave finns där för att hjälpa energibranschens aktörer i denna omvandling. Weave har redan genomfört många uppdrag inom detta område och kan med sin breda kompentens och erfarenhet hjälpa dessa företag att utvecklas och förändras via en god översikt av nuvarande energimarknad och aktuella utmaningar i samhället i allmänhet. Weave kan bistå de stora franska energiaktörerna i framtagande av nya strategier inklusive genomförande. Genom långsiktigt arbete har Weave utvecklat sin expertis och är därför väl lämpade att leda sina kunder i energiomställningen och svara på de utmaningar som en utveckling och omvandling av kundernas värdekedjor innebär.

Today, the current energy situation is particularly difficult for major French energy players. Indeed, they have to face high energy prices - that go up and down -, have to look at renewable energies – by integrating them into their energy mix or into their distribution model - and digitize to manage their customer relations - customers’ behavior has changed and utilities have to adapt to this new behavior. They must respond to these problems while being confronted with the arrival of new entrants to the energy market: multiplication of energy players but also appearance of players in telecommunications, data…. To cope with this energy revolution, the great French utilities have no choice but to transform themselves. They must evolve technologically, digitally and also organically, structurally and culturally. The strategy of major historical energy players is therefore completely redesigned in order to give them the possibility of remaining competitive in their market and not losing their place in this revolution. They have to adapt to these new challenges and to transform themselves. Major French energy players, as ENGIE, EDF and RTE, have already started to imagine and implement new strategies to face the current energy challenges. Operational strategy consulting firms such as Weave are there to assist them in their transformation. The consultants of Weave carry out indeed numerous missions to answer the problems of these companies. Weave is here to help these companies to evolve and transform by giving them accompaniment throughout a good overview of the current energy market and current challenges of the society. Weave helps the major French energy actors to deploy new strategies, from the design of the strategy to its implementation. Indeed, Weave has developed a recognized expertise to accompany its clients in the energy transition and respond to the challenges of development and transformation of their value chain. On the basis of innovative offers, Weave intervenes with general management and dedicated businesses. / Den nuvarande situationen på energimarkanden är en utmaning för många stora franska energiaktörer. Huvudutmaningarna består idag av höga elpriser som går upp och ned på en volatil marknad, en övergång till förnyelsebara energikällor samt en nödvändig och omfattande digitalisering där särkslit kundrelationerna förändras och utvecklas. Nya aktörer från andra branscher etablerar sig på energimarknaden med nya typer av tjänster och detta innebär att befintliga aktörer måste utveckla nya affärsmodeller. Nya preferenser och beteenden hos kunderna ställer även det nya krav. För att klara denna energirevolution, har franska etablerade energibolag inget annat val än att transformera sig. De måste utvecklas teknologiskt, digitalt men också organisatorisk, strukturellt och kulturellt. Stora historiska energiaktörer behöver därför nya strategier för att förbli konkurrenskraftiga på sina marknader och inte förlora marknadsandelar. Stora franska energiaktörer som ENGIE, EUF och RTE har redan påbörjat detta arbete och nya strategier utvecklas för att möta de aktuella utmaningarna på energiområdet. Strategikonsultföretag som Weave finns där för att hjälpa energibranschens aktörer i denna omvandling. Weave har redan genomfört många uppdrag inom detta område och kan med sin breda kompentens och erfarenhet hjälpa dessa företag att utvecklas och förändras via en god översikt av nuvarande energimarknad och aktuella utmaningar i samhället i allmänhet. Weave kan bistå de stora franska energiaktörerna i framtagande av nya strategier inklusive genomförande. Genom långsiktigt arbete har Weave utvecklat sin expertis och är därför väl lämpade att leda sina kunder i energiomställningen och svara på de utmaningar som en utveckling och omvandling av kundernas värdekedjor innebär.

Urban areas house most of the global population and are also responsible for large shares of global greenhouse gas emissions. Cities and municipalities thus play a significant role in modern society to achieve an energy transition to renewable energy sources and to adapt to climate change. Achieving such a transition is a difficult process due to the high energy density and complexity of urban multi-energy systems. This is further exacerbated by the adverse effect future climate hazards will likely have on urban infrastructure. Despite this, energy development and climate adaptation plans are often researched and drafted in a disjointed manner. In many instances, future energy strategies do not consider climate impacts, whereas climate adaptation tactics disregard energy production. This study proposed that such mutually exclusive analysis and decision-making increases the vulnerability of planned and optimised future urban energy systems. Investigating the Swedish municipality Malmö, the study focused on achieving a future energy transition in its electricity network and then considering potential climate change impacts. Current urban energy plans and capacity were used to forecast the renewable energy potential for 2030 in Malmö’s geographical area. This formed the basis for modelling an optimised hybrid renewable energy system for the municipality using HOMER Grid. Based on future climate data and Malmö’s climate adaptation plans, this system was then evaluated in terms of impacts from climate hazards. The results indicated that Malmö’s current energy plans would expose a large share of their energy infrastructure to risk of damage from climate hazards. Thus, the vulnerability of the optimised energy system is indeed heightened when disregarding climate change impacts in the planning phase. If climate change and energy transition strategies are developed conjointly, urban energy system resilience could likely be increased significantly.