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This study investigates the discursive patterns of interactions between police interviewers and women reporting rape in significant witness interviews. Data in the form of video recorded interviews were obtained from a UK police force for the purposes of this study. The data are analysed using a multi-method approach, incorporating tools from micro-sociology, Conversation Analysis and Discursive Psychology, to reveal patterns of interactional control, negotiation, and interpretation. The study adopts a critical approach, which is to say that as well as describing discursive patterns, it explains them in light of the discourse processes involved in the production and consumption of police interview talk, and comments on the relationship between these discourse processes and the social context in which they occur. A central focus of the study is how interviewers draw on particular interactional resources to shape interviewees? accounts in particular ways, and this is discussed in relation to the institutional role of the significant witness interview. The discussion is also extended to the ways in which mainstream rape ideology is both reflected in, and maintained by, the discursive choices of participants. The findings of this study indicate that there are a number of issues to be addressed in terms of the training currently offered to officers at Level 2 of the Professionalising Investigation Programme (PIP) (NPIA, 2009) who intend to conduct significant witness interviews. Furthermore, a need is identified to bring the linguistic and discursive processes of negotiation and transformation identified by the study to the attention of the justice system as a whole. This is a particularly pressing need in light of judicial reluctance to replace written witness statements, the current „end product? of significant witness interviews, with the video recorded interview in place of direct examination in cases of rape.

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La thèse propose une analyse détaillée de l'emploi non-épistémique des verbes should, ought to et be supposed to en anglais britannique à la fin du 20ième siècle. Elle comporte une partie théorique et une partie appliquée. La partie théorique est une étude de 4 notions qui jouent un rôle important dans l'étude de la nécessité non-épistémique, à savoir la façon dont l'information temporelle est communiquée, la source de la nécessité, la subjectivité et la force de la nécessité. La thèse décrit quels éléments jouent un rôle dans la réalisation des structures temporelles dans ces expressions. Au cours de l'analyse, il est établi que les énoncés qui expriment un sens contrefactuel méritent une attention particulière ; il convient d'expliquer la nature de la contrefactualité comme valeur modale et les éléments qui sont à l'origine du sens contrefactuel.Ensuite, aussi bien la force que la source et la subjectivité de la nécessité sont des concepts cruciaux dans le domaine de la nécessité non-épistémique mais leur sens est généralement considéré comme évident. Il nous faut une explication plus spécifique concernant 2 questions : (a) quelle est la nature des sources qui peuvent être à l'origine de la nécessité ? ; (b) comment caractériser une nécessité "forte" ou "subjective" ? La partie appliquée offre une description des emplois de should, ought to et be supposed to sur la base d'un corpus de 1200 exemples tirés du British National Corpus. L'interface sémantique/pragmatique est une question prioritaire dans cette étude ; à quel niveau (sémantique/pragmatique) les interprétations temporelles/fortes/subjectives/contrefactuelles des énoncés non-épistémiques sont-ils réalisés ? / The thesis proposes a detailed analysis of root necessity meanings expressed by should, ought to and be supposed to in late 20th century British English and puts forward a theoretical apparatus for the analysis of the meanings of these verbs that is applied in a corpus-based study. The theoretical part concerns a study of 4 notions that play an important role in the study of root necessity meanings : the expression of temporal information, the source of the necessity, subjectivity and strenght. The lack of clear descriptions of the temporal information communicated by root necessity examples shows that it is necessary to develop a framework that allows us to determine the factors that play a role in the communication of temporal information. Special attention is paid to counterfactual examples ; it is specified how counterfactuality is to be understood as a modal value and which mechanism(s) can produce counterfactuality. Strenght, source and subjectivity are crucial concepts in the field of root necessity but their meaning is often considered self-evident. The dissertation offers a framework that can be used (a) to analyse the nature of the source that can lie at the origin of the necessity ; (b) to analyse the nature of "strong" or "subjective" necessity. The applied part offers a description of the contemporary uses of should, ought to and be suppoded to on the basis of corpus of 1200 examples extracted from the British National Corpus. The semantics/pragmatics interface is a focal point of interest throughout this study : at which (semantic/pragmatic) levels do temporal/strong/subjective/counterfactual interpretations of non-epistemic necessity examples arise ?

<p>A word or a linguistic construction can mean various things depending on the context. The imperative is a representative example of such a construction and can express a variety of illocutionary forces such as COMMAND, REQUEST, ADVICE, and more (Quirk et al., 1985, Huddleston et al., 2002). </p> <p>However, although there are many studies that comprehensively deal with the imperative or individual illocutionary forces of it (e.g. Lakoff, 1966, Ljung, 1975, Davies, 1986, Wilson & Sperber 1988, Han, 2000, Takahashi, 2012, Jary & Kissine, 2014), there is no such study that shows a possible overall process of how we would interpret an imperative to reach a certain illocutionary force when it is uttered. Without such a shared process, we cannot explain why we can communicate using imperatives without misunderstandings. Thus, this process needs to be investigated. </p> <p>Another problem regarding imperatives is the treatment of non-directive uses of imperatives such as “Have a good day”. The illocutionary force of this imperative would be called GOOD WISH and regarded as a conventional use of imperatives (Davies, 1986). However, it has not been clearly explained why we would choose the imperative construction to express wishes. If this kind of wishes expressed in the form of the imperative are actually a use of imperative, then there should be some reason and motivation for it. </p> <p>The main purposes of this study are to provide (1) a schema of how one would typically reach the interpretation of WISH when hearing an imperative and (2) an account of such use of imperatives as WISH. In this study, examples of imperatives in two non-cognate languages are used for the analysis in the hope to substantiate the credibility of the schema and the account: Japanese and English. Based on the analyses on the imperative and individual illocutionary forces that have been presented in the literature combined with my own analysis, a schema is proposed that illustrates how one would typically reach PRIVATE WISH, the state of affairs of which is deemed to be desirable mainly for the speaker, and GOOD WISH, the state of affairs of which is deemed to be desirable mainly for the addressee. Then, an account for the use of PRIVATE WISH and GOOD WISH is provided. Specifically, the use of imperatives as WISH is an analogous use of prototypical imperatives; people would use the imperative construction to express their strong desirability, and to build and maintain a good relationship with others.</p>

abstract: In this dissertation I argue that medieval peoples used a different style of identity from those applied to them by later scholarship and question the relevance of applying modern terms for identity groups (e.g., ethnicity or nationality) to the description of medieval social units. I propose we think of identity as a social construct comprised of three articulating facets, which I call: form, aspect, and definition. The form of identity is its manifestation in behavior and symbolic markers; its aspect is the perception of these forms by people; and its definition is the combination of these perceptions into a social category. Taking an interdisciplinary approach, I examine each facet individually before synthesizing the results. I study the form of identity through an analysis of styles in material culture using a consensus analysis to determine how well objects decorated with the same motif do communicating a shared idea to members of a social group. I explore the aspect of identity through a whole-corpus linguistics approach to Old English, in which I study the co-occurrence of words for "a people" and other semantic fields to refine our understanding of Old English perceptions of social identity. Finally, I investigate the definition of identity by comparing narrations of identity in Old English verse and prose in order to see how authors were able to use vocabulary and imagery to describe the identity of their subjects. In my conclusion I demonstrate that the people of Medieval England had a concept of identity based on the metaphor of a village meeting or a feast, in which smaller, innate groups were thought to aggregate into new heterogeneous wholes. The nature and scale of these groups changed over the course of the Anglo-Saxon period but some of the names used to refer to these units remained constant. Thus, I suggest scholars need to apply a culturally relevant concept of identity when describing the people who lived in Medieval Britain, one that might not match contemporary models, and be cognizant of the fact that medieval groups were not the same as their modern descendants. / Dissertation/Thesis / Ph.D. Anthropology 2013

Le point de départ de cette recherche est le constat des difficultés persistantes rencontrées par les francophones de niveau intermédiaire à avancé lors de la production de textes en anglais, dans des contextes personnels ou professionnels. Les premiers outils utilisés pour remédier à ces erreurs, les correcteurs grammaticaux automatiques, ne prennent pas en compte de nombreuses erreurs produites par les francophones utilisant l'anglais, notamment car ces correcteurs sont rarement adaptés à un public ayant l'anglais comme L2. Nous proposons d'identifier précisément les difficultés rencontrées par ce public cible à partir du relevé des erreurs dans un corpus adapté, et d'élaborer une modélisation linguistique des erreurs et des corrections à apporter. Cette modélisation est fondée sur une analyse linguistique approfondie des phénomènes concernés, à partir d'indications grammaticales, d'études de corpus, et de l'analyse des segments erronés. La validité de l'utilisation de méthodes linguistiques est établie par l'implémentation informatique des règles de détection et de correction, suivie de l'évaluation des résultats de l'application de ces règles sur des corpus d'anglais L1 et L2. / The starting point of this research is the observation that French speakers writing in English in personal or professional contexts still encounter grammatical difficulties, even at intermediate to advanced levels. The first tools they can reach for to correct those errors, automatic grammar checkers, do not offer corrections for a large number of the errors produced by French-speaking users of English, especially because those tools are rarely designed for L2 users. We propose to identify the difficulties encountered by these speakers through the detection of errors in a representative corpus, and to create a linguistic model of errors and corrections. The model is the result of the thorough linguistic analysis of the phenomena at stake, based on grammatical information available in reference grammars, corpus studies, and the analysis of erroneous segments. The validity of the use of linguistic methods is established through the implementation of detection and correction rules in a functional platform, followed by the evaluation of the results of the application of those rules on L1 and L2 English corpora.

This corpus study has focused on the titles used by those who sew as a hobby, primarily on the six most frequently used ones. The corpora used are Early English Books Online, Google Books Ngram Viewer and a corpus compiled in SketchEngine. The research also looked at the etymology and how their meanings might have changed from 1470 to 2022. The focus was also on to whom the titles have been assigned and if they are professionally trained or hobbyists. Among the findings, tailor is the most frequently used title over time; it is used more for male professionals. On the other hand, the most popular title today is sewist, which is used primarily by hobbyists, both males and females. Sewer is dropping in popularity while the others are increasing, possibly because it has several homographs making it easy to misinterpret in today’s society where the internet is used so frequently. However, it is still popular as it is the second most used title. In addition, seamster has changed whom it denotes the most frequently, from being for females to both genders to males, while seamstress is solely used for females across time. Finally, dressmaker is mainly used for women who sew professionally.

La presente ricerca si colloca nel campo della traduzione audiovisiva, poiché riguarda il linguaggio filmico inglese. In particolare, lo studio si focalizzerà sul ruolo dei vocativi presenti in alcune opere cinematografiche. Il lavoro sarà dapprima eseguito sui dialoghi della versione originale e, successivamente, in quelli doppiati in italiano e in tedesco. I tre film che compongono il Corpus sono usciti negli anni ’90 e sono ambientati in epoca vittoriana: Jane Eyre, Swept from the Sea, The Piano. Le forme allocutive osservate sono soprattutto i nomi propri e gli appellativi generici. Attraverso la metodologia della Corpus Linguistics, si svolgerà un’analisi di tipo qualitativo e quantitativo. Infatti, tramite il software AntConc (Lawrence, 2004), si indagherà sul numero e sulla tipologia di occorrenze dei vocativi più frequenti nella lingua di partenza (inglese) e nelle due lingue d’arrivo (italiano e tedesco). Inoltre, si studierà l’eventuale manifestazione degli universali traduttivi (Baker, 1993), osservando contesto linguistico in cui il fenomeno si presenta. L’aspetto innovativo della ricerca consiste in una duplice analisi che coinvolge un triplice confronto. I risultati evidenzieranno una maggiore frequenza di vocativi nelle lingue doppiate e diverse classificazioni di occorrenze. Infine, saranno riportate alcune riflessioni inerenti alle strategie traduttive che sono adottate in italiano e tedesco, a seconda del contesto linguistico e culturale. / This research concerns the field of the audiovisual translation and the English movie language. In particular, the aim of the study will focus on the role of vocatives in a corpus of three films in three different languages. The chosen movies are produced in the '90s and are set in Victorian age: Jane Eyre, Swept from the Sea, The Piano. The empirical process will manly consider two categories of vocatives: proper names and address terms. The study approach will be based on the Corpus Linguistics methodology, in order to get a qualitative and a quantitative analysis of the vocatives. Indeed, there will be an investigation on the number and the type of occurrences involving the most frequent vocatives, both in the source language (English), and in the two target languages (Italian and German). Another important task of the research is the observation of translation universals (Baker, 1993), and the linguistic context in which the phenomenon occurs. The innovative feature of this work is a twofold analysis, which involves a three-way comparison. The results will show a higher frequency of vocatives in the dubbed languages and also different classifications of occurrences. Eventually, there will be some consideration regarding the translation strategies adopted for Italian and German, depending on their linguistic and cultural context.

<p>Previous research has shown that the type of ditransitive sentence preferred by English speakers in a particular linguistic context is significantly influenced by the relative ‘givenness’ of the post verbal arguments (i.e. the assumption that the referent of a linguistic expression is known to the speaker/hearer). This ‘givenness constraint’ has also been shown to play a role in the ditransitive sentence preferences of bilingual English speakers. Some have claimed that the realization of the givenness constraint in the ditransitive sentence preferences of bilingual English speakers is significantly influenced by the characteristics of their dominant language; however, no studies that I am aware of have explicitly compared the preferences of speakers whose dominant languages feature different sets of ditransitive sentence types, making this claim difficult to evaluate. Additionally, the effects of task type (i.e. the experimental task(s) employed by a particular study), and variables related to speakers’ experience with English and English proficiency, relative to language background are unclear. This study attempts to clarify the role of language background in the realization of the givenness constraint by recruiting three groups of English speakers: German-English bilingual speakers living in Germany, Spanish-English bilingual speakers living in Mexico, and monolingual English speakers living in the United States. The three groups completed three tasks, all of which were administered over the internet: a scalar acceptability judgement task, a forced choice task, and a self-paced reading task. The results from the two bilingual groups showed significant effects of language background, even after factors related to English proficiency and English experience were taken into account. The results support an interpretation where language background plays a significant role in the realization of the givenness constraint on bilingual speakers’ ditransitive sentence preferences. </p>