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This thesis explores the impact of educational enrolment on family formation in Sweden. The aim is to identify factors that are important for students’ childbearing and to find potential explanations as to why so few students have children while enrolled in education. Three independent studies are carried out, two quantitative and one qualitative. Study I examines the associations between age, earnings, a student financial aid reform, and female students’ first, second and third birth risks. Study II takes a gender perspective and compares the influence of mothers’ and fathers’ enrolment and earnings on parental couples’ propensities to have a second or a third child. In both these studies the analyses are performed using longitudinal register data. Study III explores male and female students’ childbearing intentions, and the motivations behind them, through individual in-depth interviews with childless students. Several findings point towards the significance of economic factors. The results in Study I show that earnings have a clear impact on female students’ birth risks, and in Study III economic security is found to be an important motive behind the students’ childbearing intentions. However, the student financial aid reform investigated in Study I had no noticeable impact on students’ childbearing behaviour. The negative effect of educational enrolment on childbearing risks, as well as the significance of earnings and economic security, is clearly weakened by age. In addition to economic security, the interview accounts indicate that non-material aspects, such as the biological risks of postponement, knowing one’s future prospects and being content with life, are also important for the timing of childbearing. The implications of educational enrolment for family formation are also found to be largely dependent on gender, as in Study II mothers’ educational enrolment had a much stronger negative impact on couples’ continued childbearing than fathers’ enrolment. Further, compared to the males, the female respondents in Study III had much more knowledge about the parental leave system, and parental leave and their benefit level were also things they took into account to a much larger extent when discussing their childbearing intentions. The gender differences are likely associated with the Swedish earnings-related parental leave insurance and mothers still taking the largest part of the leave. The fact that both economic security and the biological risks associated with postponement are seen as crucial factors for timing of family formation implies that some students, particularly females above age 30, find themselves in a difficult situation. / <p>At the time of the doctoral defense, the following papers were unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 2: Manuscript. Paper 3: Manuscript.</p>

The cumulative likelihood of admission estimated for any given 'time-since-enrolment' depends on how we define membership of the population 'at-risk' and on how we handle right and left censored waiting times. As a result, published statistics will be biased because they assume that the waiting list is both stationary and closed and exclude all those not yet or never to be admitted. The cumulative likelihood of admission within three months was estimated using the Government Statistical Service method and compared with estimates which relaxed the assumption of stationarity and reflected variation in the numbers recruited to, and admitted from, the waiting list each quarter. The difference between the two estimates ranged from +5.5 to -9.1 percentage points among 11 Orthopaedic waiting lists in South Thames Region. In the absence of information on 'times-to-admission', exact 'times-since-enrolment' were extracted from Hospital Episode Statistics and assumed to be similarly distributed. In the absence of information on 'times-to-competing-event', the number of competing events falling in each waiting time category was estimated by differencing. A period lifetable was constructed using these approximations, census counts, counts of the number of new recruits and estimates of the number 'reset-to-zero' each quarter. The results support the view that the method used by the Government Statistical Service overestimates the cumulative likelihood of elective admission among those listed. The Government Statistical Service calculates the cumulative likelihood of admission within three months (range: 0.62-0.27) conditional on the fact of admission. Multiplying by the unconditional likelihood of being admitted (range: 0.93-0.31) estimates the cumulative likelihood of admission within three months among those listed (range: 0.55-0.12) and gives a rather different ranking of waiting list performance among 34 Orthopaedic waiting lists in South Thames Region.

At the University of Adelaide, the total number of students enrolled in any course is controlled by quotas on the number of new entrants to the course each year. A linear relationship is used to forecast total enrolment given the number of new students in each previous year ; for future years, the number of new students is taken to be the size of the quota. Chapter 1 relates the methods in use at the University of Adelaide to the work of other authors and demonstrates how a Markov model may be used to obtain the lifetimes of students in a particular course, namely the Ph.D. degree course. Chapter 2 then develops a linear programming model which mimicks the forecasting method already in use and which determines the intake quotas over a period of years that use as much as possible of the course capacity while satisfying certain constraints. These constraints en - sure that the total enrolment each year is no greater than the capacity in that year and that the intakes are non - decreasing and no greater than some maximum value. In particular, the programme is designed to be used to determine strategies which move the course into a constant enrolment, or non - growth, period while accounting for restrictions on the permissible rate of growth. It is shown that the special structure of the problem may be exploited to find a particular solution which is optimal for several, commonly encountered objective functions. The requirement that the intakes should be integral is discussed and is shown to pose very little additional difficulty. An example from the University of Adelaide is used to illustrate the methods. Chapter 3 considers extensions of the basic model ( the single - grade, single - course case ) to situations where there are several grades within a course with capacities on some of these grades or where several inter - related courses are to be planned at the same time. Finally, chapter 4 contains a discussion of the applicability of the work of the thesis and suggests possibilities for further extensions. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Department of Applied Mathematics, 1975.

At the University of Adelaide, the total number of students enrolled in any course is controlled by quotas on the number of new entrants to the course each year. A linear relationship is used to forecast total enrolment given the number of new students in each previous year ; for future years, the number of new students is taken to be the size of the quota. Chapter 1 relates the methods in use at the University of Adelaide to the work of other authors and demonstrates how a Markov model may be used to obtain the lifetimes of students in a particular course, namely the Ph.D. degree course. Chapter 2 then develops a linear programming model which mimicks the forecasting method already in use and which determines the intake quotas over a period of years that use as much as possible of the course capacity while satisfying certain constraints. These constraints en - sure that the total enrolment each year is no greater than the capacity in that year and that the intakes are non - decreasing and no greater than some maximum value. In particular, the programme is designed to be used to determine strategies which move the course into a constant enrolment, or non - growth, period while accounting for restrictions on the permissible rate of growth. It is shown that the special structure of the problem may be exploited to find a particular solution which is optimal for several, commonly encountered objective functions. The requirement that the intakes should be integral is discussed and is shown to pose very little additional difficulty. An example from the University of Adelaide is used to illustrate the methods. Chapter 3 considers extensions of the basic model ( the single - grade, single - course case ) to situations where there are several grades within a course with capacities on some of these grades or where several inter - related courses are to be planned at the same time. Finally, chapter 4 contains a discussion of the applicability of the work of the thesis and suggests possibilities for further extensions. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Department of Applied Mathematics, 1975.

Yes / This paper analyses the impact of household adoption of mobile money services on child labour and schooling in Tanzania. The paper uses data drawn from the Tanzania National Panel Surveys (TNPS), for the survey periods as follows: 2008/09, 2010/11, 2012/13, and 2014/15. The TNPS are national representative surveys conducted by the National Bureau of Statistics of Tanzania in collaboration with the World Bank Living Standards Measurement Study-Integrated Surveys on Agriculture (LMSA-ISA). The surveys collect detailed information on individual, household, and community-level characteristics. The panel nature of the TNPS allows for the same households to be interviewed over time. The study uses a difference-in-differences approach, and instrumental variables strategy to investigate the nexus between mobile money adoption and child labour and school enrolment in Tanzania. The findings of this study reveal a positive and significant effect of mobile money adoption on school enrolment, but a negative effect on children’s labour market activities. Moreover, the study identifies heterogenous impacts across child’s gender and age; and remittances receipt and education expenditure are the potential pathways through which mobile money adoption affects child labour and school enrolment. Overall, the results suggest that policies that enhance financial inclusion such as the introduction of mobile money can be effective in improving child’s school enrolment and a decline in the incidence of child labour.

Student Number: 7507654 Masters in Education Faculty of Humanities / The right of access to education has been an issue of international concern for many decades. With the transition to democracy in South Africa, marked by the first democratic election in 1994, the right of access to education has also formed a cornerstone of South Africa’s education policy. Access to nine years of basic education is guaranteed in terms of the South African Constitution. The right to further education is also entrenched in terms of the Constitution, although this is conditional on the state making this progressively available and accessible through reasonable measures. By using actual 2001 population and school enrolment data, this research study measures access to schooling by using standard international indicators of access, namely gross and net enrolment ratios, age-specific enrolment rates, and apparent and net intake rates. The study compares such data with existing estimates by other organisations and analysts. It assesses the extent to which universal or full access to basic education has been achieved and how far South Africa has gone in making further education progressively available. The study suggests that in-depth analysis of the data shows that access to education is not as widespread as other estimates have indicated. The net enrolment ratio in the basic or compulsory education phase is 89% and not 97% as estimated by the Department of Education. Some 13% of children of school-going age (or 1.55 million children) are not attending school. The study found that universal access to basic education has not been achieved. There are problems with access to further education and South African learners’ access to education is affected by provincial location. Provincial gross enrolment ratios range from 89% to 101% and net enrolment ratios range from 82% to 91%. The study recommends that further research is required to identify the barriers that are preventing full access to education. It also recommends that future progress in terms of access to education must continue to be monitored which means that good, accurate and consistent data must be made available.

Since its inception the A.C.T. Schools Authority has implemented a number of changes in attempts to meet its aim to provide high quality programmes for children. In the case of enrolment policy the decision to change to continuous enrolment was made in many schools less on educational grounds than as a result of economic and political pressures. However, any policy which has an impact on children's learning in schools must be examined in the light of its educational implications. This study attempts to do this. It attempts to assess the policy on educational grounds with a particular focus on the programmes offered to individual children and the day to day problems encountered by teachers who attempt to implement the policy.

From my own experience working in Institutional Research for the past seven years, there is not a proper, reliable, and comprehensive model for forecasting student enrolment quickly. In many funding formulas, enrolment is the main driver of government grants and student tuition fees, which are sources of income to the university. Existing enrolment management tools developed within Institutional Research departments tend to be “ad hoc” spreadsheets with multiple individuals manipulating them with the result that the output comes too late for departments to take remedial action in terms of their budgets and does not provide multiple scenarios in support of strategic decision-making. The purpose of this study is to describe a functional automated enrolment projection system methodology I developed from scratch through a case study of the Faculty of Arts & Science at the University of Toronto. My primary research was to actually build the model. The model in effect, is the thesis. The system provides multiple scenarios that allow senior management in a multi-campus university system to generate multiple income scenarios, enabling them to make well-informed decisions concerning the operation of their institution and timely calculation and allocation of resources to academic departments. The study then shows how this addresses the problems of “ad hoc” approaches, and how it may be applied in other situations.

From my own experience working in Institutional Research for the past seven years, there is not a proper, reliable, and comprehensive model for forecasting student enrolment quickly. In many funding formulas, enrolment is the main driver of government grants and student tuition fees, which are sources of income to the university. Existing enrolment management tools developed within Institutional Research departments tend to be “ad hoc” spreadsheets with multiple individuals manipulating them with the result that the output comes too late for departments to take remedial action in terms of their budgets and does not provide multiple scenarios in support of strategic decision-making. The purpose of this study is to describe a functional automated enrolment projection system methodology I developed from scratch through a case study of the Faculty of Arts & Science at the University of Toronto. My primary research was to actually build the model. The model in effect, is the thesis. The system provides multiple scenarios that allow senior management in a multi-campus university system to generate multiple income scenarios, enabling them to make well-informed decisions concerning the operation of their institution and timely calculation and allocation of resources to academic departments. The study then shows how this addresses the problems of “ad hoc” approaches, and how it may be applied in other situations.