Thesis (M.S.) -- University of Tennessee, Knoxville, 2005. / Title from title page screen (viewed on Feb. 7, 2006). Thesis advisor: Larry D. McKay. Vita. Includes bibliographical references.

Submitted by Alessandra Portugal (alessandradf@ioc.fiocruz.br) on 2013-09-17T13:17:37Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Hugo Leonardo2 OK.docx.pdf: 1727936 bytes, checksum: 9b422dec3434e2e337a66ba7ab57e26b (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2013-09-17T13:17:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Hugo Leonardo2 OK.docx.pdf: 1727936 bytes, checksum: 9b422dec3434e2e337a66ba7ab57e26b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-08-30 / Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto Oswaldo Cruz. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil / Os enterovírus humanos ( Picornaviridae ) são vírus de transmissão predominantemente ent érica, possuem distribuição cosmopolita, estando entre os agentes mais prevalentes como causadores de patogenias em humanos. Atualmente, já foram descritos mais de 100 sorotipos para os enterovírus humanos e em grande parte dos casos as infecções associada s são assintomáticas. Surtos e casos esporádicos de enteroviroses são frequentemente notificados em diversas regiões do mundo causando conjuntivite hemorrágica aguda, meningite asséptica, doença de mão pé e boca e poliomielite. A poliomielite é uma doença infecciosa de caráter agudo, que pode assumir desde formas assintomáticas até formas paralíticas (paralisia flácida aguda ou PFA), causada em geral por um dos três sorotipos de poliovírus (PV). O PV selvagem está eliminado do Brasil desde 1989, atualmente sendo restrito a apenas quatro países (Nigéria, Afeganistão, Paquistão, Índia). Entretanto surtos de PFA associados à PV de origem vacinal e a enterovírus não pólio recombinantes tem sido notificados. A caracterização de EVNP é de extrema importância para a investigação da diversidade de vírus co - circulantes, e para relacionar os sintomas clínicos com o sorotipo viral envolvido, incluindo a investigação de vias de transmissão de enterovírus, durante a ocorrência de surtos, além de contribuir para estudos ep idemiológicos e com a evolução de enterovírus. Neste estudo foram analisadas amostras relacionadas à PFAs, utilizando RT - PCR e PCR com o objetivo de identificar quais são as espécies de enterovírus humanos associadas. Os membros da espécie C foram sequenci ados para a identificação de sorotipo. De um total de 190 amostras, 79 eram da espécie C, 78 da espécie B, 32 da espécie A e 1 amostra era correspondente as espécies A e C,não sendo encontradas amostras da espécie D. Entre as amostras da espécie C,58 cor respondiam a PV.Os dados obtidos apresentam similaridades com estudos similares na Europa e Ásia, cobrindo um aspecto pouco observado na epidemiologia dos enterovírus em território brasileiro. / The human enterovirus es (Picornaviridae) are predominantly enteric virus transmission, have a cosmopolitan distribution, being among the most prevalent agents as causing pathogens in humans. Currently, have been described more than 100 serotypes for human enteroviruses and in mo st cases associated infections are asymptomatic. Outbreaks and sporadic cases of enteroviruses are frequently reported in several regions of the world causing acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis, aseptic meningitis, hand foot and mouth disease and poliomyelit es. Poliomyelites is an infectious disease of acute character, which may take from asymptomatic to paralytic form (acute flaccid paralysis or PFA), usually caused by one of three poliovirus serotypes (PV). The PV is eliminated wild in Brazil since 1989, cu rrently restricted to only four countries (Nigeria, Afghanistan, Pakistan and India). However PFA outbreaks associated with PV source vaccine and recombinant Non - polio enteroviruses has been reported. The characterization of EVNP is extremely important to investigate the diversity of co - circulating viruses, and to correlate clinical symptoms with viral serotype involved, including the investigation of routes of transmission of enteroviruses, during outbreaks, besides contributing for epidemiological studies and the evolution of enteroviruses. We analyzed samples related to AFP, using RT - PCR and PCR in order to identify which species of human enteroviruses associated. Members of the species C were sequenced for identification of serotype. From a total of 190 samples, 79 were of type C, 78 type B, 32 type A and one sample was corresponding for A and C, were not found samples of type D. Among the samples of species C, 58 corresponded to PV.Os data show similarities with similar studies in Europe and Asia, coveri ng a little noticed aspect of the epidemiology of enteroviruses in Brazilian territory.

Enteroviruses are associated with various diseases accompanied by rare but severe complications. In recent years, outbreaks of enterovirus D68 and enterovirus A71 associated with severe respiratory infections and neurological complications have been reported worldwide. Since information on molecular epidemiology in respiratory samples is still limited, the genetic diversity of enteroviruses was retrospectively analysed over a 4-year period (2013–2016) in respiratory samples from paediatric patients. Partial viral major capsid protein gene (VP1) sequences were determined for genotyping. Enteroviruses were detected in 255 (6.1%) of 4187 specimens. Phylogenetic analyses of 233 (91.4%) strains revealed 25 different genotypes distributed to Enterovirus A (39.1%), Enterovirus B (34.3%), and Enterovirus D (26.6%). The most frequently detected genotypes were enterovirus D68 (26.6%), coxsackievirus A6 (15.9%), and enterovirus A71 (7.3%). Enterovirus D68 detections were associated with lower respiratory tract infections and increased oxygen demand. Meningitis/encephalitis and other neurological symptoms were related to enterovirus A71, while coxsackievirus A6 was associated with upper respiratory diseases. Prematurity turned out as a potential risk factor for increased oxygen demand during enterovirus infections. The detailed analysis of epidemiological and clinical data contributes to the non-polio enterovirus surveillance in Europe and showed high and rapidly changing genetic diversity of circulating enteroviruses, including different enterovirus D68 variants.

Human pancreatic beta cells are susceptible to infection by enteroviruses, especially Coxsackie B viruses, and such infections could contribute to the development of Type 1 diabetes. Enteroviruses gain entry via cell surface receptors, one of which, the Coxsackie and Adenovirus receptor (CAR), is a transmembrane cell adhesion protein which serves as a key entry receptor for Coxsackie B viruses and is thought to be localised mainly within regions where contacts are formed between adjacent cells. CAR exists as at least 5 isoforms and this study has examined their expression profile and distribution in the human pancreas utilising; formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded pancreatic sections from non-diabetic individuals, type 1 diabetes patients and a human tissue microarray. Isolated human islets, human pancreatic beta and ductal cell lines were also studied. Immunological and molecular approaches were employed to examine the expression and cellular localisation of the known CAR isoforms in human pancreas. One specific isoform of CAR (CAR-SIV) with a unique C terminal PDZ binding domain, was highly expressed in human beta cells at the protein level. Surprisingly, it was distributed in a punctate manner mainly within the cytoplasm of the cells, rather than at the cell surface. In human beta cells, within the cytoplasm CAR-SIV co-localised with ZnT8, PC1/3 and insulin but less so with proinsulin suggesting that CAR-SIV is associated with insulin secretory granules. Immunogold labelling and electron microscopic analysis revealed that CAR-SIV is localised both to maturing insulin secretory granules and to fully mature, dense-core (insulin) secretory granules. Intriguingly, CAR-SIV colocalises and interacts with a cytosolic protein, PICK1, which plays a role in the budding, maturation and trafficking of insulin secretory granules. On this basis, a model is proposed whereby CAR-SIV and PICK1 interact to regulate the maturation and trafficking of insulin secretory granules. Overall, this study suggests that the specialised role and subcellular localisation of CAR-SIV in human beta cells may contribute to their sensitivity to enteroviral infection following externalisation of the protein at the cell surface, during insulin exocytosis.

The survival of three enteroviruses (polio 1, coxsackie B3 and echo 1) and a rotavirus (SA-11) was studied under laboratory conditions. The effects of temperature, dissolved oxygen, detention time, sludge source and virus type on virus inactivation were determined. Temperature was the single most important factor influencing the rate of virus inactivation. No significant differences were found for virus inactivation rates at dissolved oxygen levels between 0.9 and 5.8 mg/l. However, the inactivation rate of the viruses under aerobic conditions was found to be significantly greater than the inactivation rate under anaerobic conditions (−0.77log10/day vs −0.33 log10/day). Sludge source, detention time and virus type did not significantly influence the rate of virus inactivation.

Title from PDF of title page. / Document formatted into pages; contains 57 pages. / Thesis (M.S.P.H.)--University of South Florida, 2003. / Includes bibliographical references. / Text (Electronic thesis) in PDF format. / ABSTRACT: The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention estimated 23,000,000 cases of viral gastroenteritis caused by Norovirus in 2000, 40% of which were transmitted by food including: a variety of fresh produce, cake, deli meats, fruit salad, cheeses and ice. (CDC, 2003). An estimated 83,391 cases of Hepatitis A virus was reported in 2000, of which 5% was attributed to foodborne transmission (CDC, 2003). These figures underscore an urgent need for a method that can isolate virus from a variety of food matrices. The aim of this study was to develop an overall assessment of the inhibitory effects of a variety of food matrices on Real Time Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR). / ABSTRACT: Additionally, to compare a sequence specific hybridization probe amplification format to a non sequence specific SYBR Green format using the Roche LightCycler. The secondary aim was to evaluate the effectiveness of a food virus concentration and isolation protocol under development at the Florida Department of Health Bureau of Laboratories, Tampa. Three food specimens consisting of prepackaged smoked ham, fresh cilantro, and Thompson's green grapes were seeded with three dilutions of poliovirus 3 (Sabin strain). A viral concentration procedure under development at the Florida Department of Health Bureau of Laboratories, Tampa was used to isolate the virus. Real Time RT-PCR was carried out on the Roche LightCycler in SYBR Green and Hybridization probe formats. Spiking the virus-negative samples of each matrix with a dilution series of poliovirus 3 created post flocculation spikes. / ABSTRACT: This post-flocculation dilution series amplification allowed a standard curve to be created unique to each food matrix. The flocculation and concentrations specimens were then amplified and the standard curves from the post-flocculation seed were used to calculate the loss associated with the concentration procedure. This study reports significant differences (p[0.05) in recovery detected between the various matrices, and Real Time RT-PCR formats. The concentration protocol under development at the Florida Department of Health Bureau of Laboratories, Tampa, demonstrates a 12-78% recovery of seeded virus in a simulated "real world" virus contamination event among the various matrices. / System requirements: World Wide Web browser and PDF reader. / Mode of access: World Wide Web.

Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is an autoimmune disease that destroys the bodies’ insulin producing beta-cells. The disease is understood to be triggered in genetically susceptible individuals by environmental factors. While the genetic side of the etiological model has to some degree been uncovered, there is no clear understanding of which environmental factors play a role in the disease process. Several hypotheses claim to explain the development of T1D, of which enteroviral infections show the most promise. According to this hypothesis high prevalence of enteroviral infections would also mean high incidence rates of T1D. This study focused on four Nordic countries (Denmark, Finland, Norway and Sweden) that as late as 2017 were found in the top 10 countries for incidence rate of childhood-onset T1D in the world. Incidence rates of T1D and prevalence of enteroviruses were mapped and geographically analyzed according to the principles of spatial epidemiology, after which correlation coefficients were calculated. In doing so the study tried to answer to which extent the prevalence of enteroviruses could explain the regional variations in T1D. For all countries no significant correlation was found, but increasing sample size, by grouping countries, showed considerably different outcomes with a small positive correlation in the case of Norway and Finland.