ABSTRACT Under conditions of pervasive change, the most difficult challenge facing the market leader is sustaining its leading position. The primary research problem statement relates to the construct of Disruptive Innovation that has the potential for new entrants to substantially alter the basis of competition and impact the business models of incumbents. Ultimately, how are shapers distinguished from adopters of Disruptive Innovation? A qualitative research methodology was selected given the nature of the research. The main findings from the analysis indicate that nontechnological attributes distinguishes shapers from adopters of Disruptive Innovation in the telecommunications sector of South Africa. However, Disruptive Innovation as a construct, is largely unknown, and does not adequately explain the changes in the landscape of the telecommunications sector of South Africa. The implications for the research results are that other factors or features, such as the role and impact of the State, have a role to play in explaining the features of the South African telecommunications sector.

Stiff competition in the Airline sector mandates airlines to innovate ways to gain a competitive advantage over their rivals; however, without a strong IT the mission to attain this would be arduous. Large airlines do their best to maximise the use of enterprise systems to stream their business processes. Nonetheless, some airlines are not up to date with technology and are left with few choices when attempting to secure their existence in today’s harsh market. One option is to implement bleeding edge systems concurrently (which is our focus in this paper) due to the fact that very scant research exists regarding this phenomenon, let alone the airline sector itself. The aim of this study is explore and investigate the phenomenon of deploying multi enterprise systems concurrently due to its uniqueness and owing to the fact that this approach is not the common practice most airline undertake. We argue here that having multi Airline Solution Providers (ASP) working together concurrently to constitute a homogeneous solution generates many aspects that necessitate a deep understanding in such matters as competitor ASPs and technology leakage. In addition, the study explored various themes that unleash the phenomenon of the concurrent Multi- collaborative Enterprise Systems (MES). The role of cohesion factors that groups the rivals to work under the umbrella of an organisation was also embarked upon in this study. Various aspects contributing to the success of the MES phenomenon have been exposed with regarding ASP’s interplay, organisation, and other contextual surrounding MES. Finally, this study drew a strategic frame work for airlines that unleash the MES phenomenon. A large airline and its collaborative airline solutions provider were taken as the scope of study; the airline had over twenty six thousand employees. Five reputable world class ASPs in the airline industry in various fields were also included. The twenty five participants in this study were professionals in IT and the airline business besides being involved heavily in the phenomenon of deploying concurrent multi enterprise systems. Grounded Theory techniques were used to analyse the large volume of data gathered underpinning this by using state of art software package such as nVivo. This research has explored the phenomenon under study using grounded theory methodology to build a theoretical model that best presents the MES initiative. In addition, it has offered a well-founded framework that explains the MES phenomenon in details, which is relevant to both practitioners and researchers. This research has clearly explored and demonstrated the inhibitors and enablers in the undertaking of MES. In particular, it has focused on enablers of the organisation that received the MES. Furthermore, it has explored the interrelationship between ASPs and exposed some of the aspects that need more focus between rivals working on the same project.

Approved for public release; distribution unlimited / Left-of-center parties are rhetorically against liberalizing markets, but historical evidence proves otherwise in certain situations. The United States is vitally interested in the democratic and economic success of developing countries, as stated in United States national security strategy. This thesis uses economic institutionalism to examine the occasions on which left-of-center presidents successfully implemented neoliberal economic reforms. Case studies of Chile under President Patricio Aylwin and Brazil under Fernando Henrique Cardoso are used as evidence. / Lieutenant, United States Navy

ABSTRACT Under conditions of pervasive change, the most difficult challenge facing the market leader is sustaining its leading position. The primary research problem statement relates to the construct of Disruptive Innovation that has the potential for new entrants to substantially alter the basis of competition and impact the business models of incumbents. Ultimately, how are shapers distinguished from adopters of Disruptive Innovation? A qualitative research methodology was selected given the nature of the research. The main findings from the analysis indicate that nontechnological attributes distinguishes shapers from adopters of Disruptive Innovation in the telecommunications sector of South Africa. However, Disruptive Innovation as a construct, is largely unknown, and does not adequately explain the changes in the landscape of the telecommunications sector of South Africa. The implications for the research results are that other factors or features, such as the role and impact of the State, have a role to play in explaining the features of the South African telecommunications sector.

M.Comm. (Financial Economics) / Enterprise risk management (ERM) is emerging as a risk management methodology that is seemingly superior to that of traditional, silo-based risk management. Although ERM implementation is on the increase, research into ERM is still limited. There is, for instance, a lack of clarity within the literature regarding which factors lead to companies embracing ERM, as well as a lack of consensus on ERM’s benefits. The purpose of this study was therefore to explore the drivers of ERM implementation, its inhibitors and enablers, the benefits that are realised through ERM, as well as the advantages and disadvantages associated with ERM as a risk management methodology. Data were gathered through semi-structured, face-to-face interviews with seven risk practitioners working in the South African mining industry. The study found that drivers of ERM implementation include regulatory pressure and compliance with corporate governance and listing requirements, but that there are other incentives. Inhibitors of ERM implementation include the large amount of managerial time needed, competition with other initiatives, resistance, and low initial buy-in levels, as well as a shortage of experienced ERM practitioners. Regarding ERM enablers, the design of the ERM framework is seen as critical, as is sound project discipline in planning and organising the implementation, along with visible support from executive and senior management, and ongoing training. Benefits derived through ERM include greater confidence that the company has a complete understanding of its risk profile, better decision-making, and improved tracking of risk mitigation. Disadvantages associated with ERM include the tendency of it being regarded as a corporate administrative function, subjectivity, and difficulty in aligning ERM to short- and medium-term priorities, as compared to longer-term strategic issues. This study makes a unique contribution to the existing body of knowledge on ERM by exploring the disadvantages associated with ERM as a risk management methodology. At a practical level and with reference to the South African mining industry, in particular, this study provides more clarity on the rationale for adopting ERM, as well as the challenges associated with implementing and sustaining ERM programmes. Recommendations are made with respect to ERM in practice, as well as for further research on ERM.

A capacidade de antecipar decisões, reagir rapidamente às mudanças, bem como sustentar e aprimorar os avanços alcançados ao longo do tempo, caracterizam a Empresa sensitiva, inteligente e sustentável. O objetivo da pesquisa é analisar e sistematizar os principais elementos da Empresa S^3 para caracterizar o princípio de colaboração. A metodologia de pesquisa utilizada compreende um estudo bibliográfico para o embasamento teórico, desenvolvimento de modelos de empresas e instanciação em um caso real por meio da metodologia de modelagem For Enterprise Modeling (4EM) orientada para a gestão do conhecimento. O estudo bibliográfico contempla a contextualização dessa iniciativa em disciplinas consolidadas, identificação de aspectos e princípios norteadores, bem como uma revisão sistemática sobre redes colaborativas. Como contribuição da pesquisa, menciona-se a caracterização do princípio de colaboração no âmbito de Empresa S^3 através de um caso exemplo, bem como a sistematização do conhecimento acerca de um tema incipiente e inovador, evidenciando futuras pesquisas e aplicações. / The ability to anticipate decisions, react quickly to changes, and sustain and improve the progress made over time, characterize a sensing, smart and sustainable Enterprise. The objective of the research is to analyze and systematize the main elements of the S^3 Enterprise to characterize the collaboration principle. The research methodology used includes a bibliographical study for the theoretical basis, the development of enterprise models and instantiation in a real case through the modeling methodology For Enterprise Modeling (4EM) oriented to knowledge management. The bibliographic study contemplates the contextualization of this initiative in consolidated disciplines, identification of aspects and guiding principles, as well as a systematic review on collaborative networks. As a contribution of this research, we mention the characterization of collaboration principle within S^3 Enterprise through an example case, as well as the systematization of the knowledge about an incipient and innovative theme, evidencing future researches and applications.

Projektet redogör för AppConfig Community, vilket är en del av Enterprise Mobility Management (EMM). AppConfig Community består av flera Enterprise Mobility Management-leverantörer (EMM-leverantörer) och de har tillsammans tagit fram en standard på hur AppConfig till Android och iOS ska implementeras.   AppConfig handlar om konfigurering av appar via EMM-leverantörer. Projektet redogör för hur AppConfig implementeras enligt denna standard och hur företag kan använda det i sin verksamhet.   I projektet utvecklades en app enligt denna standard till båda plattformarna och appen läser in ett användarnamn från en EMM-leverantör.   Denna rapport redogör för de möjligheter och säkerhetsrisker med Enterprise Mobility (EM) samt vilka åtgärder som finns inom EMM för att förhindra säkerhetsriskerna.   Slutsatserna som kan dras av resultatet från projektet är att AppConfig är enkelt att implementera för företag och att konfigureringen via EMM-leverantörer kan underlätta arbetet med mobila lösningar för företag. / This project describes AppConfig Community, which is a part of Enterprise Mobility Management (EMM). AppConfig Community consists of a number of Enterprise Mobility Management-suppliers (EMM-suppliers) and together they have developed a standard for how AppConfig for Android and iOS has to be implemented.   AppConfig is about the configuration of apps via EMM-suppliers. This project intends to describe how AppConfig is implemented according to this standard and how companies can use it.   An app was developed for both platforms according to this standard and the app reads the configuration of a username from an EMM-supplier.   This report intends to describe the possibilities and risks with Enterprise Mobility (EM) and the procedures that are available in EMM to prevent these risks.   The conclusions that can be drawn from the result of the project is that AppConfig is easy to implement for companies and that the configuration via EMM-suppliers can facilitates the work with mobile solutions for companies.

This research examined the psychology of leadership with respect to Enterprise Risk Management (ERM). ERM a risk management process that has been developed to enable organizations to minimize internal and external risks and exploit opportunities for gain. Despite the prevalence of several ERM frameworks for various kinds of risk, their implementation has been at best, partially effective. Given that the implementation of ERM's is the responsibility of senior management / leaders of organizations, it was assumed that one of the reasons for the faulty ERM implementation may be attributed to poor leadership. The literature indicated that the psychology of leadership related to implementation of risk management programmes refers to the ability to make rational decisions under condition of risk and uncertainty and the ability to influence others in the organizations to adopt and develop a risk management culture. However, the elements of a psychology of leadership that would lead to effective ERM implementation have been largely ignored in the literature. The gap in the literature this research attempts to bridge. The abductive pragmatic approach was used using qualitative and quantitative methods and primary and secondary data. The analysis of the secondary data led to the formulation of a framework containing various psychological factors related to decision making, leadership style and organisational culture. Qualitative data was collected through semi-structured interviews with 42 respondents from private organisations operating in the Saudi oil and gas sector, whilst quantitative data were gathered from 100 respondents from private organisations operating across various sectors in Saudi Arabia. The analysis of primary data collected from the empirical survey and the information gathered from the literature review corroborated all the factors identified in relation to decision making, leadership style and organisational culture. The key factors found to impact psychology of decision making included risk perception, psychometric paradigms, bias, culture, gender, emotion, decision-making style, attitude and protective zones. The factors impacting psychology of creating organisational culture of risk included leadership style, development, communication and appetite for monitoring risk, the development of an ethical organisation, role identification, the transformational leadership style and facilitation of the emergence of champions at all levels of the organisational hierarchy. One of the key findings of this research highlighted the occurrence of bias or heuristics that can impede rational decision making under condition of risk and uncertainty. The most important of these include representation, availability and anchoring, which can lead individuals to overestimate or underestimate the consequences of their decisions, and make decisions that do not lead to the desired outcomes from occurring. Another finding is the corporate environment in Saudi Arabia related to risk management. It was found that women in Saudi Arabia are more risk averse than their male counterparts. Findings suggest that this is the outcome of social prescriptions related to the role of women and indicate that steps must be taken to break down cultural barriers that prevent female participation in decision-making processes. In this connection, it was also found that in Saudi Arabia there is low tolerance for uncertainty and ambiguity, high tolerance for hierarchy, that values the community over the individual and that is more masculine than feminine in its worldviews. All of these have resulted in a risk averse management culture in Saudi Arabian organizations. It was also found that it is the transactional leadership style that is better suited to risk management activity than authoritarian, individualistic or transactional leaders. These finding are relevant as they constitute a framework or model of ERM implementation that may be used by any organization that seeks to effectively implement ERM frameworks. The leaders of these organizations can use this framework to understand the mental processes that they undergo when they have to make rational decisions under condition of risk and uncertainty as also how to leverage various psychological factors in creating an organizational culture of risk. The key limitation of this research is that it does not conduct statistical tests to explore positive and significant links between the various dimensions of the psychology of risk leadership and the benefits of an effective ERM implementation. The recommendations aims to help improve ERM implementation in Saudi Arabia and a future research for those interested in investigating the influence the psychology of leadership on ERM in a context of a particular sector.

A capacidade de antecipar decisões, reagir rapidamente às mudanças, bem como sustentar e aprimorar os avanços alcançados ao longo do tempo, caracterizam a Empresa sensitiva, inteligente e sustentável. O objetivo da pesquisa é analisar e sistematizar os principais elementos da Empresa S^3 para caracterizar o princípio de colaboração. A metodologia de pesquisa utilizada compreende um estudo bibliográfico para o embasamento teórico, desenvolvimento de modelos de empresas e instanciação em um caso real por meio da metodologia de modelagem For Enterprise Modeling (4EM) orientada para a gestão do conhecimento. O estudo bibliográfico contempla a contextualização dessa iniciativa em disciplinas consolidadas, identificação de aspectos e princípios norteadores, bem como uma revisão sistemática sobre redes colaborativas. Como contribuição da pesquisa, menciona-se a caracterização do princípio de colaboração no âmbito de Empresa S^3 através de um caso exemplo, bem como a sistematização do conhecimento acerca de um tema incipiente e inovador, evidenciando futuras pesquisas e aplicações. / The ability to anticipate decisions, react quickly to changes, and sustain and improve the progress made over time, characterize a sensing, smart and sustainable Enterprise. The objective of the research is to analyze and systematize the main elements of the S^3 Enterprise to characterize the collaboration principle. The research methodology used includes a bibliographical study for the theoretical basis, the development of enterprise models and instantiation in a real case through the modeling methodology For Enterprise Modeling (4EM) oriented to knowledge management. The bibliographic study contemplates the contextualization of this initiative in consolidated disciplines, identification of aspects and guiding principles, as well as a systematic review on collaborative networks. As a contribution of this research, we mention the characterization of collaboration principle within S^3 Enterprise through an example case, as well as the systematization of the knowledge about an incipient and innovative theme, evidencing future researches and applications.

In order to remain competitive, the integration of their information systems is an imperative for many large organisations. Applications that originally have been developed independently are now required to interoperate to support new or different functions of the enterprise. Although the mechanisms for application interoperation exist provided by the technology, due to the sheer number and complexity of the running systems, integration solutions � centralised or distributed�appropriate at the local level do not translate successfully to the whole enterprise. Centralised integration approaches often satisfy only some of the integration requirements, they are very expensive, and are fraught with danger since they imply an �all or nothing� approach. Distributed approaches, on the other hand, suffer from complexity and scalability problems as the number of system interfaces to be implemented and the number of execution-time invocations grows with the number of component applications. This dissertation makes a contribution to the field of Enterprise Application Integration (EAI) within the framework of distributed systems technology. Based on real-life case studies experience, we present here a federated approach that controls the size and complexity of the integration effort by reusing existing systems as much as possible and reducing the number of interacting applications. Only selected local elements are exposed to the organisational milieu, and a consistent supporting infrastructure is provided to make systems interactions possible. Our approach provides a flexible and scalable strategy to enterprise integration, avoiding the shortcomings of traditional approaches. We respect existing organisational structures, and demonstrate how appropriate federation infrastructure and protocols enable the interoperation of existing systems. The three main facets of enterprise knowledge are systematically incorporated into the integration effort: a) by the use of domain ontologies to support data integration; b) by the development of a methodology to include business rules; and c) by the development of FEW, a federated workflow model to implement the business processes of the organisation.