The purpose of business-IT alignment is to optimise the relation between business and IT in order to maximise the business value of IT. Successful business-IT alignment can be enabled by business processes and e-processes functioning as adaptive mediators between business and IT systems. Business processes are the ways actors work in enterprises and collaborate in value networks, while e-processes support a flexible flow of information between IT systems and business processes. The overall goal of this thesis is to propose methods for business process and e-process design and evaluation for achieving alignment between enterprise goals and IT systems. The methods are based on model-driven approaches, using enterprise and software models. More precisely, the proposed methods can be used for designing models of business processes supporting the fulfilment of enterprise goals in the setting of a value network; for designing models of generic and reusable business processes that support the fulfilment of enterprise goals; for designing models of e-processes that support a flexible alignment of IT systems with business processes; and for evaluating the extent to which business processes are aligned with enterprise goals and IT systems. The result of the thesis can be used to support business and system designers with practical knowledge on how to align business and IT systems in order to create efficient, high-quality, flexible and innovative organisations. The research presented in this thesis has been carried out following the design science paradigm. This paradigm is characterised by the creation of new and innovative artefacts for solving general problems, and the evaluation of their benefits and drawbacks.

Les entreprises dont le cœur de métier est orienté vers la conception et la production de systèmes réputés complexes cherchent en permanence à améliorer leur position sur des marchés généralement mouvants face à la concurrence internationale. Une des solutions possibles consiste à déployer, améliorer et gérer des processus d'Ingénierie Système. Entre autres avantages, les entreprises peuvent par ce biais espérer gagner à la fois en termes de qualité de leurs prestations et de réactivité avec laquelle elles les fournissent.Ce déploiement nécessite cependant de porter une attention particulière aux besoins, capacités et motivations des ressources et organisations, tant internes qu'externes à l'entreprise, devant être impliqués dans le déploiement ou l'exécution de ces processus. De fait, la maîtrise de leur interopérabilité doit être considérée comme un facteur clef de la réussite du déploiement. Par ailleurs, comme le déploiement de processus appelle à structurer le travail, à modifier l'organisation et le fonctionnement même des entreprises, ces dernières doivent être en mesure de mettre en œuvre des efforts importants de compréhension, d'anticipation, d'adaptation voire de gestion du changement. Elles se trouvent alors souvent dépourvues face au peu de solutions pragmatiques disponibles et applicables réellement pour déployer des processus en milieu industriel.Pour répondre à ces besoins, les travaux de recherche développés au cours de cette thèse ont pour objectif de fournir un cadre méthodologique et technique permettant de lever certains des verrous empêchant ou freinant la réussite du déploiement de processus. Ils sont appliqués ici au déploiement de processus d'Ingénierie Système dans un contexte aéronautique. Ils concernent plus particulièrement les processus d'ingénierie de produits de type hélicoptère et des services associés.La contribution globale de ces travaux consiste donc à définir un guide méthodologique outillé pour assister le déploiement de processus dans une entreprise multi-sites et pluridisciplinaire. Ce guide inclut :• Une analyse comparative détaillée des standards de l'Ingénierie Système applicable en aéronautique,• Un méta-modèle permettant d'établir une vision/compréhension partagée des concepts nécessaires au déploiement,• Un modèle de maturité permettant de connaitre le degré de préparation de l'entreprise pour le déploiement,• Une méthodologie de déploiement formalisée (BPMN 2.0 et modèle formel sous-jacent) facilement automatisable et non ambiguë,• Une méthodologie d'évaluation de l'interopérabilité des ressources et des unités d'organisations à impliquer dans un processus à déployer, formalisée mathématiquement et outillée entre autres par des questionnaires types facilitant son application immédiate,• Des modèles de processus et en particulier celui de définition des exigences réalisé pour valider la méthodologie de déploiement,• Un ensemble cohérent et interopérable de solutions informatiques comprenant un moteur de workflow, des outils de modélisation, des outils d'évaluation de la maturité et de l'interopérabilité, une application récupérant la connaissance des modèles et un générateur de documents. / Companies whose primary business is the design and the supply of complex systems try to constantly improve their performances to be ahead of their international competitors. For this, a solution is to deploy, improve and manage Systems Engineering processes. Indeed, among other things, this may enable companies improving the quality of their services but also the reactivity with which they supply them.Nonetheless, this deployment requires paying a special attention to needs, abilities and motivations of resources and organisations, should they be internal or external to the company, likely to be involved in the deployment or execution of these processes. Thus, mastering their interoperability should be considered as an important need and should be considered as a key factor in the deployment.Moreover, since a process deployment implies to structure the work share, to modify the organisation and the functioning of enterprises, the latter must be able to carry out considerable effort to understand, anticipate, adapt and lead the change. However, they often experience difficulties considering the few pragmatic and applicable solutions available to directly deploy processes in industry.To meet these needs, this thesis research aims to supply a methodological and technical guide that enables getting over obstacles preventing or impeding the success of the deployment. It is here applied for the deployment of Systems Engineering processes in an aeronautics context. More precisely, this work focus on processes in charge of the design of helicopters along with services related to them.Consequently, the global contribution of this thesis consists in the definition of an equipped methodological guided to support the deployment of processes in a company that is multi-sites and multi-cultural. This guide includes:• A detailed comparative analysis of international Systems Engineering norms applicable in a aeronautics,• A meta-model that enables sharing a common vision/understanding of concepts required for the deployment,• A maturity model that enables appraising the readiness of a company for the deployment,• A formalised deployment methodology (BPMN 2.0 and an underlying formal model) that is unambiguous and that can be easily automated,• A methodology enabling the assessment of the interoperability of resources and organisation units to involve in a process to deploy, mathematically formalised and equipped with typical questionnaires to facilitate its immediate application,• Processes models and more particularly the one in charge of the stakeholders requirements definition to validate the deployment methodology,• A consistent and interoperable set of computer applications including a workflow engine, modelling tools, applications for the assessment of maturity and interoperability, an application to collect knowledge in models and a document generator.

In this thesis the candidate explores the apparent gaps between strategy development and strategy implementation (the strategy alignment question), and between business end-user needs and the suppliers of information technology (IT) related products and services. With business intelligence (BI) emerging as one of the fastest growing fields in IT, the candidate develops a conceptual model in which BI is placed into context with other relevant subjects such as strategy development, enterprise architecture and modelling and performance measurement. The emphasis is on the development of processes and templates that support a closed loop control system with the following process steps: - A business strategy is defined. - The implication of the strategy on business processes, supporting IT resources and organizational structure is formally documented according to enterprise architecture principles. - This documented blueprint of the organization helps to implement the selected business strategy. - A performance measurement system is developed and supported by a well-designed data warehouse. - On a regular basis the measurements that were defined to support the implementation of the strategy, together with information from the external environment are interpreted and this analysis leads to either a new strategy, or refinement of the implementation of the existing strategy. Both options may lead to changes in the enterprise architecture, the execution of business processes and/or the performance measurement system. Some of the individual components of the model are supported by existing theories, for example the Zachman Framework for enterprise architecture and the Balanced Scorecard from Kaplan and Norton. The contribution of the author was to position them in the bigger picture to indicate how they can add value with regard to the establishment of business intelligence in organizations. Instead of packaging existing ideas slightly differently under a new name, the author intentionally searched for existing theories to fulfil certain requirements in the Bigger Picture BI Context Model. Apart from a set of templates that were adapted from various other sources and packaged into practical formats that can be used during facilitation sessions, the author has also developed and described the Fourier Model and the Pots of Money Model. The Fourier Model is a powerful conceptual model that helps a business to package solutions for market related requirements through selections of previously defined building blocks (technical components) that can be delivered through various business entities, depending on the requirements of the opportunity. The Pots of Money Model is a quantitative model embedded in a spreadsheet format to illustrate and communicate the effect of spending decisions in one area of the business on other areas. The candidate demonstrates the Bigger Picture BI Context Model in several case studies. The thesis is accompanied by a CD ROM, which contains over 700 references to relevant literature (most of them available in full text) and links to internet web sites, as well as examples of the software templates that support some of the steps in the context model. The following figure depicts the conceptual model in schematic format: (See figure in the abstract of 00front) / Thesis (PhD (Industrial Engineering))--University of Pretoria, 2006. / Industrial and Systems Engineering / unrestricted

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L'ingénierie d'entreprise conçoit et met en application des projets d'amélioration de la structure et du fonctionnement des organisations de production de biens ou de services. Elle développe des démarches fondées sur la modélisation, en particulier la modélisation des processus métiers, pour assurer une qualité et une cohérence d'ensemble des projets. Aujourd'hui, la prise en compte du risque en ingénierie d'entreprise fait l'objet de nombreux développements, liés à un environnement perçu comme de plus en plus agressif et imprévisible. Des cadres de référence sont même publiés pour guider les entreprises dans ces nouvelles dimensions du pilotage de l'organisation autour du risque. Notre étude se consacre à la conception des processus métier dirigée par les risques comme une composante à part entière de l'ingénierie d'entreprise. Après avoir fait une synthèse des connaissances sur les univers du risque et des processus, un problème d'intégration de ces connaissances est formulé. Un cadre méthodologique pour le management intégré des risques et des processus est ainsi conçu et décrit. Il repose sur la coordination des cycles de vie de la gestion des risques et de la gestion des processus métier, sur la définition d'un cadre conceptuel unifié permettant d'identifier et de maîtriser les informations échangées entre eux, et enfin sur un langage de modélisation adapté à une description des situations et étendant les capacités d'un outil de modélisation du marché (ARIS Business Architect). Un cas d'études du domaine de la santé vient illustrer le bien fondé de l'application de ce cadre méthodologique sur un cas concret. / Enterprise engineering is concerned with the design of projects which aim to improve the structure and behaviour of organisations producing goods and services. It develops approaches based on modelling techniques, particularly on business process modelling in order to assure the quality and the global consistency of the project portfolio. Nowadays, risk consideration in enterprise engineering is a growing importance since the business environment is becoming more and more competitive and unpredictable. In fact, reference frameworks providing guidance for enterprise risk management are developed to tackle this. Our research focuses on risk driven business process design as an integral part of enterprise engineering. After delivering a synthesis of work related to risks and business processes, a research question concerning the integration of both has been addressed. A framework for the integrated management of risks and business processes is suggested. It is based on three components: a coordination of risk and business process management lifecycles, a unified conceptual framework supporting information exchanges between the coordinated lifecycles, and finally a modelling language adapted to the description of risky situations. The later extends the features of a commercial modelling tool (ARIS Business Architect). A case study from the health sector illustrates the foundation of the methodological framework.

Dans le contexte actuel, la transformation de l’outil industriel par l’intermédiaire de nouveaux paradigmes de performance tels qu’Usine du Futur (Factory of the Future FoF), Industry 4.0 (I4.0) ou encore Smart Factory (SF) est au cœur des préoccupations actuelles des industriels. Les travaux présentés dans cette thèse portent sur la problématique de passage d’une situation spécifique existante (AS-IS) vers une situation cible type Usine du Futur (TO-BE) en prenant en compte la situation souhaitée AS-WISHED et les contraintes de ressources. Dans ce cadre, la principale contribution porte sur une approche reposant sur un modèle de co-évolution permettant de guider ce projet de transition au sein de l’organisation. Sur la base des travaux de Tolio et al. (2010), nous avons proposé un modèle de co-évolution amélioré en intégrant le niveau stratégique, le rôle du système d’information (SI) et celui de la place l’homme. Sur le plan théorique, le nouveau modèle de co-evolution aborde 3 domaines Produit/Production/SI qui sont structurés en deux niveaux d’analyse : externe (stratégique) et interne (structurel). L’ensemble de 6 sous-domaines comportent chacun 3 composants couvrant les choix relatifs à chaque sous-domaine et niveau d’analyse. Sur le plan managérial, la gestion de la co-évolution réside dans la modélisation des ces composants. Ensuite, nous caractérisons des liens de co-évolution existants entre les différents sous-domaines du modèle de co-évolution proposé. La démarche d’exploitation du modèle de co-évolution comporte trois étapes et considère les contraintes opérationnelles et les contraintes dites de co-évolution liées à la gestion des liens ou impacts entrant en jeu dans la co-évolution. Il permet de passer progressivement des modèles AS-IS et AS-WISHED pour aboutir à un modèle TO-BE. / Within the current context, the transformation of industries through new paradigms of performance such as The Factory of the Future (FoF), Industry 4.0 (I 4.0) or even The Smart Factory (SF) is at the heart of the industrials’ current concerns. The present work address the problem of the transition from a specific situation (AS-IS) to a target situation alike FoF (TO-BE) considering the desired situation AS-WISHED and the resources constraints. In this line of action, the main contribution concerns an approach based on a co-evolution model enabling to guide manufacturing industries to perform such a transition. Based on the work of Tolio et al. (2010), we propose an enhanced co-evolution model that integrates the strategic level of decisions, the information system role (IS) and the role of the human workforce. From the theoretical perspective, this new model consists in 3 domains: Product design/ Manufacturing/ IS which are structured into two levels of analysis: external (strategic) and internal (operational). The resulting structure of 6 sub-domains is in turn composed of 3 components covering the decisions related to each sub-domain and level of analysis. From the management perspective, the management of co-evolution relies on the modelling of their components. Hence, we exploit the modelling language constructs of the ISO 19440 (2007) standard for the internal components. Then, we characterize the existing co-evolution links between the different sub-domains of the proposed co-evolution model. At last, a 3 phase approach enabling to exploit the enhanced co-evolution model is proposed. It considers the feasibility constraints and the co-evolution constraints linked to the management of the links or impacts that came into play in the co-evolution. As such, it enables to work out progressively a feasible TO-BE model.