<p>Abstract</p><p>Problem: Once a business is running, simultaneously the treat of loosing the entrepreneurial</p><p>spirit is occurring. The team is not as passionate and people do not seem as enthousiastic,</p><p>and what was once a mission is now seemingly nothing more than a job for you and for</p><p>them. Many factors cause the damage; however, the structure and the human resource</p><p>management are two particularly factors involved in that damage.</p><p>Purpose: The purpose of this thesis is to investigate how the structure and the human resource</p><p>management serve as rescuers to force and keep the entrepreneurial spirit. The authors</p><p>findings will help them give suggestions on how these two basic fields help in stabilizing</p><p>the entrepreneurship.</p><p>Method: The data collection is based on theories related to findings from the real life business</p><p>world. To assemble qualitative and reliable research, the authors conducted seven oral</p><p>interviews with professionals working in different positions. In addition, the interviewees</p><p>were selected from four different companies and different industries.</p><p>Conclusion</p><p>The structure in growing firms needs regular adjustment to hold a clear communication</p><p>and clear definition of responsibilities which are crucial for the survival of the firm. Firms</p><p>relying on innovativeness need to find the balance between openness of communication,</p><p>flexibility and the degree of bureaucratization. In addition, firms based on innovation</p><p>should be aware of tolerance of failure. Trust between management and employees also</p><p>tend to influence the overall performance of the firm.</p><p>As the business develops, HRM practices also follow a certain change and update. An established</p><p>firm needs to have clear competences of what is needed in the organization. Besides</p><p>that, the firms need to emphasize training and development. In addition to keep people</p><p>motivated and sustain the entrepreneurial spirit, firms need to be aware of rewarding.</p><p>Eventually the authors also discovered a need to include internationalization in their thesis</p><p>and how it is related to sustain the entrepreneurial spirit in growing firms.</p>

Abstract Problem: Once a business is running, simultaneously the treat of loosing the entrepreneurial spirit is occurring. The team is not as passionate and people do not seem as enthousiastic, and what was once a mission is now seemingly nothing more than a job for you and for them. Many factors cause the damage; however, the structure and the human resource management are two particularly factors involved in that damage. Purpose: The purpose of this thesis is to investigate how the structure and the human resource management serve as rescuers to force and keep the entrepreneurial spirit. The authors findings will help them give suggestions on how these two basic fields help in stabilizing the entrepreneurship. Method: The data collection is based on theories related to findings from the real life business world. To assemble qualitative and reliable research, the authors conducted seven oral interviews with professionals working in different positions. In addition, the interviewees were selected from four different companies and different industries. Conclusion The structure in growing firms needs regular adjustment to hold a clear communication and clear definition of responsibilities which are crucial for the survival of the firm. Firms relying on innovativeness need to find the balance between openness of communication, flexibility and the degree of bureaucratization. In addition, firms based on innovation should be aware of tolerance of failure. Trust between management and employees also tend to influence the overall performance of the firm. As the business develops, HRM practices also follow a certain change and update. An established firm needs to have clear competences of what is needed in the organization. Besides that, the firms need to emphasize training and development. In addition to keep people motivated and sustain the entrepreneurial spirit, firms need to be aware of rewarding. Eventually the authors also discovered a need to include internationalization in their thesis and how it is related to sustain the entrepreneurial spirit in growing firms.

Cette thèse est consacrée d'une part à la conceptualisation de l'esprit entrepreneurial et d'autre part à l'identification des facteurs de son développement à l'université. L'étude théorique nous a amené à considérer l'esprit entrepreneurial comme un processus mental composé d'un ensemble d'attitudes et de sentiments de compétence favorable à une orientation entrepreneuriale. L'université à côté d'autres facteurs de socialisation pourrait le développer. Et ce en évoluant vers une université entrepreneuriale moyennant l'adoption d'une orientation entrepreneuriale. De ce fait, elle est amenée à adopter des pratiques entrepreneuriales à la fois au niveau de son environnement interne qu'externe. Nous avons mené une investigation préliminaire à travers des entretiens semi-directifs avec 24 responsables des universités tunisiennes afin d'explorer, identifier et cerner les facteurs de développement de l'entrepreneuriat et de l'esprit entrepreneurial à l'université tunisienne. De surcroît, la démarche hypothético-inductive nous a permis de superposer les propositions théoriques issus de la littérature avec les principaux résultats de l'enquête. Ce qui nous a permis par conséquent d'affiner et d'enrichir le modèle conceptuel à travers l'ajout de nouvelles variables: • Le type de l'université influence le développement de l'entrepreneuriat et de l'esprit entrepreneurial; • L'importance du rôle du responsable de l'université dans le développement de l'entrepreneuriat et de l'esprit entrepreneurial à l'université: il est appelé à devenir un entrepreneur; • L'importance du réaménagement du plan d'étude; • Au niveau de l'enseignement de l'entrepreneuriat: importance des pédagogies originales et ludiques et celles basées sur les TIC et de la formation des formateurs en entrepreneuriat; • Intégration de la communication avec et entre étudiants et de la motivation de ces derniers ; • Importance de nouer des partenariats universités/ universités et plus de contact avec la société. Le modèle conceptuel proposé affiné par l'étude exploratoire peut servir comme référence ou point de départ pour des recherches ultérieures visant l'étude des facteurs de développement de l'entrepreneuriat et de l'esprit entrepreneurial à l'université. Il peut servir également comme outil mis à la disposition des universités voulant initier et concrétiser une politique de promotion de l'entrepreneuriat et de l'esprit entrepreneurial en leur sein. L'originalité de cette thèse est d'offrir une nouvelle conception de l'entrepreneuriat: un état d'esprit, un domaine d'enseignement et d'éducation et une option de carrière possible. Ainsi, sa valeur consiste à contribuer à la conceptualisation de l'esprit entrepreneurial, à alimenter la réflexion autour des facteurs de développement de l'entrepreneuriat et de l‘esprit entrepreneurial à l'université et à aborder de nouveaux concepts: université entrepreneuriale et orientation entrepreneuriale de l'université. Mots clés : Université, entrepreneuriat, esprit entrepreneurial, conceptualisation, enseignement de l'entrepreneuriat, facteurs de développement, orientation entrepreneuriale. / This thesis is dedicated, on one hand, to the conceptualization of the entrepreneurial spirit and the identification of the factors of its development at the university, on the other. The theoretical study led us to consider the entrepreneurial spirit as a mental process composed of a set of attitudes and feelings of skills (or competencies) favorable to an entrepreneurial orientation. The university, along with other factors of socialization, could develop such by evolving towards an entrepreneurial university for the adoption of an entrepreneurial orientation. To this effect, it is brought to adopt entrepreneurship practices at both at the internal and external levels of its environment. We conducted a preliminary empirical investigation through semi-directive interviews with 24 persons in charge of the Tunisian universities so as to investigate, identify and encircle the factors of development of the entrepreneurship and the entrepreneurial spirit a Tunisian universities. Besides, the hypothetic-inductive approach allowed us to stack the theoretical propositions stemming from the literature with the main results of investigation. In so doing, we managed to refine and enrich the conceptual model through the addition of new variables: • The university type influences the development of the entrepreneurship and the entrepreneurial spirit; • The importance of the role of the person in charge of the university in the development of the entrepreneurship and the entrepreneurial spirit for the university: it is called to become an entrepreneur; • The importance of the refitting of the study schedule; • At the level of the entrepreneurial education: importance of the original and playful pedagogies and those based on TRICK and the training(formation) of the trainers in entrepreneurship; • Integration of the communication with and between students and their motivation; • Importance to knot partnerships universities / universities and more contact with the society. The proposed conceptual model refined by the exploratory study can serve as reference or point of departure for later researches aiming at studying the development factors of the entrepreneurship and the entrepreneurial spirit at the university. It can also serve as a tool given to universities intending to introduce and concretize a policy for the promotion of entrepreneurship and entrepreneurial spirit within their context. The originality of this thesis is to offer a new conception of the entrepreneurship: a state of mind, a domain of teaching and education and an option of possible career. So, its value consists in contributing to the conceptualization of the entrepreneurial spirit, in feeding the reflection around the factors of development of the entrepreneurship and the entrepreneurial spirit at the university and in approaching new concepts: entrepreneurial university and entrepreneurial orientation of the university. Keys words University, entrepreneurship, entrepreneurial spirit, conceptualization, entrepreneurial education, factors of development, entrepreneurial orientation.

This paper investigates the effect of entrepreneurial spirit on immigrant entrepreneurship in the United States. Entrepreneurial spirit refers to attitudes and perceptions towards entrepreneurship, or general self-employment. I address the home country self-employment hypothesis and examine the effect of home country self-employment rates on immigrant self-employment outcomes. I find a negative effect of home country self-employment rates on immigrant self-employment rates and thus, reject the home country self-employment hypothesis. I argue that home country self-employment rates over-estimate entrepreneurial spirit because they are largely driven by the world’s poorest people who are less likely emigrate to the U.S. I address this issue by using immigrants’ home country’s Global Entrepreneurship Index (GEI) as a measure of immigrant entrepreneurial spirit. I find that the GEI has a positive effect on immigrant self-employment rates, and provide evidence that entrepreneurial spirit has a positive effect on immigrant entrepreneurship in the U.S.

L’engagement dans la création d’entreprise est un évènement rare et tardif chez les ingénieurs français. Pour changer cette situation et former davantage des ingénieurs-entrepreneurs, nous étudions l’impact de la formation dans une grande école d’ingénieurs en France. La problématique s’inscrit dans le cadre théorique du comportement planifié complété par la théorie de la carrière entrepreneuriale et la notion d’esprit d’entreprendre. Nous avons suivi une approche longitudinale afin d’étudier l’évolution des intentions et de la construction des identités professionnelles ainsi que les comportements observables associés au cours de leur formation. La thèse s’appuie sur un questionnaire posé chaque année au cours du curriculum et des entretiens semi-directifs en fin de cursus auprès des élèves ingénieurs. Elle aboutit à l’identification de plusieurs identités professionnelles d’ingénieurs (ingénieur technique, manager, entrepreneur) et la caractérisation de la trajectoire de l’intention qui mène au choix de carrière entrepreneuriale. L’impact des facteurs socioculturels, scolaires et extrascolaires sur la trajectoire de l’intention a été modélisé. Il permet d’expliquer la construction de chaque identité professionnelle / Although many researchers point out the emergence of new generations of engineers, the traditional model of the French engineer remains reluctant to entrepreneurship, few engineers are moving towards entrepreneurial careers and they do it rather late in their career. To reverse this trend and train more entrepreneurial engineers, we study educational impact of an engineering Grande Ecole in France. Drawing on the theory of planned behaviour completed by the theory of entrepreneurial career and the notion of entrepreneurial spirit, we use a longitudinal approach to measure the evolution of intention, together with the construction of professional identities and observable behaviours of students during their school years. This study is based on a longitudinal survey completed each year by engineering students and semi-structured interviews with them at the end of the curriculum. The findings include the identification of three engineering professional identities (technical engineer, manager, and entrepreneur) and the definition of the entrepreneurial intention trajectory Leading to entrepreneurial career choice. The impacts of socio-cultural, pedagogical and extra curriculum factors on the trajectory of intention have been modelled. They can explain the building up process of each engineering professional identity

Esta investigación permitió analizar el valor del espíritu emprendedor en las empresas tradicionales. Para ello, se compararon posturas de distintos autores, y se analizaron 30 papers seleccionados de las plataformas de prestigiosas revistas académicas, clasificados según factores tanto externos como internos y su relevancia en el desarrollo del espíritu emprendedor de los colaboradores en las empresas tradicionales. Así, se encontraron posturas opuestas y complementarias respecto a los factores externos (económicos, sociales y familiares) relevantes y no relevantes, y factores internos (liderazgo, mentalidad emprendedora e inteligencia cultural) relevantes en el desarrollo del espíritu emprendedor. Además, se compararon posturas respecto a otros factores, como la innovación como factor determinante para la sostenibilidad en una empresa tradicional. / This research offered the possibility of analyzing the role of the entrepreneurial spirit in traditional companies. For this, the positions of different authors were compared, and 30 articles selected from the platforms of prestigious academic journals were analyzed and classified regarding their contribution in relation to external and internal factors and their relevance in the development of the entrepreneurial spirit of collaborators in traditional companies. As a result, opposite and complementary positions about relevant and not relevant external factors (economic, social and family) were found, and relevant internal factors (leadership, entrepreneurial mentality and cultural intelligence) for a group of authors in the development of the entrepreneurial spirit. In addition, positions were compared with respect to other factors, such as innovation as a determining factor for sustainability in a traditional company. / Trabajo de Suficiencia Profesional