ABSTRACT Construction industry was used to be famous as the leader of whole industry, and had close relationship with prosperity, influenced the development of industry. However, the industry in Taiwan now is facing economic moves in circles and structure adjustment, and the key roles of the leading industry were replaced by high-tech industry. There were many documents about oversea entry mode and management abroad in Taiwan, but the records almost tended to manufacturing industry especially concentrating on the electronic industry, seldom discussed about construction industry. This study base on former experience and relevant theory in accordance with entry mode and operation strategy for construction industry which already to or desire to invest in Mainland China, and try to bring up some actually suggestion and manner, hopping that it can contribute to government for reference to draw up guidance and assistance policy. At the mean time, it is anticipated that this study could also assists the construction industry to make a right determination at business operation in Mainland. This study has found that even through the construction industry lied in difficult operation and low profits recently, the willing to Mainland China for invest is still weak. Most of them were changed their business to decoration, real estate, housing management and building materials industry .The main reason is people thought Mainland market still has some uncertain factors till now. According to this research, the restricted factors on laws & decrees and entry threshold are main influences for construction industry, which attends to invest in Mainland China. As above result it bring up many different kinds of register, such as borrowing a license form local company, registering by local people, acquiring local company, attaching to local company for cooperative business operation, registering as Taiwan merchant and registering as oversea company..etc. On the topic of operation strategy, traditional operation strategy for construction industry in Taiwan are overall cost leadship, economical scale, brand priority strategy, turnkey with funds raised by them, market segmentation. This study base on four strategies: market extension, market development, market penetration and diversification, which could further understanding the similarities and dissimilarities between theory and practice for construction industry. Investigating result shoes that the construction industry still place greater expectation in Mainland China, it is hope that they could use their superiority in company management & control, financial affairs control, marketing sale & development to coordinate various strategies such as diversification, brand priority strategy to develop new market, and in specialized field to get reasonable price .At the same time, they also wish themselves to be competed against in different market level, and choose a professional specialty to reach the goal . In general, this study has also found that the reasons for construction industry could not go all out to Mainland are the restriction on law & decrees in cross-Strait, high entry threshold relatively, difficult to shift business from one side to another, industry scale & capital insufficient, still raw in Mainland market, not have steady subcontractor, difficult to get business from the local government, lacking international view & globalization experience. It results that most of the construction industry now still can¡¦t make a decision to invest in Mainland China. The concrete suggestion of this study includes long-term & planned way to overall arrangement, carefully choose the right entry mode, localized in new business area, strategy alignment, seriously deal with account & tax, to be familiar with industry profession laws & decrees, specialization & diversification, operation management & cost control, train up globalization specialized field ability, to seize the opportunity of joining the WTO & applying for the Olympics, and other particular considerations such as region , traffic , climate ..etc. Restricted by the incompletely open up cross-Strait policy, the construction industry couldn¡¦t go all out to Mainland as manufacturing industry. Even through it was noticed during sample designing stage; the result of this study is difficult to get a universal experience in order to further analyze the entry mode of the construction industry. This study also uses case study to enhance the contents, but the number of sample and its representative is still insufficient. Herein, the successor could rely on more experience of construction industry and this topic to carry on further research in future.

With increasing globalism, most firms are expanding operations into many different countries. Company operations are not single location; the plants, warehouses, and distribution centers are located in terms of the proximity of the resource base and the cost benefits derived from the most advantageous locations. Multinational enterprises were resulted because of markets of products in a specific nation were too mature to increase the sales volume. Firms could no longer gain profits from domestic markets and revenue from the domestic markets were shrinking. The development of a multinational enterprise must be relevant to its different foreign entry modes. Its selection is a complex process in that the firm must evaluate multiple factors, such as the extent of the risk of investing in a nation and how much the firm is involved in the host countries. The research aim of this thesis is to compare the cases ACER of Taiwan and Samsung Electronics co. (SEC) of Korea in terms of how each firm dealt with barriers to entry in the electronics industry and thus become strong competitors in the world. The thesis also focuses on the selection of foreign entry mode to achieve success in business expansion. This research focuses on the internationalization process of Acer, a Taiwanese firm and Samsung Electronics Co. (SEC), a Korean firm, in European markets.

Microchip¡¦s enter in 1996 pioneered the affluence of electronic firms¡¦ investments. Since then, investment environments of Taiwan pose as a luring target for foreign electronic firms, they also entered Taiwan gradually. Clustering effect is the main factor affecting Multinational Corporations¡¦ entry decision; they entered Taiwan due to this reason as well. The promising industry was thus created. Due to similarities in culture and language between Taiwan and PRC, Taiwanese firms serve PRC as the target when considering expanding strategies. Among them, electronic firms claim a large proportion. Clustering effects are also found in several coastal cities in PRC, as a consequence. It¡¦s expected that the history repeats itself in PRC as it did in Taiwan. Previous studies served situations evaluated by US electronic firms which were willing to enter Taiwan as the base, and discussed their entry modes. This thesis aims at discussing subsidiaries in Taiwan in order to understand under which circumstances of capacity or environment would result in which entry modes. This research conducted empirical studies on gathered data, and listed several measurable variables as the data used in analyses. This study categorizes entry strategy into wholly owned and partly owned, and discovered that foreign experience factor significantly affects the entry modes while other factors bear less significant explanatory powers. This research is suggesting that electronic firms could advisedly think over more factors when considering entering Taiwan or PRC, and evaluate firms and market conditions of target country in order to find the best suitable entry mode.

Taiwanese Enterprises gradually become internationalized and invest foreign markets. The thinking of business global operation is no longer on one country, but on multi-nations. Companies may have different factors of the motivation and background to foreign direct investment in different countries. Each country¡¦s culture and business environment has its uniqueness. Another reason of global industries changing is that the developing countries in the past have become new economic systems. Mostly new economic governments adopt open economic policies and encourage foreign investment. Therefore, these new economic countries are often taken into account by foreign direct investment. The purpose of this study is discussed how Taiwanese enterprises determine their entry mode in India market. This study is built the framework under three dimensions which are environment, strategy and resource. For the moment, there are around 28 Taiwanese enterprises have invested in India market. This study is analyzed Taiwanese cases by questionnaire survey, telephone and in-person interviews to understand the import factors of entry modes in India market for Taiwanese enterprises. Research data analysis is strengthened by qualitative discussion and enhanced research reliabilities through both case studies and questionnaire surveys. The question items and study framework are designed from the cases of Taiwanese enterprises and industrial experts¡¦ opinions. It is found in this study that Taiwanese enterprises tend to adopt greenfield strategy as entry mode to India market from the perspectives of environment, strategy, and resource. However, if the purpose of foreign investment of Taiwanese companies is to get the local market, they will tend to adopt joint-venture as entry mode. Finally, the study is to explore entry mode in India market for Taiwanese enterprises based on the strategic perspectives to have an integrated analysis. This makes contributions to who are willing to invest in India market.

<p>Expanding to foreign markets is increasingly popular for companies. The company has to decide which organisational structure, entry mode, to use in the new market. Factors affecting the change from one entry mode to another have obtained little attention. This thesis concerns Swedish companies’ changes of entry mode in Taiwan.</p><p>The purpose is to investigate which factors that serve as triggers respectively barriers for the change of entry modes, to be able to examine which theories that can be used to explain and support mode changes.</p><p>Different theories concerning choice and change of entry mode have been investigated. Based on the theories, a model including factors influencing entry mode changes was established. The model has contributed a foundation for the empirical findings as well as the analysis of the companies. As a method, a qualitative approach was conducted through interviews with five Swedish companies having a subsidiary in Taiwan. The criterion for the companies was that they should have a subsidiary in Taiwan, but entered the market with another entry mode. Considering the small number of companies and to obtain an understanding about the entry mode changes, a qualitative investigation was the most suitable.</p><p>Conclusions that could be drawn were that the competitive Taiwanese market had triggered some of the companies to change their entry mode to a subsidiary in order to be present in the market. Increased sales volume did also have evident affect on why the companies changed their entry mode. The investigation also gives indications that barriers tend to be of internal and firm specific character. Concerning the theories explaining entry mode changes, no complete theory could explain the changes, but parts from different theoretical fields could be applied.</p>

Participation and success of small and medium-sized enterprises (SME) in global markets is of strategic interest to business and public policy makers. Despite empirical evidence that generally demonstrates that performance improves with the level of internationalization mode, there is an identified problem in getting SME decision-makers to make a significant commitment to more advanced modes of internationalization. A review of international business, entrepreneurship and organizational behavior research demonstrated that the attitudes of the SME decision-maker significantly impact the decision-making process to commit to advanced modes of internationalization. Further, the factors that influence and contribute to these attitudes are not well understood. The explicit objective of this research is to determine the important factors that affect a SME decision-maker’s attitude and how they influence the decision to commit to a more advanced foreign market entry mode of internationalization. A quantitative online survey directed at 3117 Canadian manufacturing SME decision-makers who are in advanced and non-advanced modes of internationalization was undertaken. The responses from 224 participants were used for both hypothesis testing and to extend current theory that only marginally acknowledges the effect of attitude on the decision-making process. This research has demonstrated support for attitudinal factors being a differentiator between advanced and non-advanced internationalization modes; and hence these factors are supported as influencers in the complex SME decision-making process. In addition, there is full statistical support for two constructs (Knowledge of culture, Perceived benefits) and moderate support for an additional two constructs (International experience, International commitment). Cross validation further validated the results and provided confidence for the conclusions generated. This research’s conceptual framework and empirical results should make valuable additions to the literature on international business activities, specifically in the context that relates to the importance of attitudes in the decision-making process of mode choice. The research has reinforced some elements of existing international business theories and cast some doubt on the influence of other elements contained within these theories. The empirical results of this study also contribute to business practices and governmental agencies by identifying areas of improvements in internationalization support programs. / 2013/10

Export is an important strategy for firms to grow, yet researchers tend to ignore how firms can exploit and develop their resource-based capabilities to improve export performance. Building on the Organizational Capability (OC) perspective, this study develops a novel approach on ways to improve export performance. Cross-sectional empirical data regarding Swedish firms were collected and analyzed in a number of ways, including application of multi-variate techniques. The study identifies associations between mode of entering a foreign market and the firm’s level of market orientation (MO) capabilities and entrepreneurial orientation (EO) capabilities. Entry modes include wholly-owned subsidiaries and collaborations with other firms. Also, the study shows that the associations are contingent on the institutional distance between the home market and the host market. Problems due to endogeneity are avoided as an association is established between a mode that is aligned with the capabilities and performance. The study found that firms possessing extensive MO and EO capabilities select a wholly-owned subsidiary. The analysis also shows that the institutional distance between Sweden and the export market moderates this association; greater distance favors collaboration with local partners. Moreover, aligning the selection of entry mode with firm-level MO and EO capabilities and institutional distance yields higher post-entry performance.

Purpose - The purpose of this research is to investigate market entry modes selection of Swedish SMEs concerning their entry in Chinese market. The information we extracted from various Swedish SMEs may to some extent functional to other Swedish SMEs as well while seeking to enter in the foreign market. Design/methodology/approach -The authors employ multiple case studies. The data was collected with telephone interviews with managers and directors. Findings - The study indicates that numerous internal and external factors are driving the SMEs to choose a specific entry mode while internationalizing their business in a foreign market. Research limitations/implications - The study and the findings are based on four cases. Therefore the results can only be considered tentative. Additionally, the retrospective nature of the research design is challenging, as it puts weight on the respondents’ memory and ability to identify change. Practical implications –The information can be utilized for managers in SMEs to understand the factors that influence them while they are choosing an appropriate entry mode. Original/value – In contrast with previous research we focused on how the internal and external factors drive the firms to choose a specific entry mode in a foreign market. This information will may have some functional for other SMEs while entering in foreign markets.

AbstractTitleEntry mode decision for Swedish business-to-business firms internationalizing to India. AuthorsJesper Mårtensson, Joep van den BrinkSubjectMaster Thesis in International Marketing KeywordsInternationalization, Entry Mode, BRIC-markets, Internal &amp; External Factors, Effectuation &amp; Causation. Question(s)How do internal and external factors influence the entry mode decision for Swedish business-to-businessfirms internationalizing to India?How can the entry mode decision process be characterized for Swedish business-to-businessfirms when internationalizing to India?How does the entry mode, used by Swedish business-to-business firms in India, follows the Transaction Cost Approach to entry modes and the Resource Based Approach to entry modes?PurposeThe purpose of this study is to get a deeper understanding of how internal and external factors influence the entry mode decision forSwedish business-to-business firms that internationalize to India. Furthermore, the study aims at bringing in a process-based view of the entry mode decision literature.The study also aims to investigate entry modes used in India to see how it followsthe recommendations of the transaction cost and the Resource Based explanation to entry mode choice. MethodQualitative multiple case study consisting of three cases. The data was collected through personal interviews. The cases have been analyzed using a within-case analysis and a cross-case analysis.ConclusionThe findings of our study show that firms evaluate just a few internal and external factors when internationalizing to India. As can be derived from our study, the product has an importantinfluence on the entry mode decision for the investigated firms. The more standardized a product is, the easier it is to penetrate the Indian market using low-control entry modes. The higher the complexity of the product, the more knowledge is required from the firm and thus, the higher the likelihood for a firm to internationalize to the Indian market using high-control entry modes. It is also shown that firms tend to rely on earlier experiences when internationalizing to India, whereas this could limit the firms for choosing the right entry mode. Furthermore, the specific market barriers for the Indian market have an influence on the entry mode decision as well. It is also found that firms that have a causational approach to foreign entry mode will not allow for a rapid switch in the level of foreign involvement before they have reliable information as a base for the decision. The firms with an effectual approach made their entry mode decision based on selecting an entry mode with low resource commitment, seeing their achieved turnovers in India as a bonus. / Master in International Marketing

Title: The influence of culture on the selection process of international market and entry mode. Level: Master Thesis in Business Management Authors: Samed Zaatra &amp; Nabil Al-Taji Supervisor: Professor Ehsanul Huda Chowdhry, Ph.D. Examiner: Professor Maria Fregidou-Malama, Ph.D. Date: June 2017 Aim: The study aims to investigate the influence of cultural similarities when business entities decide to expand their business and enter a new market and it also focuses on the selecting process of the entry modes in regard to the cultural similarity. Methodology: Qualitative case study conducting semi-structured interviews as a main source for the primary data and support it with the pervious and current theoretical framework as the secondary data collection.  Findings: Many factors have an influence on the selection process of entry mode, and they are all connected to each other in some way. The main important factors are the level of risk and level of commitment. The cultural differences and similarities have an influence on the selection process of entry mode, which the more similarities, the lower risk, and vice versa. Contribution: This Study provides better understanding of the effect of culture similarity &amp; entry modes. This study also contributes to the general business environment by which, all companies despite the fact of the size or the product line they have, they all should be aware of many opportunities and threats surrounding them when deciding to enter a new market. The study generates a viewpoint of using the similarity as a motivation for starting a business in a similar market.    Result &amp; Conclusions:  We figured out in this research that the culture similarity has no influence on the motive behind expanding and entering new markets since the motive for companies to expand is the growth of market share, sales, and profit. On the other hand, cultural similarities and low physical distance along with an opportunity in the market is a significant motive that pushes companies toward expanding, and it will increase the companies’ experiences and the possibility of success in the culturally different market and a market with a high physical distance. Limitations: This study approach is qualitative, i.e. a limited number of companies are investigated. On the other hand, the small amount of the secondary data that was available in regards the topic was rear. Also, regarding the geographical distance between the country that we conducted the study at ‘Sweden’ and ‘Egypt’ where the headquarter of Dawlia21 is, also we only Skype interviews, it would be more reliable if it were face to face interviews. Suggestions for future research: Cultural similarity would be the main topic to consider in the field of investigation as long as there are not too many academic articles about it, so we suggest for more focus on the area of cultural similarities. The second part that would be an interesting to study would be the African market as a general and each country as accurate because we believe as researchers that the time will come, and this market will improve and get better on the economic and business levels.