Submitted by JÚLIO HEBER SILVA (julioheber@yahoo.com.br) on 2018-06-26T12:12:21Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese - Luciano Fabris Sgarbi - 2018.pdf: 35934499 bytes, checksum: 6fac6e45ed4a58506a9e7aa6a545f73b (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2018-06-27T11:45:11Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese - Luciano Fabris Sgarbi - 2018.pdf: 35934499 bytes, checksum: 6fac6e45ed4a58506a9e7aa6a545f73b (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-06-27T11:45:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese - Luciano Fabris Sgarbi - 2018.pdf: 35934499 bytes, checksum: 6fac6e45ed4a58506a9e7aa6a545f73b (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-04-19 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / A recurrent pattern seen in nature is that species vary in abundance among sites, being common in a few sites and rare at the majority of sites. This intraspecific distribution of abundance, in turn, generates an excess of rare species in biological communities. This excess may cause problems in data analyses as datasets include many zeros. In this thesis I studied the causes of species rarity and how the excess of rare species influence the detection of patterns at the community level. In the first chapter I observed that species classified as rare were common in other habitat types, in other sites elsewhere, and in other years. However, among these three factors, the rarity was explained mainly by the habitat type. In the second chapter I observed that species tend to become rarer as they distance themselves (above, below or in both directions) from their optimal elevation. This pattern was quite robust and independent of taxonomic group or geographic region. In the third chapter, I observed that remotion of rare species in general did not have effects on the recovery of community structure patterns. In addition, the effect of that remotion of rare species was similar to that observed for the common species exclusion or random species exclusion. / Um padrão repetidamente observado na natureza é que as espécies variam em abundância entre os locais, sendo que em poucos locais a espécie é abundante, enquanto que na maioria a espécie é rara. Esta distribuição intraespecífica de abundância, por sua vez, gera um padrão recorrente que é o excesso de espécies raras nas comunidades biológicas. Este excesso de espécies raras pode complicar análises ao nível de comunidade visto que produzem conjuntos de dados com muitos zeros. Nesta tese busquei entender quais são as causas para a raridade das espécies e como excesso de espécies raras influência a detecção de padrões ao nível de comunidades. No primeiro capítulo observei que espécies classificadas como raras, foram comuns em outros habitats, em outros locais e em outros anos. No entanto, entre estes três fatores, a raridade foi melhor explicada pelo tipo de habitat em que ela foi amostrada. No segundo capítulo observei que as espécies tendem a se tornar mais raras conforme elas se distanciam (acima, abaixo ou em ambas as direções) de sua elevação ótima. Este padrão foi bastante robusto pois foi independente do grupo taxonômico ou da região geográfica. No terceiro capítulo, observei que a remoção das espécies raras têm pouco efeito na recuperação dos padrões de estrutura das comunidades. Além disso, o efeito da remoção de espécies raras foi similar ao observado quando exclui as espécies comuns, ou exclui as espécies de forma aleatória.

Abstract In this thesis, I studied spatial and temporal variability of macroinvertebrate assemblages of boreal streams. The main objectives were (i) to characterize macroinvertebrate assemblage types across large geographical extents, and to assess the utility of assemblage types and landscape and stream type classifications as the basis of stream bioassessment and conservation programs (ii, iii). I also examined the relative roles of large-scale spatial trends and local environmental conditions in structuring macroinvertebrate assemblages (iv). Finally, I assessed (v) if assemblage classifications produce temporally stable and predictable assemblage types. Stream macroinvertebrate assemblage structure exhibited continuous variation instead of distinct assemblage types. Although ecoregions clearly accounted for a considerable amount of variation of macroinvertebrate assemblage characteristics, a combination of regional stratification and prediction from environmental factors would probably yield the most comprehensive framework for the characterizations of macroinvertebrate assemblages of boreal headwater streams. Differences in macroinvertebrate assemblage structure, as well as a group of effective indicator species for different stream types, suggest that landscape classifications could be used as a preliminary scheme for the conservation planning of running waters The strength of the relationship between assemblage structure and local environmental variables increased with decreasing extent, whereas assemblage variation related to spatially variables showed the opposite pattern. At the largest scale, spatial variation was related to latitudinal gradients, while spatial autocorrelation among neighbouring streams was the likely mechanism creating spatial structure within drainage systems. These results suggest that stream bioassessment should give due attention to spatial structuring of stream assemblage composition, considering that important assemblage gradients may not only be related to local environmental factors, but also to biogeographical constraints and neighbourhood dispersal processes. The classification strengths of macroinvertebrate assemblages based on data of three years were overall rather weak, and more importantly, the compositions of the site groups varied considerably from year to year. Such wide and continuous variation was also mirrored by low and inconsistent predictability of classifications from environmental variables. The observed level of temporal variation in assemblage structure may not be a serious problem for predictive approaches frequently used in bioassessment of freshwater ecosystems. For conservation purposes, however, alternative approaches (e.g. physical surrogates of biodiversity) need to be considered.

Abstract Recognition of the importance of a regional perspective for understanding the structure and dynamics of local assemblages has stimulated the emergence of the field of macroecology. Most attention has been directed to terrestrial ecosystems, while large-scale patterns in biodiversity of aquatic organisms have received less attention. In this thesis I examined patterns of aquatic diversity across several geographic areas and scales, in an effort to understand some of the environmental and spatial factors determining species diversity in aquatic environments. The main objectives of this thesis were: (i) to examine the latitudinal diversity patterns of marine crustaceans and molluscs and their relationship to large scale environmental gradients, (ii) to study macroinvertebrate species richness in headwater streams at two spatial extents, within and across drainage systems, and assess the relative importance of local, landscape and regional variables, and (iii) to study diversity patterns of macroorganisms vs microorganism, comparing distance decay patterns of stream diatoms, macroinvertebrates and bryophytes. Latitudinal diversity patterns of crustaceans and molluscs were clearly related to larval developmental mode. An increase in species richness towards high latitudes was found for species with direct development, whereas richness of species with planktotrophic development decreased poleward. Sea surface temperature was the most important environmental gradient related to species richness of both phyla and each developmental mode, but with different effects on each mode. Stream macroinvertebrate species richness at the bioregion extent was negatively related to water humic content. Another factor related to species richness at the bioregion extent was elevation range, a variable linked to stream topographic heterogeneity. Local environmental variables explained most of the variation in species richness at the drainage system extent, however high among-region variability was evident. Patterns between macro- and microorganism may not be fundamentally different, but the level of environmental control varied, being strongest for diatoms, while some groups of benthic macroinvertebrates exhibited relatively strong dispersal limitation. The relative importance of niche vs. dispersal processes is not simply a function of organism size but other traits (e.g. life-history type, dispersal capacity) may obscure this relationship.

<p>Coastal plain ponds are an understudied and threatened wetland ecosystem with many unique environmental attributes. Research in these ponds can investigate species-environment relationships, while simultaneously providing ecosystem-specific information crucial to their continued conservation and management. This dissertation explores patterns in coastal plain pond vegetation composition and species-environment relationships across space, through time, and in the seed bank and standing vegetation.</p><p>In a two-year field study at 18 coastal plain ponds across the island of Martha's Vineyard, Massachusetts, I investigated species-environment relationships within and among ponds. I identified vegetation species presences and abundances within 1 m2 quadrats, which ran continuously along transects established perpendicular to the water's edge. Species data were analyzed against local and landscape-scale environmental data. I also conducted a one-year seed bank study in which sediments from four coastal plain ponds were incubated in growth chambers and composition was compared to the standing vegetation. One hundred and thirty-four plant species were identified during vegetation sampling and 38 species were identified from incubated sediments.</p><p>I found significant compositional change across space in response to environmental gradients, with patterns in species composition occurring at both local and landscape scales. Elevation was the only local factor strongly correlated with species composition. Significant landscape-scale environmental factors included surficial geology and pond water salinity. Species composition was significantly correlated with hydrologic regime in 2005 but not in 2006. Overall patterns in vegetation species composition and abundance were more closely related to landscape-scale environmental variables than to local environmental variables. </p><p>I also found that coastal plain ponds undergo significant compositional change from one year to the next. Interannual variability disproportionately affected certain ponds and quadrats more than others, highlighting patterns in the relationships between compositional change and environmental attributes. Specifically, ephemeral ponds, ponds located on the moraine, ponds with high specific conductance values, and quadrats located closer to the waterline exhibited greater compositional change from 2005 to 2006 than permanent ponds, ponds located on the outwash plain, ponds with low specific conductance values, and quadrats located further from the waterline. </p><p>Finally, I found that coastal plain ponds exhibit a low degree of similarity between composition in sediments and standing vegetation. More species were identified in the standing vegetation than in the seed bank, and in most cases average species richness per quadrat was higher in the standing vegetation than in the seed bank. Seed bank and standing vegetation samples from ponds with different surficial geology were compositionally distinct. Seed bank samples from permanent and ephemeral ponds were compositionally distinct whereas standing vegetation samples were not.</p> / Dissertation

O conhecimento sobre o funcionamento e a diversidade das florestas tropicais vem crescendo nos últimos anos. Formas de quantificar as causas da diversidade beta funcional estão sendo desenvolvidas e perguntas sobre quais fatores determinam essa variação da diversidade em comunidades permanecem em aberto, sobretudo em uma escala regional. Nosso objetivo foi identificar as causas da variação da diversidade (i.e. diversidade beta) de espécies e da diversidade funcional de uma metacomunidade de árvores na Floresta Ombrófila Densa Submontana do sul do Brasil, extremo sul de seu limite de distribuição. Nossa hipótese é de que as causas da diversidade beta funcional e de espécies são distintas. A diversidade beta funcional seria explicada por fatores ambientais e a diversidade beta de espécies por fatores históricos. Para testar nossa hipótese utilizamos a análise de partição da variação através da análise de redundância canônica (ROA). Assim, quantificamos a porção da diversidade beta de espécies e funcional entre comunidades explicada pela variação de variáveis explanatórias ambientais (variáveis bioclimáticas e topológicas) ou espaciais (PCNMs). Também tivemos acesso à porção não explicada por nenhum destes fatores, possivelmente relacionada a variáveis não mensuradas ou fatores internos da comunidade como interações biológicas. Compilamos a informação da composição de espécies arbóreas de 12 sítios ao longo da metacomunidade e coletamos atributos de 104 espécies para compor a informação funcional. Como variáveis resposta utilizamos a matriz de composição de espécies, para a abordagem taxonômica, e duas matrizes para a abordagem funcional, uma de atributos médios ponderados pela abundância das espécies na metacomunidade e outra de abundâncias das espécies ponderada pelas relações difusas definidas pelas suas similaridades funcionais. Os resultados indicaram que 82 o/o da diversidade beta de espécies não foi explicada pelas variáveis explanatórias, enquanto que para as matrizes de diversidade funcional essa fração diminuiu para 43 e 37%. A fração puramente ambiental representou So/o da explicação da diversidade beta de espécies, e para a diversidade funcional ela não foi significativa. Porém, o ambiente estruturado no espaço explicou 17 e 21 o/o da variação da diversidade beta funcional e 8% da variação de espécies, e a fração espacial foi significativa para ambas as abordagens (5% na taxonômica e 42 e 44% na funcional). Diagramas de dispersão mostraram as comunidades latitudinalmente estruturadas quanto à composição de espécies, enquanto na abordagem funcional comunidades geograficamente distantes resultaram ser semelhantes. A diversidade beta de espécies é causada por uma variação latitudinal fortemente relacionada às variáveis ambientais. Fatores históricos, como a migração da floresta no sentido norte-sul podem ser os principais determinantes deste padrão. A diversidade-beta funcional, também determinada por fatores espaciais, está relacionada a escalas mais finas de variação espacial podendo estar ligada a centros de endemismo e rotas de migração regionais. Os diferentes padrões detectados analisando a diversidade funcional e de espécies mostram a importância das duas abordagens para o entendimento da metacomunidade. / In the last years, knowledge about the functionality of tropical forest has grown. Ways of quantifying beta-diversity causes are still under developing and questions about what factors determine diversity variation, especially on a regional scale, have not been answered yet. Our aim was to identify the drivers that are defining variation of functional and species diversity (i.e. functional and species beta-diversity) in a Southern Brazilian Atlantic rainforest tree metacommunity, located along the coast of Paraná, Santa Catarina and northeast Rio Grande do Sul states. We hypothesize that different drivers explain functional and species diversity variation within the metacommunity. Specifically, environmental variabies, representing niche processes, may define functional diversity patterns along the gradient whereas species diversity should be explained by metacommunity history, represented by the spatial variables. To test this we partitioned the variation of each variable set through redundancy analyses (RDA). So we used a matrix of space, represented by eight PCNM variables, and other of environment, represented by climatic and topologic variables, as explanatory matrices. The unexplained fraction of variation was further quantified, which is often related to unmeasured variables or internai community factors such as biotic interactions. We compiled tree species composition data from 12 sites and to assess functional information we sampled traits of 104 species representing plant ecological strategies. We used the species composition matrix and two functional diversity matrices, a communityweighted mean trait matrix and a functional fuzzy-weighted matrix, as response variables. A large unexplained fraction (82%) was found for species betadiversity data, whereas this fraction had lower values for functional betadiversity (43 and 37%). A pure environmental fraction represented 5% of species beta-diversity explanation and it was not significant for functional betadiversity. Spacially structured environmental fraction explains a large amount of both functional (17 and 21 %) and species (8.4%) beta-diversity, and the pure spatial fraction was significant for both (5% to species and 42 and 44% to functional). Scatter diagrams showed that species composition data is latitudinally structured, whereas functional information can be similar despite of geographical distance. Species beta-diversity was mainly caused by latitudinal variation (large spatial scale) related with climatic environmental variables. Historical factors as the north-south forest migration may be determining this pattern. Functional beta-diversity was related to this spatial variation as well, but finer spatial scale related with local endemism centers and species migration routes are also influencing. Different patterns detected by species and functional beta-diversities showed the importance of both approaches to understand tree metacommunity patterns.

O conhecimento sobre o funcionamento e a diversidade das florestas tropicais vem crescendo nos últimos anos. Formas de quantificar as causas da diversidade beta funcional estão sendo desenvolvidas e perguntas sobre quais fatores determinam essa variação da diversidade em comunidades permanecem em aberto, sobretudo em uma escala regional. Nosso objetivo foi identificar as causas da variação da diversidade (i.e. diversidade beta) de espécies e da diversidade funcional de uma metacomunidade de árvores na Floresta Ombrófila Densa Submontana do sul do Brasil, extremo sul de seu limite de distribuição. Nossa hipótese é de que as causas da diversidade beta funcional e de espécies são distintas. A diversidade beta funcional seria explicada por fatores ambientais e a diversidade beta de espécies por fatores históricos. Para testar nossa hipótese utilizamos a análise de partição da variação através da análise de redundância canônica (ROA). Assim, quantificamos a porção da diversidade beta de espécies e funcional entre comunidades explicada pela variação de variáveis explanatórias ambientais (variáveis bioclimáticas e topológicas) ou espaciais (PCNMs). Também tivemos acesso à porção não explicada por nenhum destes fatores, possivelmente relacionada a variáveis não mensuradas ou fatores internos da comunidade como interações biológicas. Compilamos a informação da composição de espécies arbóreas de 12 sítios ao longo da metacomunidade e coletamos atributos de 104 espécies para compor a informação funcional. Como variáveis resposta utilizamos a matriz de composição de espécies, para a abordagem taxonômica, e duas matrizes para a abordagem funcional, uma de atributos médios ponderados pela abundância das espécies na metacomunidade e outra de abundâncias das espécies ponderada pelas relações difusas definidas pelas suas similaridades funcionais. Os resultados indicaram que 82 o/o da diversidade beta de espécies não foi explicada pelas variáveis explanatórias, enquanto que para as matrizes de diversidade funcional essa fração diminuiu para 43 e 37%. A fração puramente ambiental representou So/o da explicação da diversidade beta de espécies, e para a diversidade funcional ela não foi significativa. Porém, o ambiente estruturado no espaço explicou 17 e 21 o/o da variação da diversidade beta funcional e 8% da variação de espécies, e a fração espacial foi significativa para ambas as abordagens (5% na taxonômica e 42 e 44% na funcional). Diagramas de dispersão mostraram as comunidades latitudinalmente estruturadas quanto à composição de espécies, enquanto na abordagem funcional comunidades geograficamente distantes resultaram ser semelhantes. A diversidade beta de espécies é causada por uma variação latitudinal fortemente relacionada às variáveis ambientais. Fatores históricos, como a migração da floresta no sentido norte-sul podem ser os principais determinantes deste padrão. A diversidade-beta funcional, também determinada por fatores espaciais, está relacionada a escalas mais finas de variação espacial podendo estar ligada a centros de endemismo e rotas de migração regionais. Os diferentes padrões detectados analisando a diversidade funcional e de espécies mostram a importância das duas abordagens para o entendimento da metacomunidade. / In the last years, knowledge about the functionality of tropical forest has grown. Ways of quantifying beta-diversity causes are still under developing and questions about what factors determine diversity variation, especially on a regional scale, have not been answered yet. Our aim was to identify the drivers that are defining variation of functional and species diversity (i.e. functional and species beta-diversity) in a Southern Brazilian Atlantic rainforest tree metacommunity, located along the coast of Paraná, Santa Catarina and northeast Rio Grande do Sul states. We hypothesize that different drivers explain functional and species diversity variation within the metacommunity. Specifically, environmental variabies, representing niche processes, may define functional diversity patterns along the gradient whereas species diversity should be explained by metacommunity history, represented by the spatial variables. To test this we partitioned the variation of each variable set through redundancy analyses (RDA). So we used a matrix of space, represented by eight PCNM variables, and other of environment, represented by climatic and topologic variables, as explanatory matrices. The unexplained fraction of variation was further quantified, which is often related to unmeasured variables or internai community factors such as biotic interactions. We compiled tree species composition data from 12 sites and to assess functional information we sampled traits of 104 species representing plant ecological strategies. We used the species composition matrix and two functional diversity matrices, a communityweighted mean trait matrix and a functional fuzzy-weighted matrix, as response variables. A large unexplained fraction (82%) was found for species betadiversity data, whereas this fraction had lower values for functional betadiversity (43 and 37%). A pure environmental fraction represented 5% of species beta-diversity explanation and it was not significant for functional betadiversity. Spacially structured environmental fraction explains a large amount of both functional (17 and 21 %) and species (8.4%) beta-diversity, and the pure spatial fraction was significant for both (5% to species and 42 and 44% to functional). Scatter diagrams showed that species composition data is latitudinally structured, whereas functional information can be similar despite of geographical distance. Species beta-diversity was mainly caused by latitudinal variation (large spatial scale) related with climatic environmental variables. Historical factors as the north-south forest migration may be determining this pattern. Functional beta-diversity was related to this spatial variation as well, but finer spatial scale related with local endemism centers and species migration routes are also influencing. Different patterns detected by species and functional beta-diversities showed the importance of both approaches to understand tree metacommunity patterns.

O conhecimento sobre o funcionamento e a diversidade das florestas tropicais vem crescendo nos últimos anos. Formas de quantificar as causas da diversidade beta funcional estão sendo desenvolvidas e perguntas sobre quais fatores determinam essa variação da diversidade em comunidades permanecem em aberto, sobretudo em uma escala regional. Nosso objetivo foi identificar as causas da variação da diversidade (i.e. diversidade beta) de espécies e da diversidade funcional de uma metacomunidade de árvores na Floresta Ombrófila Densa Submontana do sul do Brasil, extremo sul de seu limite de distribuição. Nossa hipótese é de que as causas da diversidade beta funcional e de espécies são distintas. A diversidade beta funcional seria explicada por fatores ambientais e a diversidade beta de espécies por fatores históricos. Para testar nossa hipótese utilizamos a análise de partição da variação através da análise de redundância canônica (ROA). Assim, quantificamos a porção da diversidade beta de espécies e funcional entre comunidades explicada pela variação de variáveis explanatórias ambientais (variáveis bioclimáticas e topológicas) ou espaciais (PCNMs). Também tivemos acesso à porção não explicada por nenhum destes fatores, possivelmente relacionada a variáveis não mensuradas ou fatores internos da comunidade como interações biológicas. Compilamos a informação da composição de espécies arbóreas de 12 sítios ao longo da metacomunidade e coletamos atributos de 104 espécies para compor a informação funcional. Como variáveis resposta utilizamos a matriz de composição de espécies, para a abordagem taxonômica, e duas matrizes para a abordagem funcional, uma de atributos médios ponderados pela abundância das espécies na metacomunidade e outra de abundâncias das espécies ponderada pelas relações difusas definidas pelas suas similaridades funcionais. Os resultados indicaram que 82 o/o da diversidade beta de espécies não foi explicada pelas variáveis explanatórias, enquanto que para as matrizes de diversidade funcional essa fração diminuiu para 43 e 37%. A fração puramente ambiental representou So/o da explicação da diversidade beta de espécies, e para a diversidade funcional ela não foi significativa. Porém, o ambiente estruturado no espaço explicou 17 e 21 o/o da variação da diversidade beta funcional e 8% da variação de espécies, e a fração espacial foi significativa para ambas as abordagens (5% na taxonômica e 42 e 44% na funcional). Diagramas de dispersão mostraram as comunidades latitudinalmente estruturadas quanto à composição de espécies, enquanto na abordagem funcional comunidades geograficamente distantes resultaram ser semelhantes. A diversidade beta de espécies é causada por uma variação latitudinal fortemente relacionada às variáveis ambientais. Fatores históricos, como a migração da floresta no sentido norte-sul podem ser os principais determinantes deste padrão. A diversidade-beta funcional, também determinada por fatores espaciais, está relacionada a escalas mais finas de variação espacial podendo estar ligada a centros de endemismo e rotas de migração regionais. Os diferentes padrões detectados analisando a diversidade funcional e de espécies mostram a importância das duas abordagens para o entendimento da metacomunidade. / In the last years, knowledge about the functionality of tropical forest has grown. Ways of quantifying beta-diversity causes are still under developing and questions about what factors determine diversity variation, especially on a regional scale, have not been answered yet. Our aim was to identify the drivers that are defining variation of functional and species diversity (i.e. functional and species beta-diversity) in a Southern Brazilian Atlantic rainforest tree metacommunity, located along the coast of Paraná, Santa Catarina and northeast Rio Grande do Sul states. We hypothesize that different drivers explain functional and species diversity variation within the metacommunity. Specifically, environmental variabies, representing niche processes, may define functional diversity patterns along the gradient whereas species diversity should be explained by metacommunity history, represented by the spatial variables. To test this we partitioned the variation of each variable set through redundancy analyses (RDA). So we used a matrix of space, represented by eight PCNM variables, and other of environment, represented by climatic and topologic variables, as explanatory matrices. The unexplained fraction of variation was further quantified, which is often related to unmeasured variables or internai community factors such as biotic interactions. We compiled tree species composition data from 12 sites and to assess functional information we sampled traits of 104 species representing plant ecological strategies. We used the species composition matrix and two functional diversity matrices, a communityweighted mean trait matrix and a functional fuzzy-weighted matrix, as response variables. A large unexplained fraction (82%) was found for species betadiversity data, whereas this fraction had lower values for functional betadiversity (43 and 37%). A pure environmental fraction represented 5% of species beta-diversity explanation and it was not significant for functional betadiversity. Spacially structured environmental fraction explains a large amount of both functional (17 and 21 %) and species (8.4%) beta-diversity, and the pure spatial fraction was significant for both (5% to species and 42 and 44% to functional). Scatter diagrams showed that species composition data is latitudinally structured, whereas functional information can be similar despite of geographical distance. Species beta-diversity was mainly caused by latitudinal variation (large spatial scale) related with climatic environmental variables. Historical factors as the north-south forest migration may be determining this pattern. Functional beta-diversity was related to this spatial variation as well, but finer spatial scale related with local endemism centers and species migration routes are also influencing. Different patterns detected by species and functional beta-diversities showed the importance of both approaches to understand tree metacommunity patterns.

Submitted by Geandra Rodrigues (geandrar@gmail.com) on 2018-03-19T18:11:37Z No. of bitstreams: 1 danieleliasferreirabarbosa.pdf: 2623086 bytes, checksum: 9c30260d3a86fc41b642599a5f607b4b (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2018-03-19T19:52:18Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 danieleliasferreirabarbosa.pdf: 2623086 bytes, checksum: 9c30260d3a86fc41b642599a5f607b4b (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-03-19T19:52:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 danieleliasferreirabarbosa.pdf: 2623086 bytes, checksum: 9c30260d3a86fc41b642599a5f607b4b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-11-10 / A heterogeneidade vegetacional é um dos fatores responsáveis pela alta biodiversidade encontrada na Floresta Atlântica, com destaque para a Floresta Estacional Semidecidual (FES) que, embora apresente elevada riqueza e endemismo, é menos conhecida do que outras formações deste Bioma como as Florestas Ombrófilas. Esta formação é uma das mais degradadas devido, sobretudo, a ocupações urbanas na Região Sudeste do Brasil. Atualmente, em Minas Gerais é representada principalmente por remanescentes de florestas secundárias, destacando-se, no complexo da Mantiqueira, a Serra do Ibitipoca que devido a sua importância biológica figura entre as áreas prioritárias para a conservação da flora no estado e, mesmo assim, vem sofrendo com a fragmentação e destruição de habitats. A fragmentação de habitats é uma das maiores ameaças a biodiversidade, afetando particularmente a comunidade epifítica. Outro importante fator na composição desta comunidade é o gradiente altitudinal que disponibiliza elevada heterogeneidade ambiental mesmo em pequenas distâncias. Epífitas são um importante componente para a diversidade das florestas tropicais devido ao elevado número de espécies, além de apresentar importante função ecológica. O estudo foi realizado em cinco fragmentos de FES com extensões entre ca. 2 e 8 ha e altitudes variando entre 1230 e 1430 m.s.m. na Serra do Ibitipoca, Minas Gerais entre setembro de 2013 e dezembro de 2016. Os resultados são apresentados em dois capítulos. O primeiro capítulo teve como objetivos realizar o levantamento da comunidade de epífitas vasculares e avaliar a importância da heterogeneidade de habitats na riqueza e composição de espécies. Foram registradas 96 espécies de epífitas vasculares distribuídas em 40 gêneros sendo Peperomia Ruíz e Pav. o mais rico (oito spp.) e 10 famílias das quais, Orchidaceae é a mais rica (30 spp.). As samambaias apresentaram riqueza de espécies acima do esperado, provavelmente em função da elevada altitude na área de estudo. O estudo apresentou a maior riqueza registrada até o momento para FES ressaltando a importância da manutenção de xi fragmentos com diferentes estruturas para a comunidade epifítica. O segundo capítulo avaliou a diversidade da comunidade de epífitas vasculares e a correlação da riqueza de espécies com a altitude e tamanho dos fragmentos, além de porte dos forófitos. Para isso foram amostrados em cada um dos fragmentos os 60 maiores forófitos contendo ao menos uma planta epífita. Foram calculados para cada fragmento os índices de diversidade de Shannon (H’) e de uniformidade de Pielou (J), além dos índices de distinção taxonômica média (Δ+) e variação na distinção taxonômica (Λ+). Uma análise de regressão linear simples foi realizada com o intuito de verificar uma possível correlação entre altitude, área e riqueza. Foram amostrados 300 forófitos com 1270 ocorrências de epífitas, distribuídas em 85 espécies. O número de espécies não apresentou correlação positiva com o tamanho da área indicando que os fragmentos tiveram históricos de perturbação distintos, fato corroborado pela similaridade encontrada estar abaixo do esperado. Os fragmentos mais próximos e com maior riqueza apresentaram os maiores valores de H’ e Δ+ demonstrando melhor estado de conservação dentre os fragmentos analisados. Embora não tenha havido correlação significativa entre altitude e riqueza (p>0,05) ficou evidente a influência da altitude na composição da comunidade com sete espécies ocorrendo até 1230 m e 13 apenas acima de 1380 m. / The vegetation heterogeneity is one feature responsible for the high biodiversity found in Atlantic forest, especially for the Seasonal Semidecidual Forest (SSF), which, despite high richness and endemism, is less known than other physiognomies like the rainforests. This phytophysiognomy is one of the most affected due to, especially the urban occupation in the Southeastern Region of Brazil. Currently in Minas Gerais, this physiognomy is represented especially by remnants of secondary forests. In this sense, we must highlight that the Serra do Ibitipoca, due to its biological importance, appears among the priority areas for conservation of the flora in this state, and nevertheless, is suffering with fragmentation and destruction of habitats. Fragmentation of habitats greatly threatens the biodiversity, affecting especially the epiphytic community. Other important feature in the composition of this community is the elevation gradient which provides high habitat heterogeneity even at short distances. Epiphytes are an important component for diversity of the tropical forests due to its high number of species, also presenting relevant ecological function. We studied five fragments with sizes varying between 2 and 8 ha and altitudes varying between 1230 and 1430 m.s.m. in the Serra da Mantiqueira, Minas Gerais between September 2013 and December 2016. Results are presented in two chapters. The aims of the first chapter were to realize the survey of vascular epiphytic community and evaluate the importance of the habitat heterogeneity to the richness and composition of species. We recorded 96 species of vascular epiphytes distributed in 40 genera of which Peperomia was the richest (eight spp.) and 10 families, of which Orchidaceae was the richest (30 spp.). The ferns presented richness higher than expected, probably due to the high altitude of the studied area. This study presented the highest richness to date know for SSF, highlighting the importance of maintenance of fragments with distinct structures for the epiphytic community. In the second chapter we evaluated the diversity of the community of vascular epiphytes and the correlation of species xiii richness with altitude and fragment size, besides phorophytes sizes. In each fragment we evaluated 60 largest phorophytes with at least one epiphyte. We calculated for each fragment the indices of diversity of Shannon (H‟) and equability of Pielou (J), besides the indices of taxonomic distinction (Δ+) and variation in taxonomic distinction (Λ+). An analysis of linear regression was conducted in order to verify correlation between altitude, area size and richness of species. We sampled 300 phorophytes with 1270 occurrences of epiphytes, distributed in 85 species. The number of species did not correlate with the size of the fragments pointing to a distinct history of disturbance, a feature confirmed by the relatively low indices of similarity. The closest and richest fragments presented the highest values of H‟ and Δ+ showing the best conservation status among the analyzed fragments. Although we did not find significant correlation between altitude and richness (p>0.05) it was clear the influence of the elevation in the composition of the community once seven species occur up to 1230m.s.m. and 13 were present only above the 1380m.s.m.

Afin d’estimer la capacité de réponse du chêne sessile (Quercus petraea Matt. Liebl.) aux changements climatiques en cours, le potentiel d’adaptation de cette espèce pour le débourrement a été mesuré en populations naturelles. Ces populations sont situées le long d’un gradient altitudinal comprenant 12 populations entre 131 et 1630 m, et d’un gradient latitudinal comprenant 21 populations de l’ensemble de l’aire de répartition. Tout d’abord l’empreinte démographique sur les niveaux de diversité génétique a été estimée sur les populations du gradient altitudinal à partir de marqueurs neutre. Les résultats ont montré que la diversité est maintenue le long du gradient altitudinal grâce notamment à des forts flux de gènes entre populations. La variabilité génétique du débourrement à été mesurée en tests de provenances pour 10 populations du gradient altitudinal. Les résultats ont montré une forte différenciation ainsi qu’une héritabilité élevée du trait. Une variabilité génétique importante est maintenue à l’intérieur des populations et semble indiquer que de multiples pressions de sélection agissent de manière fluctuante et/ou opposée. La diversité de gènes candidats pour le débourrement a été étudiée sur les populations des deux gradients environnementaux. Un niveau de diversité nucléotidique relativement fort et un faible déséquilibre de liaison qui décroit rapidement avec la distance ont été observés. Des signatures de sélections ont été mises en évidence sur un ensemble de gènes candidats. Une étude d’association a été menée entre variabilité du caractère et polymorphisme au sein des gènes candidats sur les populations des deux gradients. Un total de 16 associations significatives a été observé impliquant 10 gènes candidats. Ces résultats suggèrent un potentiel d’adaptation important face aux changements climatiques et offrent des perspectives intéressantes pour la compréhension des processus évolutifs qui régissent l’adaptation du chêne sessile pour le débourrement. / In order to assess the capacity of sessile oak (Quercus petraea Matt. Liebl.) to withstand the ongoing climate changes, we estimated its adaptative potential for bud burst within natural populations. These populations are located along two steep temperature gradients: an altitudinal gradient comprising 12 populations located between 131 m 1630 m, and a latitudinal gradient including 21 populations from the species’ distribution range. First the demographic imprint on the overall genetic diversity was assessed on the altitudinal gradient populations using neutral markers. Results showed that genetic diversity was homogeneously distributed along the gradient and maintained at high altitudes. The genetic variability of bud burst was measured in provenance tests for 10 populations of the altitudinal gradient. We found a high level of genetic differentiation and a high heritability for the trait. A high variability was also observed within populations, indicating that selection pressures may fluctuate in natural conditions. Genetic diversity of candidate genes for bud burst was assessed on populations from both gradients. A high level of nucleotide diversity was observed, and linkage disequilibrium was low. Selective signatures were observed on few candidate genes. An association mapping study was performed between bud burst variability and polymorphism at the candidate genes on populations of both gradients separately. A total of 16 associations involving 10 genes were observed. These results suggest an important adaptive potential of sessile oak for bud burst in the face of climate change and provide interesting perspectives for the comprehension of evolutionary processes controlling bud burst adaptation of sessile oak.

Novel ecosystems emerge from alterations to historic abiotic regimes and contain new species combinations. Everglades canals offer an opportunity to understand the function of novel habitat for native and non-native fishes and how novel conditions in turn influence distribution, abundance and assembly patterns. I examined native and non-native fish assemblages collected across a gradient in novelty, defined by the loss of wetland connectivity and habitat complexity. As novelty increased, native species richness and abundance strongly declined, and the contribution of non-natives increased. Community structure vastly differed among canals and was strongly influenced by spatial factors and secondarily by hydrological factors. Natives and non-natives had opposing responses to key hydrologic and habitat parameters. This study represents the first comprehensive assessment of Everglades canal fishes, providing insight into the factors influencing native and non-native abundance and assembly patterns and contributing to our understanding of this novel but permanent habitat.