Rural agro-industry gives added value to peasant’s agricultural production. In Peru, many small farmers from highland areas are linked in this activity as a means of subsistence. These farmers, since ancient times, have performed all their field activities in balance with nature. In fact, the rural agribusiness has mostly been developed under agroecological principles. The main objective of this thesis the description of the characteristics of rural agribusiness and how this activity based on agroecology contributes to the conservation of the environment in the highland areas of Peru. The situation of rural agribusiness is reviewed from the global and local context of organic agriculture. It has also been taken the region of Lurin River Basin as a case study, where environmental, productive, marketing and institutional characteristics are described. Moreover, a study of the current and future situation using the scenario methods, and an analysis of sustainability is carried out for an organic farmers’ organization called “Association of Ecological Producers of the Lurin River Basin ‘Monticielo’”. Results of this thesis indicate that rural agribusiness in highland areas of Peru, specifically in the Lurin River Basin, is crucial sector it contributes to food security and generating income for rural families, conserve biodiversity and farmers` traditional knowledge has been used to address emerging issues of climate change. However, the main problems facing small producers are productivity, technology, marketing and organization.In the scenario analysis it has been identified that "Organic-point of sale" scenario can become a marketing point of eco-business efficiently, which could increase sales and improve the quality of life for farmers and for the environmental conservation. In conclusion, being closely linked to ecological farming practices, rural agribusiness is an important tool that contributes to the welfare of rural small farmers and environmental conservation.

Rural agro-industry gives added value to peasant‟s agricultural production. In Peru, many small farmers from highland areas are linked in this activity as a means of subsistence. These farmers, since ancient times, have performed all their field activities in balance with nature. In fact, the rural agribusiness has mostly been developed under agroecological principles. The main objective of this thesis the description of the characteristics of rural agribusiness and how this activity based on agroecology contributes to the conservation of the environment in the highland areas of Peru. The situation of rural agribusiness is reviewed from the global and local context of organic agriculture. It has also been taken the region of Lurin River Basin as a case study, where environmental, productive, marketing and institutional characteristics are described. Moreover, a study of the current and future situation using the scenario methods, and an analysis of sustainability is carried out for an organic farmers‟ organization called “Association of Ecological Producers of the Lurin River Basin „Monticielo‟”. Results of this thesis indicate that rural agribusiness in highland areas of Peru, specifically in the Lurin River Basin, is crucial sector it contributes to food security and generating income for rural families, conserve biodiversity and farmers` traditional knowledge has been used to address emerging issues of climate change. However, the main problems facing small producers are productivity, technology, marketing and organization. In the scenario analysis it has been identified that "Organic-point of sale" scenario can become a marketing point of eco-business efficiently, which could increase sales and improve the quality of life for farmers and for the environmental conservation. In conclusion, being closely linked to ecological farming practices, rural agribusiness is an important tool that contributes to the welfare of rural small farmers and environmental conservation. / www.ima,kth.se

No description available.

No description available.

Communities sometimes hold private property rights in or adjacent to a protected area. Section 25 of the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa of 1996 (the Constitution) protects a person's private property in that the state may not unfairly deprive or expropriate such private property. The interest in the environment are protected by section 24 of the Constitution which entails that every person has the right to an environment that is not harmful to one's health or well-being and also that the environment has to be preserved for present and future generations. National parks are the most valuable natural resource in terms of nature conservation that South Africa has, as these parks harvest natural resources to be preserved for present and future generations. The question that arises is which restrictions are placed on owners in respect of nature conservation, and what the constitutionality of such restrictions is. The answer this question is somewhat difficult as both the right to property and the right to a safe and clean environment are both fundamental rights in the Constitution, and these rights deserve protection. That being said, it is important to understand that no right in the Bill of Rights is an absolute right and all rights are subject to limitations. Such limitations should adhere to the requirements set out in section 36 of the Constitution. A limitation of any constitutional right will be accepted if it is proportional. Section 36(1) of the Constitution amounts to a general proportionality test to ensure that any right contained in the Bill of Rights is only limited by a law of general application and if such limitation is reasonable and justifiable. The National Environmental Management Act 107 of 1998 (NEMA) as well as the National Environmental Management: Protected Areas Act 57 of 2003 (NEMPA) can be seen as laws of general application. NEMPA especially implies that private property holders may be deprived of their property, if it is situated in or adjacent to a protected area in order to conserve the environment, and this will also not be arbitrary as the private property holders are still allowed to reside on the land in question. NEMA as well as NEMPA makes provision that property may be expropriated for environmental purposes subject to compensation and the provisions of the Expropriation Act 63 of 1975. Limitation of property rights in order to protect and conserve the environment can thus not be seen as unconstitutional or unfair. / LLM (Environmental Law and Governance), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2015

Communities sometimes hold private property rights in or adjacent to a protected area. Section 25 of the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa of 1996 (the Constitution) protects a person's private property in that the state may not unfairly deprive or expropriate such private property. The interest in the environment are protected by section 24 of the Constitution which entails that every person has the right to an environment that is not harmful to one's health or well-being and also that the environment has to be preserved for present and future generations. National parks are the most valuable natural resource in terms of nature conservation that South Africa has, as these parks harvest natural resources to be preserved for present and future generations. The question that arises is which restrictions are placed on owners in respect of nature conservation, and what the constitutionality of such restrictions is. The answer this question is somewhat difficult as both the right to property and the right to a safe and clean environment are both fundamental rights in the Constitution, and these rights deserve protection. That being said, it is important to understand that no right in the Bill of Rights is an absolute right and all rights are subject to limitations. Such limitations should adhere to the requirements set out in section 36 of the Constitution. A limitation of any constitutional right will be accepted if it is proportional. Section 36(1) of the Constitution amounts to a general proportionality test to ensure that any right contained in the Bill of Rights is only limited by a law of general application and if such limitation is reasonable and justifiable. The National Environmental Management Act 107 of 1998 (NEMA) as well as the National Environmental Management: Protected Areas Act 57 of 2003 (NEMPA) can be seen as laws of general application. NEMPA especially implies that private property holders may be deprived of their property, if it is situated in or adjacent to a protected area in order to conserve the environment, and this will also not be arbitrary as the private property holders are still allowed to reside on the land in question. NEMA as well as NEMPA makes provision that property may be expropriated for environmental purposes subject to compensation and the provisions of the Expropriation Act 63 of 1975. Limitation of property rights in order to protect and conserve the environment can thus not be seen as unconstitutional or unfair. / LLM (Environmental Law and Governance), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2015

A Educação para a Conservação é um campo de pesquisa que se dedica ao estudo das reflexões éticas e das atitudes humanas direcionadas para com o respeito que se deve ter com o ambiente, principalmente pelo estabelecimento de ações conservacionistas pautadas em interações educativas. Os Zoos, de modo geral, estão inseridos nessa perspectiva, uma vez que se apresentam como instituições de cunho educativo voltadas para a conservação da biodiversidade. No entanto, o discurso expositivo apresentado por esses aparatos culturais no Brasil, muitas vezes, não contempla tais elementos em suas exposições. Por este motivo, buscou-se a análise de exposições zoológicas também no exterior, que contemplassem discursos sobre a conservação da biodiversidade em suas exposições, tendo sido escolhida a exposição do Zoo de Barcelona, Espanha, para a realização desta investigação. A pesquisa teve por objetivos compreender como a conservação da biodiversidade é abordada na exposição deste zoológico catalão, com base na formulação de saberes de referência constituídos a partir de diferentes áreas: os Movimentos Ambientalistas, a Filosofia da Conservação e as Éticas Ambientais. Igualmente, buscou-se compreender como o discurso expositivo sobre conservação encontra-se apresentado nos aparatos expográficos distribuídos ao longo da exposição, bem como em livros e documentos. Compreendendo a investigação como um Estudo de Caso, foram acessados documentos institucionais de acesso público encontrados no site da instituição e textos presentes nos painéis expositivos. As análises foram realizadas com base no referencial teórico da Transposição Didática/Museográfica, que permite o estudo da exposição por ao menos três lógicas: a lógica do discurso; a lógica do espaço; e a lógica do gesto. Além disso, o mesmo referencial prevê o estabelecimento de um saber de referência ou saber sábio pautado no conhecimento epistemológico sobre a conservação da biodiversidade e, nesta pesquisa, no discurso de pesquisadores da área, que foram entrevistados sobre este assunto. Este saber de referência ou saber sábio possibilitou a criação de um conjunto de categorias de análise que pautou a análise do discurso expositivo apresentado pelo Zoo de Barcelona. As categorias criadas foram classificadas em duas dimensões: a dos Valores e a das Ações. Duas categorias, a Antropocêntrica e a Não antropocêntrica constituíram a Dimensão dos Valores e quatro categorias, a Desenvolvimentista, a Sustentabilista, a Sócio-humanística e a Técnico-científica constituíram a Dimensão das Ações. Os resultados apontaram que o discurso expositivo é composto predominantemente por informações Técnico-científicas e Sustentabilistas, ambas as categorias contextualizadas por uma visão não antropocêntrica de valorização da natureza. A forma como o discurso expositivo encontra-se apresentado na parte textual da exposição corrobora a linha conceitual de assuntos abordados nos grandes eventos globais promovidos pela ONU ao longo dos últimos 40 anos, sobre a conservação do meio ambiente. Categorias como a Sócio-humanística, a Antropocêntrica e a Dimensão dos Valores foram pouco abordadas. A categoria Desenvolvimentista não foi encontrada na exposição. Pelas evidências levantadas durante a análise dos dados pode-se concluir que o Zoo de Barcelona apresenta um discurso expositivo conservacionista e que há elementos suficientes na exposição para se apontar o desenvolvimento de uma Educação para a Conservação. / Education for Conservation is a research field dedicated to the study of ethical reflections and human attitudes directed towards the respect which must have it for the environment, especially the establishment of conservation actions based on educational interactions. Zoos, in general, are entered in this perspective, as it is presented as an educational institutions type directed to the conservation of biodiversity. Though, the expositive speech presented by this cultural mechanism in Brazil often does not include this kind of elements in its exhibitions. Therefore, it sought the zoo expositions analysis also abroad, that addressed discourses on biodiversity conservation in their expositions, which was chosen the Zoo of Barcelona\' exposition, Spain, to perform this research. The research aimed to understand how biodiversity conservation is addressed in this exposition Catalan zoo, based on the formulation made up from different areas of knowledge reference: the Environmental Movement, the Conservation Philosophy and Environmental Ethics. Also, it sought to understand how the expositive speech on conservation is presented in expographic devices distributed throughout the exhibition, as well as books and documents. Understanding the investigation as a Study\'s Case, it was accessed institutional documents of publicly accessible found on other website and present texts in the exhibition panels. The analysis were performed based on the theoretic framework of Didactic Transposition/ Museographic, allowing the expositive study for at least three logics: the logic of speech; the logic of the space; and the management logic. Moreover, the same reference provides for the establishment of a knowledge reference or wise knowledge, guided the epistemological knowledge about the conservation of biodiversity and, in this study, the area\'s researchers, who were interviewed on this subject. This reference knowledge or wise knowledge allowed creating a set of categories of analysis that guided the analysis of expositive speech presented by the Zoo of Barcelona. The created categories were classified in two dimensions: Values and Actions. Two categories, Anthropocentric and non-anthropocentric composed the Values Dimension and four categories, Developmental, the Sustainable, the Socio-humanistic and technical-scientific formed the Actions Dimension. The results showed that the expositive speech consists mainly of Technical- scientific and Sustainable information, both contextualized categories by a non-anthropocentric vision of nature appreciation. The way the expositive discourse is presented in the textual part of the exhibition confirms the conceptual range of issues addressed in major global events organized by the ONU over the past 40 years on the conservation of the environment. Categories such as socio-humanistic, the Anthropocentric and Dimension Values were rarely addressed. The Developmental category was not found in the exposition. The evidence gathered during the data analysis can be concluded that the Zoo of Barcelona presents a conservation exhibition speech and that there are sufficient elements in the exhibition to point out the development of an Education for Conservation.

A perspectiva discursiva nos ensina que não há uma verdade única, objetiva e monolítica a respeito da relação cultura/espaço. Até hoje, poucas são as informações divulgadas a respeito de saberes e ideais de uso do espaço de povos tradicionais que vivem nas Unidades de Conservação (UCs) da Mata Atlântica - como é o caso dos caiçaras, quilombolas e de determinadas etnias indígenas. Essa lacuna leva-me a questionar o sentido do \"caráter participativo\" atribuído aos planos de manejo e de gestão ambiental conduzidos pela Secretaria do Meio Ambiente do Estado de São Paulo no âmbito do Projeto de Preservação da Mata Atlântica (PPMA). Até hoje, é o imaginário de um grupo específico de profissionais - a maioria formada nas ciências naturais - que tem se expressado e, ao mesmo tempo, orientado a grande maioria dos programas de proteção da natureza no Brasil, desconsiderando-se saberes e práticas locais. Contudo, será que não haveria outro caminho possível? A compreensão das relações dos moradores locais com o meio onde vivem - seu lugar - é fundamental para apontar pressupostos de um ordenamento territorial, efetivamente participativo. O diagnóstico e o planejamento ambiental não devem se restringir ao ponto de vista meramente instrumental. Assim, este trabalho ressalta a importância de se considerar o \"conhecimento tradicional\" quando da elaboração de planos de gestão ambiental das áreas protegidas, bem como os aspectos que fazem parte de uma dimensão mais subjetiva do ser humano nesse processo coletivo. / A discursive perspective teaches us that there is no one, objective, monolithic truth about culture/space relationships. Little is the information so far divulged about knowledge and ideals of the use of space for traditional inhabitants who live at protected areas - such as the caiçaras, quilombolas and other indigenous groups. This gap leads me to me question about the real participatory character attributed to the environmental management and administration plans led by \"Secretaria do Meio Ambiente do Estado de São Paulo\" (São Paulo State Environment Bureau) in the ambit of \"Projeto de Preservação da Mata Atlântica\"(Atlantic Rainforest Preservation Project). So far, the imaginary of a specific group of professionals - mostly majored in Natural Sciences - has been the one that has expressed itself and guides most of the nature protection programs, disregarding the local knowledge and know how. However, wouldn\'t there be any other possible way? The comprehension of the relationship between the local inhabitants and the environment where they live - their place - is fundamental for pointing the presupposition of an effectively participatory territory management . The diagnosis and the environmental planning shall not be limited by the instrumental point of view. This way, the present work highlights the importance of regarding the \"traditional knowledge\" for the environmental and protected areas management, besides taking into account aspects that are part of a rather subjective dimension of the human being in this collective process

Orientador: Mario Luiz Teixeira de Moraes / Resumo: O conhecimento da ecologia e da genética das espécies arbóreas que ocorrem nos fragmentos do Bioma Cerrado é uma etapa importante para a criação de programas conservacionistas. Os objetivos deste trabalho foram: i) identificar e selecionar fragmentos de Cerrado, na região de Três Lagoas – MS, que apresentam diversidade em relação à ocorrência de espécies arbórea; ii) localizar, nos fragmentos selecionados, os indivíduos das espécies arbóreas, que se destacam quanto as possibilidades de utilização de produtos não madeireiro; iii) marcar árvores matrizes, nas espécies arbóreas selecionadas, com base em caracteres de crescimento e na sua localização, para que os fragmentos possam ser denominados de “áreas de coleta de sementes – ACS”. O estudo foi realizado em quatorze fragmentos do Bioma Cerrado distribuídos em sete fazendas no município de Três Lagoas, (MS). A distância em quilômetros entre os fragmentos, variou de 3,0 a 64,8 km. O levantamento das espécies arbóreas ocorreu mensalmente entre os meses de julho a dezembro de 2012 e 2013. Todos os fragmentos foram visitados, e, nestes, foi realizado levantamento de diversidade das espécies arbóreas com potencial para produtos não madeireiros e madeireiros. A identificação das espécies arbóreas dos fragmentos foi feita a partir de caminhamento dentro da área e nas bordas, a considerar indivíduos reprodutivos. Para conhecer as estratégias ecológicas das espécies arbóreas de interesse, pesquisou-se sobre as características ecológica... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Knowledge of the ecology and genetics of tree species occurring in the Cerrado Biome fragments is an important step towards the creation of conservation programs. The objectives of this work were: i) to identify and select Cerrado fragments, in the Três Lagoas - MS region, which present diversity in relation to the occurrence of arboreal species; ii) to locate, in the selected fragments, the individuals of the tree species, which stand out as the possibilities of use of non-timber products; and (iii) marking selected tree species, based on growth characters and their location, so that the fragments can be referred to as "ACS - seed collection areas". The study was carried out in fourteen fragments of the Cerrado Biome distributed in seven farms in Três Lagoas, (MS). The distance in kilometers between the fragments ranged from 3.0 to 64.8 km. The survey of tree species occurred monthly between July and December of 2012 and 2013. All the fragments were visited, and, in these, a survey was carried out on the diversity of tree species with potential for non-timber and timber products. The identification of the tree species of the fragments was made from walking within the area and at the edges, to consider reproductive individuals. In order to know the ecological strategies of the arboreal species of interest, we investigated the ecological characteristics: uses, pollination syndrome, dispersion syndrome and successional group. It was proposed classification model for the species... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor

The main rationale for this research is the existence of such a singular biome as the Pampa, with high levels of geological, biological, and social diversity, and insufficient conservation initiatives. In the Brazilian Rio Grande do Sul State, only 40% of native grasslands remain, while in Uruguay this level drops to 20%. Moreover, less than 1% of the vast territory of the Brazilian Pampa is under some sort of legal protection. In addition to these data, there is a huge interest of the international capital in economically exploring the area, fact that brings enormous risks to the landscape and to the people who live and depend (economically and culturally) of the Pampa. Enterprises related to forestry and mining, beyond accelerating degradation processes of the biome, preclude conservation units to be instituted in the area. In this context, this research considers that the roads cutting through the pampa could be used to (re)signify the territory as well as to build new forms of perceiving and knowing the landscape. Well-succeeded examples of such strategies are in Spain’s carreteras paisajísticas and in the USA Blue Ridge Parkway, among others. Thinking roads as a means for interpreting landscapes can be considered something new in the context of the Pampa, even though the legal figure of “parkway” is part of the Rio Grande do Sul State’s system of protected areas. The landscapes of the pampa have a huge potential for a road-based interpretation and conservation plan of this neglected region. The main goal of this research is, therefore, to identify and describe the landscape heritage of the Brazilian-Uruguayan Pampa, as seen from roads, in order to orient conservation policies, as well as to increase the divulgation and promotion of the touristic potential of this territory. Specific goals have comprised the comprehension and mapping of the landscape diversity of the Pampa, as well as the proposal of a more detailed subdivision of this ecoregion. Researching such a vast territory as the Brazilian-Uruguayan Pampa ecoregion was certainly a factor of challenge. Methodological and operational procedures have involved exploratory, qualitative research (in published bibliography and legislation), as well as field-based quantitative assessment of landscape attributes. Fieldwork has resulted in more than 6,000 km of travelled roads in both countries, 42 landscape interest points, and 4 landscape road tracks interpreted: Guaritas, Palmares, Sierra de Minas, and Mesetas. The interpretation of such road tracks through interpretive folders aims at making people (local residents and tourists/travelers) know their landscapes, because, as taught by Tilden (1957, p. 38): “through interpretation, understanding; through understanding, appreciation; through appreciation, protection”. / A justificativa mais importante desta pesquisa é a existência de um bioma com geo-bio-sociodiversidade tão singular como o Pampa com índices tão baixos de conservação. No Rio Grande do Sul restam apenas 40% de campo nativo, e no Uruguai esse valor cai para 20%. Para reforçar, nem 1% do território do Pampa gaúcho está sob algum tipo de proteção legal. Esses números, somados ao grande interesse do capital externo em explorar economicamente a área, apresentam um risco enorme para a paisagem e principalmente para as pessoas que vivem e dependem econômica e culturalmente do Pampa. Empreendimentos relacionados à silvicultura e à mineração, além de acelerarem o processo de degradação do bioma, impedem que unidades de conservação sejam implementadas. Nesse sentido, buscando alternativas em exemplos já consolidados na Espanha com as carreteras paisagísticas ou nos EUA com a Blue Ridge Parkway, pensou-se que as estradas que cortam o Pampa poderiam servir para ressignificar o território e construir novas formas de perceber e conhecer a paisagem. Ainda que a figura de “estrada-parque” esteja presente no Sistema Estadual de Unidades de Conservação do Rio Grande do Sul, pensar no potencial de uma estrada como meio para interpretação da paisagem ainda é algo pouco representativo. Acredita-se, no entanto, que as paisagens do Pampa tenham um enorme potencial que pode ser aproveitado a partir de uma rede de estradas já existentes e que atravessam esse grande conjunto paisagístico, o qual, todavia, é negligenciado pelas políticas de conservação. Diante disso, surgem as questões e o objetivo geral da tese: identificar e caracterizar o patrimônio paisagístico de estradas do Pampa Brasil-Uruguai com vistas a subsidiar as políticas de conservação e ampliar a divulgação e a valorização do potencial turístico deste território. Dentre os objetivos específicos buscou-se compreender e mapear a diversidade paisagística do Pampa, identificando e propondo uma divisão dessa ecorregião em ecoprovíncias. A opção por uma pesquisa com área de estudo tão ampla foi com certeza um dos maiores desafios. Os procedimentos metodológicos e operacionais constituíram-se em pesquisa qualitativa de caráter exploratório (a partir de pesquisas bibliográficas e de legislação nacional e internacional) e quantitativa, realizada mediante ficha de avaliação paisagística, aplicada em campo. Foram realizados trabalhos de campo que resultaram em mais de 6 mil quilômetros percorridos pelas estradas do Pampa uruguaio e brasileiro, além da identificação de 42 locais de interesse paisagístico e de 4 trechos de estradas paisagísticas interpretados: Guaritas, Palmares, Sierra de Minas e Mesetas. A interpretação através de folhetos (folders) tem por intenção fazer com que as pessoas (população local e viajantes/turistas) conheçam o seu patrimônio, pois como afirma Tilden (1957, p.38): “Por meio da interpretação, o entendimento; por meio do entendimento, o apreço; por meio do apreço, a proteção”.