O aumento da demanda por recursos naturais , vinculado ao crescimento da população mundial, atenua a preocupação com a conservação e manejo sustentável do meio ambiente , favorecendo a produção de alimentos. Naturalmente ,ocorre aumento das áreas produtivas e, consequentemente, das áreas degradadas,o que está evidente em estudos e relatos científicos. No Brasil , fatores como mudanças econômicas rápidas, modernização das atividades agrárias e alteração das relações sociais e ambientais, aliado aos novos padrões de ocupação da terra nas ultimas décadas, aparecem alterando significativamente o meio rural. Tais processos atingiram o Brasil centro-sul provocando ocupação intensa em áreas como a do Triângulo Mineiro , Minas Gerais , gerando mudanças significativas no uso do solo , e por consequência no ambiente. Esta pesquisa busca contribuir para a análise das mudanças ambientais na área , bem como avaliar de que forma a ação humana tornou-se catalisadora dos processos e fluxos geomorfológicos, pedológicos e hidrológicos, modificando sua magnitude, frequência e duração. / Increased demand for natural resources related to increasing world population diminishes concern for environmental conservation and sustainable management favoring food production causing the enlargement of productive areas and degraded ones is evident in studies and scientific reports. In the last decades rapid economic and social changes together with new settlement patterns contributed to significantly alter the activities Brazilian rural areas. Processes of change and modernization hit several areas in central Brazil causing high occupation in regions such as Minas Gerais´s Triângulo Mineiro causing significant changes both in land use and the environment. This project aims to analyze changes and environmental processes within the last 100 years and to assess how human action became an important catalyst of processes and geomorphologic, pedologic, and hydrological fluxes by changing their magnitude, frequency and duration.

Dentre os sistemas naturais de regiões tropicais e sub-tropicais destacam-se os ambientes aquáticos que são representados por diferentes tipos de \"habitats\" como rios, riachos e lagoas marginais. A bacia do rio Sorocaba é um exemplo destes sistemas, sendo constituída por ambientes variados e, portanto, por condições ecológicas distintas. Tendo em vista a necessidade de caracterizar tais \"habitats\" por meio de índice de integridade biótica (IBI) e de prover informações ecológicas nesta bacia, foi realizado um estudo limnológico e ictiológico em doze tributários do rio Sorocaba de quatro ordens diferentes. Foram realizadas coletas para a avaliação das variáveis físicas, químicas e biológicas nas épocas de cheia e seca, nos anos de 1999 e 2000. Onze variáveis relacionadas à organização e saúde da comunidade de peixes foram avaliadas para análise do índice de integridade biótica dos \"habitats\" aquáticos em estudo, sendo essas variáveis selecionadas de maneira a detectar impactos sobre a estrutura da comunidade. Para tanto, verificou-se a riqueza e a abundância total das espécies, além da intolerância e categoria trófica dos indivíduos. Os resultados indicaram que a organização e a saúde da comunidade de peixes foram as variáveis mais importantes para composição do índice de integridade biótica nas três diferentes ordens de rio estudadas (2ª, 3ª e 4ª). De maneira geral, a bacia do rio Sorocaba apresentou-se alterada em relação aos padrões estabelecidos para comunidade íctica nesta última década, o que é indicativo de certo grau de degradação no sistema. / Tropical and sub-tropical rivers distinguish themselves among the aquatic systems in producing different types of habitats such as rivers, stream, creeks and floodplain lakes. The Sorocaba river in the State of São Paulo, Brazil, is an example of this type of system constituted by a variety environments and, hence producing distinct ecological conditions. A limnological and ictiological study of 12 tributaries of Sorocaba river four different stream orders was conducted to characterize these habitats in relation to the index of biological integrity and also to provide ecological information about the environmental conditions on the hydrographic basin. Data on physical, chemical and biological variables were obtained in dry and wet seasons during years 1999 and 2000. Eleven variables related to the organization and integrity of the fishes communityes were evaluated for the analysis of biotic integrity index of the aquatic habitats under study. These variables were selected to detected any environmental impacts on the structure of communities. The species richness and total abundance of the species as well as the intolerance and trophic category of individual were focused for this purpose. The results indicate that the organization and well-being of the communities were the most important variables, in determining the biotic integrity index in three higher stream orders, namely 2nd, 3rd and the 4th. In general, the Sorocaba river showed alterations in relation to the established patterns for ictic communities have been indicating of a certain degree of degradation in the system.

Submitted by Rosivalda Pereira (mrs.pereira@ufma.br) on 2017-08-22T19:19:04Z No. of bitstreams: 1 EduardoLopes.pdf: 12990864 bytes, checksum: 2b2a568d3fb9037ed627e166e6ff577f (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-08-22T19:19:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 EduardoLopes.pdf: 12990864 bytes, checksum: 2b2a568d3fb9037ed627e166e6ff577f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-12-07 / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa e ao Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico do Maranhão (FAPEMA) / This study aims to perform a physical characterization and to evaluate the environmental impacts provoked by the Ribeira landfill in the Sabino’s bayou, which is part of the basin of Tibiri, in São Luís, state of Maranhão. Physical-chemical and morphometrical analyses have been made, and also bibliographical and cartographical surveys on the sub-basin of Sabino (Sabino’s bayou). As field parameter, pH, water temperature, conductivity, flow velocity of channel, sinuosity, shape of transversal section, area of transversal section and river discharge have been measured. By means of laboratory analyses, oxygen dissolved in water, oxygen biochemical demand and tenors of heavy metals (Pb, Hg, Zn, Cu, Cd, Ni and Fe) have been determined. The results obtained to the circularity index, factor of form and coefficient of compactness show that the sub-basin has an enlongated form being little susceptible to floodings. The concentration of dissolved oxygen is below the level permitted by CONAMA legislation (up to 5 mg/l) in almost all sampled areas. In the first sampled area, it has been detected a high DB05 in several months of the year and the tenors of Hg, Pb, Zn, Cu, and Fe are above the levels permitted by CONAMA legislation, which shows various impacts in the area studied. / Este trabalho teve por objetivo realizar uma caracterização física e avaliar os impactos ambientais provocados pelo Aterro da Ribeira no Igarapé do Sabino, que faz parte da Bacia do Tibiri, em São Luís, Ma. Foram realizadas análises físico-químicas, morfométricas e feitos levantamentos bibliográficos e cartográficos sobre a sub-bacia do Sabino (Igarapé do Sabino). Como parâmetros de campo, foram medidos: pH, temperatura da água, condutividade, velocidade do fluxo do canal fluvial, sinuosidade, forma da seção transversal, área da seção transversal e descarga do rio. Foram determinados, por análises laboratoriais, oxigênio dissolvido na água, demanda bioquímica de oxigênio e teores de metais pesados (Pb, Hg, Zn, Cu, Cd, Ni e Fe). Os resultados obtidos para o índice de circularidade, o fator de forma e o coeficiente de compacidade apontam que a Sub-bacia possui uma forma alongada sendo pouco suscetível a enchentes. A concentração do oxigênio dissolvido está abaixo do permitido pela legislação do CONAMA (até 5 mg/L) em quase todos os pontos amostrados. No primeiro ponto de amostragem foi detectado uma alta DBO5 em vários meses do ano e os teores de Hg, Pb, Zn, Cu e Fe estão acima dos permitidos pela resolução do CONAMA, indicando vários impactos na área estudada.

Este trabalho de pesquisa almeja diagnosticar uma área do município de Porto Alegre, que apresenta uma grande problemática de uso e ocupação do solo. Uma área que apresenta grandes declividades e degradações ambientais que acarretam riscos a população residente, e também concentra um grande contingente da população do município em condições precárias de habitação e sanidade. Estes problemas ambientais estão relacionados principalmente com a contaminação de mananciais superficiais e subterrâneos em razão do inadequado saneamento, inundações urbanas devido à ocupação de áreas de várzea e desenvolvimento da drenagem urbana totalmente imprópria, ampliando os problemas. Além disso, verifica-se a inapropriada disposição de material sólido e a ocorrência de acidentes geológicos, comumente associados a movimentos de massa, como escorregamentos e rolamentos de blocos, que são os efeitos resultantes em áreas de elevada declividade e ocupação irregular, características marcantes da área de interesse desta pesquisa. A sub-bacia hidrográfica em estudo está localizada na porção central do município de Porto Alegre, constituindo uma sub-bacia do arroio Dilúvio pela sua margem, apresentando ocupação urbana de jusante para montante, em direção aos topos dos morros. Este trabalho de pesquisa tem como objetivo principal realizar um diagnóstico ambiental através da compartimentação da paisagem, analisando suas características físicas e suas dinâmicas, correlacionando à ocupação urbana sobre esta sub-bacia e seus possíveis processos de degradação, assim como os riscos ambientais inerentes. O conceito de paisagem como fator de integração de parâmetros físicos, bióticos e socioeconômicos, tem sido utilizado em estudos de impactos ambientais em diferentes empreendimentos, com importantes resultados, o que leva necessariamente ao reconhecimento da vulnerabilidade e potencialidade da natureza, segundo as diferentes unidades de paisagem. Busca-se, portanto, a compreensão integrada dos componentes da análise. A análise integrada parte de cada unidade de paisagem identificada, desenvolvendo o diagnóstico de acordo com suas características, identificando, a partir da dinâmica apresentada, as degradações existentes, em desenvolvimento ou possíveis, assim como os riscos ambientais. / This research work aims to diagnose an area of the municipality of Porto Alegre, which presents a major problem of soil usage and occupation. An area that features large declividades and environmental degradations that entail risks the resident population, and also concentrates a large contingent of the population of the municipality in precarious conditions of housing and health. These environmental problems are mainly related with the contamination of surface and underground water sources in reason of inadequate sanitation, urban floods due to the occupation of lowland areas and development of urban drainage totally unfit, extending the problems. In addition, the inappropriate disposal of solid material and geological accidents, commonly associated with mass movements, such as slip and blocks, which are the effects resulting in areas of high slope and irregular occupation, striking features of this area of interest search. The Sub-basin under study is located in the central portion of the municipality of Porto Alegre, constituting a sub-basin of the Deluge by its margin, showing urban occupation of downstream to upstream, toward the tops of hills. This research work has as main objective to perform an environmental diagnosis through the subdivision of the landscape, analyzing its physical characteristics and their dynamics, correlating to urban settlement on this sub-basin and their possible degradation processes, as well as environmental risks inherent. The concept of landscape as a factor of integration of physical, biotic and socio-economic parameters, has been used in studies of environmental impacts in different ventures, with important results, which necessarily leads to the recognition of the vulnerability and potentiality of nature, according to the different landscape units. Therefore search the integrated understanding of the components of the analysis. The integrated analysis of each landscape unit identified, developing the diagnosis according to its characteristics, from identifying the dynamics presented, the existing degradations or development possible, as well as environmental risks.

Thesis (M.Dev.) -- University of Limpopo, 2001 / Refer to document

This study proposes an African life sustaining eco-theological framework for tilling and preserving the earth in the context of food insecurity and environmental degradation. The study argues that food insecurity in Tanzania results from an unjust economic order, application of modern farming methods and a lack of concern for the environment. The study examines the impact of the industrial agricultural revolution and the green revolution on food security and the environment. It argues that although these modern approaches to agriculture have improved the status of food security in many places in the world, their negative impact on the environment cannot be underestimated. More importantly, most of these modern farming methods are not compatible with the smallholder farmers in rural Tanzania due to their cost concentrated nature. The study has identified organic farming methods as having the potential to increase food production and take care of the environment. The study concludes that an African life sustaining eco-theological framework must comprise, but not limited to, six principles. These include: an African world view, a life-centred vision, a focus on sustainability, an African ethic of care, an understanding of salvation as holistic and recognition of an ecumenical earth community. An African life sustaining eco-theological framework that embodies these principles is capable of developing a sustainable relationship between humankind and non-human creatures. Further, such a framework ensures the sustainability of life within the entire ecumenical earth community. It will stand against all forces, powers, structures and systems that are a threat to life in all its dimensions. This framework will advocate for the systems, structures and practices that are life affirming. However, in order for this framework to be fruitful, the application of these principles should not be restricted to the human community alone. Rather they must extend to include the entire earth community which form a web of life on earth. In a long run this will help shape the behaviour, attitudes and practices of humankind in relation to nature, which will then lead to the addressing of issues of food insecurity and environmental degradation in Tanzania. / Thesis (M.A.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2011.

Land degradation in communal rangelands is one of the problems that lowers land / Thesis (M.Sc.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2009.

A field survey was undertaken in Central Kalimantan, Indonesia (Borneo) to assess the extent and practices of Artisanal and Small-scale Gold Mining (ASGM), and to measure sediment and mercury flows in the provinces’ rivers. More than forty mining operations were visited in six of the provinces largest river basins during June, July and August of 2008. Based on the survey results, this thesis estimates that 43,000 small-scale gold miners in Central Kalimantan produced 13.3 tonnes of gold in 2008 (426,000 troy ounces - ozt) worth approximately 362 million CAD (based on 2008 international gold price of 850 CAD/ozt). Mercury use was ubiquitous for leaching gold from ores in the province. Approximately 65.3 tonnes was used for this purpose in 2008, with the majority of consumption- 80% by whole-ore amalgamation operations exploiting hard-rock deposits, but producing only 13% of the gold. These estimates have been interpolated using (i) measurements and detailed observations at more than forty ASGM operations surveyed in five different regencies; (ii) numerous interviews with miners, gold shops owners and officials across these regencies; and (iii) mapping of ASGM operations using satellite imagery. Hydraulic mining methods mobilize enormous volumes of sediment and native sediment-bound mercury. Sediment and mercury fluxes associated with ASGM activities were estimated based on a river sediment sampling campaign carried out in conjunction with the ASGM survey, and on subsequent modelling of river sediment transport. On streams and tributaries, mining activities increased sediment transport by factors between 100 and 1500, resulting in a net doubling of sediment loads on large first order river channels, on which the effects of mining are diluted in space and time by channels without mining. Particulate mercury flux sampled on six of Central Kalimantan’s largest river channels averaged 60ng/L ±33%, a high figure relative to most global rivers, despite average suspended sediment concentrations of only 75mg/L ±58%. Based on a hydrological and sediment transport model, 19.4 tonnes of mercury (±30%) transits these river systems annually, dominantly transported as suspended sediment load (95%), with the remaining 5% transported as bedload. Acute mercury exposure by inhalation during the burning of mercury-gold amalgam represents an important health concern at ASGM camps and gold shops. In relation to mercury, sector improvements should focus on eradicating whole ore amalgamation, and open burning of amalgam. Eliminating whole ore amalgamation requires technological improvements at the gold liberation (crushing and milling) and concentration stages of ore processing. Elimination of open-air burning can be achieved through education, and the use of retorts, fumehoods, and mercury re-activation cells– each of these basic technologies provide mercury users with economic incentives by reducing mercury consumption. / Graduate

Diss. (sammanfattning) Uppsala : Sveriges lantbruksuniv. / Härtill 4 uppsatser.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Uppsala : Sveriges lantbruksuniv., 2003. / Härtill 4 uppsatser.